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1.
快速准确地识别岩体裂隙的三维分布特征是西南山区铁路防灾减灾的关键.本研究提出了一套岩体裂隙可视化新方法,基于测窗调查的裂隙数据,依托球坐标及极射赤平投影进行数字化处理及降维,利用K-Means++聚类算法、Fisher分布模型和蒙特卡洛模拟,完成裂隙产状数据的自动分组和模拟,最后运用Python及圆盘模型实现岩体裂隙三维可视化.本研究采用坐标变换和三角网格曲面的方式,更有利于与其他三维建模软件嵌套分析.水电站工程的先行应用研究表明产状数据服从Fisher分布,本文的模型相对于传统玫瑰花图和施密特图有着一定的优势.因此,本文建立的岩体裂隙模型具有直观快速反映区域裂隙网络三维分布特征的优点,研究成果可以直接服务于西南山区铁路施工阶段隧道掌子面及洞壁的节理裂隙三维识别以及防灾减灾研究. 相似文献
2.
《岩土力学》2017,(11):3332-3340
针对裂隙岩体的非饱和渗流问题,基于离散裂隙网络模型并结合非饱和Darcy定律、Richards方程、非饱和本构模型以及Signorini型饱和-非饱和互补溢出边界,提出了离散裂隙网络非饱和渗流问题的数学模型。采用有限单元法建立了裂隙网络非饱和渗流模型的数值求解格式和对应的迭代算法。通过与矩形坝稳定渗流、一维竖直裂隙非饱和入渗以及室内二维瞬态排水渗流的试验、数值及理论结果对比分析,验证了文中算法的有效性;根据流量等效原则,指出了裂隙网络模型应用于求解连续介质非饱和渗流问题的有效性。验证了该算法对于求解裂隙边坡降雨入渗问题的可靠性,揭示了降雨入渗过程裂隙网络流量分布的非均匀性及裂隙产状对降雨入渗流动具有重要的控制作用。 相似文献
3.
裂隙岩体内的节理往往是变化的,有时甚至变化很大。测得大量节理产状以后,对其分组是一项基础性的工作,但是如何分组目前还没有很好的理论和方法。采用快速聚类分析的方法,将节理产状的样本数据划分为不同的簇,利用极大似然估计的原理,通过数值方法求解费歇尔概率分布模型的参数,并用皮尔逊检验说明了费歇尔逊概率模型的有效性。通过不同簇的概率模型计算及其簇心的分布特性比较说明了簇数分类的适度性。利用所提出的快速聚类分析方法及其推导的计算公式,可以方便地求解费歇尔分布的参数。结合皮尔逊检验,形成了解决这类问题的系统实用的方法。 相似文献
4.
5.
在裂隙岩体二维柔度张量数值试验的基础上,建立了裂隙岩体三维柔度张量及其表征单元体积（REV）尺度研究的简化数值试验方法。首先根据岩体裂隙的统计参数及分布规律,运用蒙特卡罗方法在研究域内获得与实际岩体裂隙同分布的三维随机裂隙网络,提取位于不同方位的岩体试件,运用二维柔度张量的数值试验方法求出各个平面方向上的二维柔度张量,然后根据二维与三维柔度张量的拓扑关系,用数学方法求解裂隙岩体的三维柔度张量。对于含3组正交全贯通裂隙的岩体,通过数值试验获得的柔度张量与理论解相比,其主对角线上各参数的误差在5%以内,表明该数值试验方法较为可靠。最后将此方法运用到小湾水电站工程中,确定左岸坝区裂隙岩体的应力REV为11 m×11 m×11 m,并获得该区域裂隙岩体的三维柔度张量。 相似文献
6.
裂隙率作为表征岩体裂隙特征的一项重要参数,有线裂隙率、面裂隙率、体裂隙率3种表征方法。目前常用测线法、统计窗法获取线、面裂隙率仅能从一维或二维反映裂隙发育情况,其方法还存在测量结果随机性、应用受出露条件所限等不足;现有体裂隙率测量方法也存在着实际应用性较差、成本高等问题,尚缺乏简便易操作的野外测量方法。为此本文提出了一种新的野外测量岩体体裂隙率的工作方法--球体法。由于构造、成岩裂隙发育的组系性、方向性,球体法根据各组裂隙产状从不同方向进行观测,通过多次测量统计岩体出露面上裂隙的发育特征,推断岩体内部裂隙的发育状况,其值能更好地反映局部区域岩体内部裂隙发育程度。此外,在测量时利用专利仪器可以得到沿裂隙面法线方向上隙宽以及隙间距数据真实值,测量条件对出露面平整情况要求不高,测量结果受露头平整性影响不大,具有更好的实用性。本文以安庆大龙山采石场研究区为例应用球体法,野外现场测量表明该方法可以在较为方便操作的基础上实现快速测量;研究区体裂隙率均值为2. 286%,集中分布在1%~4%,结合研究区实际情况以及误差分析结果,球体法可以很好地反映研究区各个测量点的裂隙发育程度。 相似文献
7.
针对高放射性核废物地下处置库近场饱和裂隙岩体环境,提出一种由分布热源、饱和单裂隙和两侧无限大岩石构成的三维水流-传热简化模型,建立了控制微分方程和基于拉氏变换域格林函数的积分方程;采用矩形单元把裂隙面域离散化,利用极坐标下的解析方法计算包含奇点的单元积分,利用数值方法计算分布热源和不包含奇点的单元积分,建立拉氏变换域的线性代数方程组,求解后,利用拉氏数值逆变换,计算任意时刻裂隙水和岩石的温度分布。对两个无内热源、流场确定的计算模型进行了计算,与仅考虑岩石沿裂隙面法向一维热传导的解析解进行了对比。计算分析了分布热源作用下饱和单裂隙岩体的三维水流-传热特征及其对裂隙水流速、岩石热传导系数和热源热流集度的敏感度。计算结果表明：与直接采用高斯数值积分相比,提出的解析法奇异积分精度较高;就裂隙水温度而言,单裂隙岩体三维水流-传热半解析计算方法与解析法得到的结果基本一致,但由于半解析计算方法考虑了岩石的三维热传导,使得裂隙水的上游温度较低,而下游温度较高;无分布热源作用时,岩石热传导系数越大,裂隙水温度越低;裂隙水流速越大,裂隙进水温度对裂隙水和岩石温度分布的影响越明显;由于受到裂隙水流动传热的作用,分布热源对裂隙水温度和岩石温度的影响在裂隙水流的下游区域比较显著。 相似文献
8.
本文分别以非接触式测量与三维裂隙网络模拟技术对汶川县绵虒镇大溪沟沟口高陡斜坡的结构面系统进行了深入研究。以无人机、数字近景摄影测量与三维激光扫描方法建立了现场斜坡的三维DEM模型并识别与解译了斜坡的结构面系统。尤其是采用无人机与近景摄影测量技术,识别并解译了整体斜坡的长大控制性结构面与坡面上的6663条随机构造结构面。基于以上数据,本文提出了一种适用于高陡斜坡分析的超大窗口三维裂隙网络模拟方法,采用概率统计与空间几何推导的方法,建立了岩体三维结构面的直径、产状与密度计算方法。这种方法更加简便且针对性强,现场验证也表明其具有较高的模拟精度。 相似文献
9.
秦山三期核电工程反应堆地段节理裂隙模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以秦山三期核电工程反应堆地段作为研究对象 ,针对节理裂隙在岩体中的分布具有随机性的特点 ,运用随机方法对其分布规律进行了研究。根据实测的节理裂隙产状、间距及迹线长度 ,推断节理裂隙概率分布特征。同时充分考虑到节理裂隙分布的不均匀性和方向性等特点 ,采用非平稳态随机过程模拟节理裂隙间距 ,通过 Monte- Carlo方法得到等效的节理裂隙网络。根据统计和拟合的结果 ,对反应堆地段岩体的节理裂隙进行了评价。 相似文献
10.
不同水文区的丰枯遭遇概率分析属于多变量概率分布问题,涉及的水文区越多,变量的维数就越高,问题就越复杂.为找到一种简单通用的多变量(n≥3)水文概率问题的求解方法,以不同水文区丰枯遭遇概率分析为例,引入三维copula函数构建多变量联合概率模型,将其用于分析长江、淮河及黄河流域的径流量的联合概率和条件概率问题。研究结果表明,当变量维数n≥3时,由copula函数可以很容易地构建多变量概率分布模型;对一组水文数据系列,有多个不同copula函数可以选择,可采用拟合优度检验方法择优;copula函数构建的多变量概率模型,可以计算各种条件下的联合概率分布,可以分析各种不同量级水文变量的遭遇概率和条件概率;通过与多维转换为一维方法的比较,三维Frank copula函数具有更优良的拟合优度、无偏性及有效性,且计算更简便。 相似文献
11.
Shallow groundwater in the northern Negev desert of Israel flows preferentially through a complex system of discontinuities. These discontinuities intersect what would otherwise be a massive, low-conductivity, high-porosity Eocene chalk. Vertical fractures and horizontal bedding planes were observed and mapped along approximately 1,200 m of scanline, 600 m of core and 30 two-dimensional trace planes. A bimodal distribution of size exists for the vertical fractures which occur as both single-layer fractures and multi-layer fractures. A bimodal distribution of log transmissivity was observed from slug tests conducted in packed-off, vertical intervals within the saturated zone. The different flow characteristics between the horizontal bedding planes and vertical-type fractures appear to be the cause of the bimodality. Two distinct conceptual models (discrete fracture network) were developed based on the fracture orientation, size, intensity and transmissivity statistics derived from field data. A correlation between fracture size and hydraulic aperture was established as the basis for calibrating the simulated model transmissivity to the field observations. This method of defining transmissivity statistically based on prior information is shown to be a reasonable and workable alternative to the usual conjecture approach towards defining transmissivity in a fractured-rock environment. 相似文献
12.
三维剖面地质界线是构建三维地质结构模型的重要基础数据,其不确定性会影响三维模型的几何形态和属性分布。以单一分布为假设前提的统计学不确定性分析方法掩盖了其他概率分布特征对模型的影响。突破单一误差分布条件的假设前提,本文使用Monte Carlo方法模拟了不同概率分布情况下地质剖面数据中地质界线的抽样采集,以及地质界线空间分布的不确定性;依托地质界线空间位置与地质属性的耦合关系,提出了用地质属性概率分布实现地质界线空间不确定性的定量可视化,并结合实际地质剖面探讨了多种概率分布条件下地质界线的空间不确定性。实例研究表明,基于Monte Carlo模拟的不确定性分析方法可以突破单一误差分布假设条件,结合地质属性概率可充分揭示出建模数据的内在不确定性与模型外在要素形态之间的耦合关系。 相似文献
13.
采用真三轴物理模型试验机、水力压裂伺服系统、声发射定位系统以及压裂液中添加示踪剂等方式,在真三轴条件下对大尺寸页岩水平井进行了水力压裂物理模拟试验,通过裂缝的动态监测和压裂后剖切等分析了裂缝的扩展规律,并对页岩压裂缝网的形成机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明：（1）水力裂缝自割缝处起裂并扩展、压开或贯穿层理面,形成相对较复杂的裂缝形态;（2）裂缝中既有垂直于层理面的新生水力主裂缝,又有沿弱层理面扩展延伸的次级裂缝,形成了纵向和横向裂缝并存的裂缝网络;（3）水力裂缝在延伸过程中会发生转向而逐渐垂直最小主应力;（4）水力裂缝在扩展过程中遇到弱层理面时的止裂、分叉、穿过和转向现象是形成页岩储层复杂裂缝网络的主要原因,而弱结构面的大量存在是形成复杂裂缝的基础。其研究结果可为页岩气藏水平井分段压裂开采等提供有力技术支持。 相似文献
14.
针对现有页岩气体积压裂层理裂缝扩展模型及其计算方法研究的不足,基于三点弯曲试验,结合数字图像法获取了页岩层理关键力学参数;利用弹性力学理论和线弹簧模型建立了页岩气体积压裂层理裂缝扩展拟三维数学模型,并得到了试验验证;开发了裂缝几何参数计算程序,计算分析了层理参数与压裂施工参数对水力裂缝扩展的影响规律。结果表明：当层理刚度小于10 GPa/m及大于30 GPa/m时,剪切滑移量达到极大值及极小值,且基本保持不变,当层理刚度在10～30 GPa/m之间时,层理刚度与剪切滑移量呈线性负相关关系;当层理密度为5～7条时,主裂缝会沟通更多的层理;当层理强度为5～8 MPa时,水力裂缝易穿层扩展,且能使层理产生剪切滑移,从而生成复杂裂缝;当压裂液排量和压裂液黏度分别在9～12 m3/min和2.5～5m Pa·s范围内时,水力裂缝易穿层扩展,最终形成十字型裂缝,有助于复杂裂缝的形成。该研究对认识页岩层理力学性能及其对层理裂缝扩展规律的影响有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
15.
根据原始构造节理系统中节理间特殊的几何关系,本文提出一种数学分析方法及其电算程序,对其进行了研究。宁芜地区一些古火山构造用该法解析成功的实例,证明此种方法是可行的。 相似文献
16.
The Planar Shape of Rock Joints 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Knowing the planar shape of discontinuities is important when characterizing discontinuities in a rock mass. However, the
real discontinuity shape is rarely known, since the rock mass is usually inaccessible in three dimensions. Information on
discontinuity shape is limited and often open to more than one interpretation. This paper discusses the planar shape of rock
joints, the most common discontinuities in rock. First, a brief literature review about the shape of joints is presented,
including some information on joint-surface morphology, inferences from observed trace lengths on different sampling planes,
information based on experimental studies, and joint shapes assumed by different researchers. This review shows that joints
not affected by adjacent geological structures such as bedding boundaries or pre-existing fractures tend to be elliptical
(or approximately circular but rarely). Joints affected by or intersecting such geological structures tend to be rectangular.
Then, using the general stereological relationship between trace length distributions and joint size distributions developed
by Zhang et al. (Geotechnique 52(6):419–433, 2002) for elliptical joints, the effect of sampling plane orientation on trace lengths is investigated. This study explains why
the average trace lengths of non-equidimensional (elliptical or similar polygonal) joints on two sampling planes can be about
equal and thus the conclusion that rock joints are equidimensional (circular) drawn from the fact that the average trace lengths
on two sampling planes are approximately equal can be wrong. Finally, methods for characterizing the shape and size of joints
(elliptical or rectangular) from trace length data are recommended, and the appropriateness of using elliptical joint shapes
to represent polygonal, especially rectangular, joints is discussed. 相似文献
17.
E. Widzyk-Capehart P. Lilly 《Fragblast: International Journal for Blasting and Fragmentation》2002,6(2):151-168
Blasting is the primary comminution process in most mining operations. This process involves the highly complex and dynamic interaction between two main components. The first is the detonating explosive and the second is the rock mass into which the explosive is loaded. The mechanical properties of the rock material (such as dynamic strength, tensile strength, dynamic modulus and fracture toughness) are important considerations in understanding the blasting process. However, it is the characteristics of the geological defects (joints, foliation planes, bedding planes) within the rock mass that ultimately determine how effectively a blast performs in terms of fragmentation, all else being equal. The defect characteristics include, but are not limited to, their orientation, spacing, and mechanical properties. During the blasting process, some of the geotechnical characteristics of the rock mass are substantially changed. From the blasting outcome point of view, the most notable and important is the change in fragment size distribution that the rock mass undergoes. The pre-blast in situ defect-bounded block size distribution is transformed into the post-blast muckpile fragment size distribution. Consequently, it is fundamental to our understanding of and ability to predict the blasting process that both the blastability of a rock mass and its transformation into the fragment size distribution can be appropriately quantified. 相似文献
18.
Three orthogonal planes (two vertical and one horizontal with respect to the apparent bedding structure) of a core sample of seemingly graded graywacke sandstone have been petrographically analyzed in order to determine the form and characteristics of the lithologic gradients in the specimen. Compositional and textural properties were sampled in thin section according to an orthogonal grid pattern on each of the three faces. Variability among rows and columns (plus interaction) with respect to each petrographic variable was tested by analysis of variance using a two way classification. A larger number of properties show significant variation among the rows of the sampling grid (thus in a vertical direction) than in the horizontal plane of the apparent bedding. Quality control models with confidence limits, which display graphically trends in the individual constituents, indicate that feldspar proportion, mica proportion, and quartz grain size exhibit significant gradients (above the level of analytical error) in the direction perpendicular to the bedding. Quartz proportion oscillates in a non-systematic fashion, and quartz grain shape shows no trend in the vertical planes of the specimen. The petrographic variability observed in the horizontal plane of the bedding is generally trendless. Partial trend surfaces show that the trends in quartz grain size are dominant, but are not simple in form according to the comparative reductions in total variation achieved by fitted surfaces of successively higher degree. Again, the major portions of variability are explained by the surfaces fitted to planes perpendicular to the bedding. The textural homogeneity of the rock in the horizontal (bedding) plane is reflected in the relatively subdued trends exposed by the surfaces in this direction. Taking grain size as an example, a 1: 1 correspondence is established between this property and the theoretical effects of settling in a liquid medium by a functional relationship; it is shown that only 25 to 40% of the total grain size variation in the specimen is attributable to this process. It is concluded that the interpretation of natural sedimentation processes from analysis of petrographic properties is complex due to the interaction of the processes and the interdependencies among the measurable properties which result. 相似文献
19.
A large storm in 1995 that impacted the central Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia triggered over a thousand debris flows, which
deeply incised stream channels in zero-, first-, and second-order basins underlain primarily by granite, metabasalt, and quartzite.
This event provided an opportunity to gain insight into geologic controls on debris-flow initiation and rates of basin denudation.
Intensive investigations in quartzite terrain indicated that well-developed joints provide for rapid infiltration of rainwater
and thus affected debris-flow initiation. Possible mechanisms of slope failure include (1) elevated rates of fracture recharge
in steep valleys and/or (2) bedrock bedding planes. Fracture recharge may serve to substantially increase rock pore pressure
during high intensity rainfall, especially when coupled with antecedent moisture. The quartzite bedrock tends to break into
orthogonal blocks due to jointing. Statistical analysis shows the presence of a minimum of two joint populations that serve
as bedrock controls on lateral erosion. Resistant bedding planes, parallel to slope, control vertical erosion below a finer-grained
layer of saprolite. The combination of increased recharge and joint orientations in quartzite basins are likely the main factors
resulting in the highest measured values of basin denudation from debris flows, relative to other lithologies, in the central
Appalachians. Additionally, these joint and bedding planes produce a topographic signature at all scales and, therefore, are
an important factor controlling long-term landscape evolution. 相似文献