共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
通过大量高精度二维地震剖面的构造解析与平衡地质剖面构造演化史定量恢复,探讨了松辽盆地长岭断陷的构造演化及其地球动力学背景。长岭断陷发育NNE、NNW、SN等多个方向的低角度铲式正断层,它们可能是在晚侏罗世一早白垩世郯庐断裂系左行走滑派生的次级破裂的基础上受断陷期强烈地壳伸展拆离作用形成的。断陷期可分为早晚两个脉冲式伸展事件,每个伸展脉冲均由一个快速伸展期和其后的缓慢伸展期组成,前者与火山活动高峰期相对应,后者则是构造转换期。早期伸展是以热穹窿式多向拉伸为标志,可能是侏罗纪岩石圈加厚后根部发生拆沉作用导致地壳弹性回调和岩浆底侵的结果。而晚期伸展则以NWW-SEE向区域伸展为标志,是对中国东部广泛的地壳伸展拆离和岩石圈减薄事件的响应,可能是伊则纳崎板块俯冲产生的弧后扩张效应。 相似文献
2.
地壳的拆离作用与华北克拉通破坏:晚中生代伸展构造约束 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
伸展条件下的地壳拆离作用是岩石圈减薄的重要浅部构造响应。晚中生代时期的伸展构造(包括拆离断层、变质核杂岩构造和断陷盆地)在华北、华南、东北和东蒙古及贝加尔地区普遍发育,它们切过上部地壳(断陷盆地)、中、上地壳(拆离断层)或中部地壳(变质核杂岩)。地壳拆离作用具有运动学极性(NWW或SEE)、几何学宏观(区域)对称与微观(局部)不对称性、遍布全区但不均匀性,以及形成时间的跨越性(140~60Ma)等特点,并使得地壳和岩石圈发生显著的减薄。本文研究揭示出现今岩石圈厚度变化与晚中生代伸展构造的发育程度和分布之间并没有必然的联系。其变化的基本规律是,除新生代裂陷发育区岩石圈厚度明显较小且厚度有迅速变化外,从华北向贝加尔地区总体的变化趋势是逐渐加厚,也即东亚地区岩石圈具有楔形形态。晚中生代时期的地壳(或地幔)拆离作用伴随着广泛的岩石圈减薄作用,区域岩石圈同时遭受到一定程度的减薄和破坏,华北克拉通在这一时期的破坏仅仅是区域岩石圈减薄在华北的具体体现。 相似文献
3.
根据断裂延伸长度、切割深度、断裂的活动强度和断裂产生的前后序次及其对盆地的控制作用不同,分为基底断裂和同生断裂。 基底断裂控制着盆地或者盆地内二级构造单元的边界。同生断裂明显地控制了盆内的沉积作用,包括岩相、厚度变化等。 在中国东部中、新生代盆地形成和发展过程中,上述两类断裂不仅分布广,而且数量多。在形态特征上,一般断层面弯曲朝上,并随深度增加而变缓,都具有正滑性质,所以统称为铲形断裂。 相似文献
4.
松辽盆地构造演化与中国东部构造体制转换 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：22
本文综合应用盆地构造解析、平衡地质剖面恢复、构造物理模拟等方法,探讨了松辽盆地构造演化及其地球动力学背景。松辽盆地基底是前侏罗纪古亚洲洋构造域众多微板块、地体拼贴形成的复合陆块。中—晚侏罗世,盆地基底受到郯(城)—庐(江)断裂系北段大规模左旋走滑活动的强烈改造,派生NNE、NNW和近NS向次级断裂,控制了基底构造格局、断陷盆地分布及其构造。断陷期可划分为早、晚两个脉冲式伸展阶段,早期阶段受多方向平面式正断层控制发育堑—垒构造,具有双向纯剪伸展的特点,但NNE向拉伸更显著,可能是深部岩石圈拆沉引起热穹窿与基底断裂持续左旋走滑拉分的叠加;晚期阶段受低角度犁式正断层控制发育西断东超的复合半地堑,受控于近EW向单剪伸展机制,是区域性地壳伸展拆离与岩石圈减薄的结果。拗陷期大规模热沉降是对古太平洋构造域向东迁移的响应。白垩纪末期盆地受到NWW向脉冲式挤压而发生反转,可能与伊泽纳奇板块消亡、太平洋板块开始俯冲这一转换过程中的地体拼贴有关。 相似文献
5.
美国科罗拉多高原Paradox盆地中的裂口盐墙和盐背斜,主要是在古生界和中生界沉积物的差异负载作用下发育起来的。盐构造顶部的平缓褶皱,通常被认为是晚白垩纪至古新世拉腊米挤压运动的产物,而其脊顶地堑与山谷,则被认为是挤压后的松弛拉伸及盐溶作用所造成的。基于野外调查、物理模拟以及现代盐构造学理论,研究认为这些平缓褶皱和脊顶地堑,主要是新生代始新世至渐新世北北东向区域拉伸作用的产物。因为岩盐较其围岩软弱,拉伸形变主要集中在早先形成的盐墙、盐背斜及其较薄的顶板中,使盐构造发生活化并形成新的拉伸构造。顶板中的拉伸构造主要包括正断层、地堑、断层滑移(断滑)褶皱以及滚动褶皱。由于区域拉伸方向斜交盐构造走向,断层分布多呈羽列状。在母盐层较厚地区,拉伸使盐刺穿在正断层之下次动上升;而在母盐层较薄地区,拉伸使盐刺穿下降。在初始盐刺穿较高地区,盐构造的侧翼下降;而在初始盐刺穿较低地区,盐构造整体下降。拉伸使盐刺穿变宽,脊顶地堑下沉,形成拉伸型下降盐刺穿特征性的尖角盐体构造。局部地区,盐体从破碎的顶板间溢出,覆盖了下沉的脊顶地堑。 相似文献
6.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(2):183-207
The Songliao Basin, the largest oil-producing basin in China, was the centre of late Mesozoic rifting and lithospheric thinning in northeastern China. However, the rifts are still poorly revealed due to a thick cover of subsidence successions. By structural interpretation and sequential restoration of cross-sections based on new 2D seismic data and well data, this study presents the structural style, basin evolution, and horizontal crustal extension of the central Songliao Basin. We have developed a novel method to retrieve the regional extension principal strains. The results enable an assignment of rifting into two episodes. The earlier episode (ca. 157–130 Ma) was dominated by distributed faulting of numerous planar normal faults trending NNE–SSW, NNW–SSE, or near NS, probably reflecting pre-existing basement fabrics; in contrast, the later episode (ca. 130–102 Ma) was controlled by localized extension along several major listric faults. Horizontal crustal extension during rifting is estimated to have been 11–28 km (10.6%–25.5%), with the long-term average rate varying from 0.20 to 0.51 mm yr–1. Regional horizontal strains show a gradual evolution from biaxial extension at the beginning of rifting to WNW–ESE uniaxial stretching during the later rifting episode. Brittle crustal extension is interpreted to have been associated with vertical strain due to tectonic stretching, which is estimated to have contributed more in thinning the lower crust than the mantle lithosphere. Accordingly, a two-episode dynamic model is proposed to explain rifting in the Songliao Basin. We suggest that the earlier event was dominated by delamination of the thickened continental lithosphere, whereas the later event was probably controlled by regional crustal detachment due to slab subduction and stagnancy of the Izanagi lithospheric plate. 相似文献
7.
南海北部珠江口盆地中段伸展构造模型及其动力学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
位于南海北部大陆边缘上的珠江口盆地发育NNE向、NE向、NW向、近EW向等多组基底断裂,盆地结构复杂,并表现出明显的时空差异性。本文基于珠江口盆地中段地震资料解释的构造样式的变化推断地壳中存在一条向南缓倾斜、呈坡坪式形态的拆离断层,古近系构造属于这条拆离断层上盘的伸展构造系统。北部的西江凹陷属于拆离断层伸展构造系统的头部,凹陷边界正断层铲式断层面形态向深层延伸并收敛在拆离断层面上,凹陷表现为半地堑“断陷”样式;中部的番禺低隆起对应于拆离断层的低角度断坪部位,拆离断层上盘断块的伸展位移导致两侧的恩平组超覆在低隆起上;南部的白云凹陷位于拆离断层的深部断坡部位,充填的文昌组和恩平组表现为“断坳”或“坳断”样式;南部隆起位于拆离断层深部断坪部位,其上盘发育的分支断层控制着荔湾凹陷古近系、新近系的发育并使之表现为复杂的断陷断坳构造样式。该模型强调拆离断层上盘与下盘、不同地壳结构层均发生不同程度的伸展变形,且伸展变形方式、应变量等存在时空差异,而拆离断层正是不同构造单元、不同地壳构造层之间的调节性构造面。总体上,拆离断层上盘以脆性伸展构造变形为主,分支断层控制不同构造单元古近纪的构造演化,下盘则是以韧性伸展变形为主,并拖曳上盘发生不均一的伸展应变;西江凹陷的伸展应变量大于拆离断层下盘的伸展应变量,白云凹陷的伸展应变量则小于拆离断层下盘的伸展应变量。以西江凹陷北部边缘的NE向铲式正断层为头部的拆离断层控制了文昌组沉积,但在恩平组沉积期被近EW向高角度正断层切割破坏而被遗弃,拆离断层系统的头部由西江凹陷北部边缘迁移至番禺低隆起。盆地结构及断裂系统的时空差异性受盆地基底先存构造、地壳与岩石圈结构及伸展量等多方面因素的影响,但主要是对软流圈流动及岩石圈热结构变化的响应。用软流圈由北西向南东流动拖曳上覆岩石圈发生伸展变形的动力学模型能合理地解释珠江口盆地中段古近系构造的形成和演化。 相似文献
8.
D.J. Blundell 《Tectonophysics》1984,109(1-2)
An interpretation of the MOIST seismic reflection profile along the north coast of Scotland has shown the pattern of deep crustal structure across the margin of the Caledonian orogen with the Hebridean cratonic foreland to the northwest. It is proposed that the lower crust of the orogen is characterised by a suite of easterly dipping thrusts that divide it into flakes that were imbricated during lateral compression of the lithosphere. The effects of concomitant and subsequent uplift and erosion led to the removal of the major part of the upper crust within the orogen so that the present crust and Moho are largely the relics of the Caledonian lower crust. As time progressed, the thrust front encroached further into the foreland and cut down to a basal décollement at successively deeper levels. This behaviour is explained as a consequence of the response of the brittle-ductile transition to changing the temperature regime, rock composition and strain rate as the orogeny proceeded. Palinspastic reconstructions of the whole lithosphere illustrate the process. Following the compressional phase of the orogeny, uplift led to initiation of extension and the reactivation of the thrusts as normal listric faults. Rotation of basement blocks gave rise to wedge-shaped sedimentary basins. 相似文献
9.
《Journal of Structural Geology》1988,10(7):649-659
In a series of scale-experiments, we generated listric normal faults by extending models composed of colored sand layers deposited at regular time intervals throughout deformation during syntectonic sedimentation. Progressive bulk extension along a single set of faults caused domino-type tilting of fault blocks. Underlying tilted faults propagated upwards, with constant dips into newly sedimented layers. Hence fault profiles become progressively more listric. Tilting of the free surface resulted in asymmetrical depressions and in fan-shaped deposits.Stepwise or continuous geometric models of domino-tilting and synchronous sedimentation yield the same structural and stratigraphic features as observed in the sand models. The continuous geometric model shows that a critical parameter governing fault curvature is the ratio R between rates of bulk strain and sedimentation.Both types of models reveal that synchronous sedimentation and bulk extension are capable by themselves of generating listric normal faults. 相似文献
10.
扭动走滑构造是最常见的构造样式之一,走滑拉分盆地也是重要的含油气盆地类型。大地构造运动本质是岩石圈在区域应力场作用下的变形过程,然而真正将走滑断裂和走滑拉分盆地的成因以及它们的特征和岩石圈性质联系起来研究的文献却很少。显然,区域应力场是形成构造运动的前提条件,是外因,决定了运动的基本方式,如走滑、拉张或挤压等(构造类型);而岩石圈是构造运动的主体,是内因,其性质决定了形成构造的规模和具体形态(样式)。中国境内发育的大量走滑断裂体系和走滑盆地展示:古老克拉通上发育大面积分布的多条小位移走滑断裂体系,如塔里木盆地古生代走滑断裂体系;被后期热活动破坏了的克拉通发育多条扭动断裂系,例如华北克拉通东部的郯庐断裂系、兰聊—盐山断裂系、太行山东麓断裂系,并和区域拉张应力场耦合形成雁列式断陷群(如渤海湾盆地);相对较弱的古生代基底岩石圈发育大型单一走滑断层,如郯庐断裂东北段,并沿断裂发育一些相互独立的走滑拉分盆地;而在固结较差的中新生代造山带往往形成一条平直的大型走滑断层,例如阿尔金走滑断裂、海原断裂等。本文内因外因相结合,从扭动应力场和岩石圈强度以及流变学特征,建立了不同岩石圈性质下下部韧性层和顶部(上地壳或上地壳上部)刚性层之间的耦合作用机制以及扭动构造形成和演化模式,较好地解释了中国陆内发育的典型走滑断裂和走滑拉分盆地的成因机制。 相似文献
11.
Modes of extensional tectonics 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Although hundreds of papers have been devoted to the geometric and kinematic analysis of compressional tectonic regimes, surprisingly little has been written about the details of large-scale strain in extended areas. We attempt, by means of quantitative theoretical analysis guided by real geological examples, to establish some ground rules for interpreting extensional phenomena. We have found that large, very low-angle normal faults dominate highly extended terranes, and that both listric and planar normal faults are common components of their hanging walls. The very low-angle normal faults may have displacements from a few kilometres up to several tens of kilometres and we regard their hanging walls as extensional allochthons, analogous (but with opposite sense of movement) to thrust-fault allochthons. Differential tilt between imbricate fault blocks suggests listric geometry at depth, whereas uniformly tilted blocks are more likely to be bounded by planar faults. The tilt direction of imbricate normal-fault blocks within large extensional allochthons is commonly away from the transport direction of these sheets, but in many cases tilts are in the same direction as transport, thus limiting the usefulness of the direction of tilting as a transport indicator. The presence of chaos structure, a structural style widely recognised in the Basin and Range Province, implies large scale simple shear on very low-angle normal faults and does not necessarily form as a result of listric faulting. 相似文献
12.
乌尼特坳陷属于二连盆地五大坳陷之一,早白垩世在区域引张力下形成一系列地堑、半地堑,其伸展构造由伸展断层及变换构造组成。伸展断层中的主边界断层主要为铲式,混杂岩断陷带主边界断层多在混杂岩深层滑脱,复式向斜断陷带主边界断层多在浅层滑脱。平面上主边界断层表现为简单弧形或波状延伸,位移量通过变换断层及走向斜坡等进行调节/传递。首尾相连的断陷间主要以狭窄的背向型(divergent)及宽阔的相向型(convergent)变换带进行构造变换,穿过变换带断陷极性常常发生变化。早白垩世早期,乌尼特坳陷由多个相互独立的小型断陷组成;早白垩世中期,随着伸展量不断加大,相邻断陷边界断层逐渐侧向连接成为区域性边界断层,相邻断陷侧向连接成为大型复式断陷;早白垩世晚期,断陷群下沉坳陷进入后裂陷期。 相似文献
13.
Active faults, seismicity and recent fracturing in the lithosphere of the Baikal rift system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A map of major active faults has been constructed for the Baikal rift system (BRS). Recent active faults are identified using seismological data. The BRS seismicity of the past 40 years is statistically analyzed. Areas of a “stable” concentration of epicenters are revealed. On this basis, a zone of recent fracturing of the lithosphere is identified and its relation to active and developing faults of the BRS is analyzed. The zone of the lithosphere fracturing is a major tectonic structure, which controls both the recent seismic process and the reactivation of ancient faults. It is demonstrated that the available seismological data can provide a basis for a detailed classification of faults by degree of their tectonic activity. Regularities in the distribution of strong earthquakes along the zone of the recent fracturing of the lithosphere are established, as well as regularities in the distribution of strong and weak seismic events relative to transform and other faults. The degree of the fault reactivation is determined by their spatial closeness to the axial zone of the recent rupturing of the lithosphere. 相似文献
14.
东濮凹陷东部陡坡带北部边界发育3种样式的控凹断裂:单断板状边界断裂、犁状边界断裂和同向断阶边界断裂.3种断裂边界分别控制着不同的砂体分布及层序地层模式,陡坡带板状断裂边界控制着扇体充填模式;犁状断裂边界控制沉积中心(或生油洼陷)的分布发育和演化,湖侵体系域发育,以湖底扇砂体为主;同向断阶的分布则控制着较大规模的低水位扇的发育. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Structural Geology》1988,10(1):21-32
Detailed mapping of a coastal platform in Shikoku, SW Japan, provides evidence for progressive deformation in partially lithified sediments. The Eocene sediments involved are interpreted as lower slope basin deposits. An assemblage of listric normal faults, sheath folds, broken formations and late-stage faulting has developed during the sediments' burial and uplift history. These structures are typical of many other areas in the Shimanto Belt of Shikoku. Despite the ‘soft’ sediment style of deformation, the consistency of the fold orientations relative to the regional foliation suggests that they are valid kinematic indicators. A sequence of extensional faulting overprinted by synchronous folding and shearing is recognized. This is interpreted as the response of the sediments to shape changes in the accretionary basement induced by shortening. A general model has been constructed for the evolution of the structures: it is proposed that early listric normal faults are subsequently deformed either by shearing along planar surfaces or by motion over frontal and lateral ramps. Back-rotation of sediments during progressive shortening near the front of the prism tightens the fold hinges and rotates the fold axes towards the local shear direction. Alternative sequences which could account for the observed geometries are also discussed. 相似文献
16.
珠江口盆地白云凹陷新生代构造演化动力学 总被引：42，自引：0，他引：42
白云凹陷构造演化史的研究对在白云凹陷开展油气勘探和深水沉积研究具有重要的意义。通过对断裂与沉积结构平面和剖面特点的分析,结合岩浆活动特点,文中提出白云凹陷是一个复式地堑,推测这种结构特点与凹陷下地壳的强烈韧性减薄和颈缩变形有关,表现为热岩石圈的伸展。其发育机制推测与白云凹陷位于构造转换带上有关,特殊的构造位置使白云凹陷成为强烈构造变形区,岩石圈地壳强烈减薄,伴随伸展过程和地幔上涌,脆性地壳或上地幔中部分熔融物质的出现导致岩石圈强度的急剧降低,在区域伸展应力场下以韧性流变方式减薄。岩浆在构造转换带下聚集并发育主岩浆房,由于白云凹陷南北边缘没有发育正断裂系统,岩浆主要沿垂直伸展的方向运移,因此在珠琼运动一幕和二幕南南东向伸展应力作用下,岩浆向白云凹陷的东部和西部运移至北西向基底深大断裂处,那里由于北西向断裂表现为左行张剪性质而成为压力较低的地区,从而成为岩浆上涌和侵位的地方。在岩浆聚集的地区,活动岩浆体附近的脆性变形被分散的韧性变形所取代,因此在凹陷的东北和西南两个角上,发育了张性和张剪性小断裂群,由于热岩石圈弹性较差,白云凹陷长期持续沉降。白云凹陷的断裂活动和沉积演化史还受到南海海盆扩张活动的影响。 相似文献
17.
玉东-玛东构造带位于塔里木盆地,是在中寒武统膏盐层上滑脱的大规模褶皱冲断带,内部发育多种断层相关褶皱。目前对此构造带的研究,多关注了构造带的局部以及断裂变形。本文根据断层相关褶皱理论,利用地震资料,分析了玉东-玛东构造带内构造样式上的差异性,并通过二维构造正演模拟,建立了典型构造样式的运动学模式。认为研究区内玉东、玛东、塘北3个分区,具有不同的构造样式。玉东地区主要发育和铲式逆断层相关的断弯褶皱,玛东、塘北地区则发育断层突破的滑脱褶皱,突破断层在玛东地区为铲式断裂,而在塘北地区为坪-坡-坪式断裂。根据上奥陶统变形特征及其顶面不整合面之上的地层年代,认为玉东-玛东构造带的变形始于晚奥陶世,主要断裂及其相关褶皱形成于晚奥陶世末期。玉东地区在晚奥陶世早期,形成基底-盖层的低幅褶皱,在晚奥陶世末,形成铲式断裂及断弯褶皱;玛东和塘北地区变形发生在上奥陶统沉积之后,经历了滑脱褶皱和断层突破阶段。通过对比分析认为,断层相关褶皱样式的差异,与膏盐层岩性、厚度,上奥陶统岩性、厚度及构造转换作用有关。本研究有助于完善对塔里木盆地早古生代末期构造变形及演化的认识。 相似文献
18.
P. Szafián G. Tari F. Horváth S. Cloetingh 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1999,88(1):98-110
The crustal structure of the transition zone between the Eastern Alps and the western part of the Pannonian depression (Danube
basin) is traditionally interpreted in terms of subvertical Tertiary strike-slip and normal faults separating different Alpine
tectonic units. Reevaluation of approximately 4000-km-long hydrocarbon exploration reflection seismic sections and a few deep
seismic profiles, together with data from approximately 300 wells, suggests a different structural model. It implies that
extensional collapse of the Alpine orogene in the Middle Miocene was controlled by listric normal faults, which usually crosscut
Alpine nappes at shallow levels, but at depth merge with overthrust planes separating the different Alpine units. The alternative
structural model was tested along a transect across the Danube basin by gravity model calculations, and the results show that
the model of low-angle extensional faulting is indeed viable. Regarding the whole lithosphere of the western Pannonian basin,
gravity modelling indicates a remarkable asymmetry in the thickness minima of the attenuated crust and upper mantle. The approximately
160 km lateral offset between the two minima suggests that during the Miocene extension of the Pannonian basin detachment
of the upper crust from the mantle lithosphere took place along a rheologically weak lower crust.
Received: 13 July 1998 / Accepted: 18 March 1999 相似文献
19.
利用地震资料、油气勘探资料分析了南海北部大陆边缘珠江口-琼东南新生代盆地断裂系统的时空差异及动力学成因机制.珠江口-琼东南盆地古近系裂陷构造层以NE向、近EW向基底正断层构成的伸展断裂系统的几何学、运动学沿着盆地走向有明显变化,盆地内部隐伏的区域性和局部的NW向断裂及相关构造变形带构成伸展断裂系统之间的构造变换带.在空间上,区域性的云开、松涛-松南等NW向构造变换带以西为NE-NEE向正断层构成的"非拆离"伸展断层系,以东为NE向正断层、近EW向正断层(走滑正断层)复合而成的拆离伸展断层系.在时间上,古近纪裂陷作用可划分为早(文昌组沉积期)、中(恩平组/崖城组沉积期)、晚(珠海组/陵水组沉积期)3个有明显差异的裂陷期.裂陷早期,盆地西部以平面式正断层控制的简单地堑、半地堑为主,伸展量相对较小,东部则以铲式正断层控制的复式地堑、半地堑为主,伸展量相对大,断层向深部收敛在中地壳韧性层构成拆离的伸展断层系统.裂陷中期,琼东南盆地、珠江口盆地西部断裂具有继承性活动特点,珠江口盆地东部发育NWW-EW向伸展断层,并向深层切割早期浅层拆离断层,形成深层拆离伸展断层系统,而沿着云开构造变换带发育反转构造.裂陷晚期,琼东南盆地、珠江口盆地西部断裂具有活动性减弱特点,琼东南盆地东部发育NWW-EW向伸展断层,形成深层拆离伸展断层系统,而沿着琼中央构造变换带发育反转、走滑构造.珠江口-琼东南盆地不同区段断裂系统及其构造演化的差异性受盆地基底先存构造、地壳及岩石圈结构及伸展量等多方面因素的影响,拆离伸展断层系统与发育NWW向"贯穿"断裂的基底构造薄弱带、现今地壳局部减薄带相关,南海扩展由东而西的迁移诱导北部大陆边缘块体沿着先存NW向深大断裂发生走滑旋转是导致变换构造带两侧差异伸展的动力学原因,应力场及岩石圈热结构变化是引起拆离断层深度变化的重要因素. 相似文献
20.
Although reverse drag, the down warping of hanging wall strata toward a normal fault, is widely accepted as an indicator of listric fault geometry, previous studies have shown that similar folding may form in response to slip on faults of finite vertical extent with listric or planar geometry. In this study we therefore seek more general criteria for inferring subsurface fault geometry from observations of near-surface deformation by directly comparing patterns of displacement, stress, and strain around planar and listric faults, as predicted by elastic boundary element models. In agreement with previous work, we find that models with finite planar, planar-detached, and listric-detached faults all develop hanging wall reverse-drag folds. All of these model geometries also predict a region of tension and elevated maximum Coulomb stress in the hanging wall suggesting that the distribution and orientation of near-surface joints and secondary faults may also be of limited utility in predicting subsurface fault geometry. The most notable difference between the three models, however, is the magnitude of footwall uplift. Footwall uplift decreases slightly with introduction of a detachment and more significantly with the addition of a listric fault shape. A parametric investigation of faults with constant slip ranging from nearly planar to strongly listric over depths from 1 to 15 km reveals that footwall fold width is sensitive to fault geometry while hanging wall fold width largely reflects fault depth. Application of a graphical approach based on these results as well as more complete inverse modeling illustrates how patterns of combined hanging wall and footwall deformation may be used to constrain subsurface fault geometry. 相似文献