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1.
Community impacts from oil development in the Bakken Shale, located in the north central region of the United States, have been well reported in the press, including highly publicized accounts of social disruption. Less examined are communities on the periphery of such development, which experience related impacts unique to their location. Twenty-eight long-time residents from three Bakken periphery communities were interviewed to evaluate social and environmental impact perceptions, including perceived risks of place disruption. Findings suggest that whereas place meanings and identities were disrupted by the oil boom in Bakken core communities, they remain intact in these periphery communities. Findings further suggest periphery residents view their proximal location to the Bakken region as a social and economic “Goldilocks Zone:” close enough to benefit from spillover economic impacts, yet far enough away to avoid serious negative social impacts. This research extends understanding of place disruption and development impacts in energy periphery communities. 相似文献
2.
A synthesis of sociological and biological perspectives on sustainable land use in Namaqualand 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A transdisciplinary synthesis, grouped into four main themes, of the key papers in this Special Issue on Namaqualand is provided. Perspectives on current environmental, economic and social issues in the region are interpreted in the context of the past and are used to inform future trajectories of change and development needs within the region. Firstly, in terms of the climatic and biophysical environment, Namaqualand's rich biodiversity is not uniformly distributed and is explained in terms of the spatially heterogeneous geological, pedological and topographical gradients that characterize the region. Spatial and temporal variation in rainfall over long time frames would also have promoted speciation within isolated, poorly-dispersed, leaf succulent populations. Future climate models propose a decrease in rainfall across the region with an associated reduction in livestock production. The second theme provides an historical perspective on changing land use practices in Namaqualand over the last 2000 years. It suggests that they have frequently been influenced by events originating far from the region such as colonial expansion, apartheid legislation and globalization. Local people, particularly marginalised communal farmers have had to adapt to these outside influences within an increasingly confined landscape that has progressively eroded their mobility and restricted their ability to utilise the spatial and temporal variability inherent in semi-arid environments. The third theme shows how livelihood diversification has been one of the key ways in which local people from communal areas have adapted to change. While farming makes up a relatively small part of the income of most households it enhances the resilience of livelihoods in the region. The fourth theme is concerned with land reform, conservation and restoration in Namaqualand. While a significant amount of land has been transferred to previously-marginalised groups, equitable access to these resources is lacking. An exclusively commercial orientation within the extension and development programmes of the Department of Agriculture further hampers the effectiveness of land reform as a tool for reducing levels of poverty in the majority of households in the region. Conservation initiatives could enhance livelihood options in Namaqualand but are viewed by some as being in competition with the state's land reform programme and are too recent to reflect significant regional benefits at this stage. While restoration is possible in severely degraded lands, the costs and operational difficulties in these event-driven, semi-arid systems are emphasised. Finally, this synthesis suggests that the important exogenous drivers of change in the 21st century are likely to be climate, biodiversity conservation initiatives, land redistribution and continued processes of de-agrarianisation as a result of macro-economic change. A focus on building institutions, encouraging livestock mobility within a significantly expanded commons and supporting livelihood diversification are some of the approaches necessary to address the development needs of Namaqualand. 相似文献
3.
《Urban geography》2013,34(8):732-754
Little attention is paid to the ways that labor market inequalities within urban institutions enforce governance regimes that (re)produce urban environmental unevenness. Milwaukee's Bureau of Forestry is one such institution that has historically been dependent on state-sanctioned labor market inequalities to perpetuate an explicitly White/male regime of environmental governance and production. Historically, the Bureau's management employed and promoted very few African Americans and women within its arboricultural workforce, based on its racist and gendered categories of laboring individuals. Furthermore, and for identical reasons, these workers—and by extension their communities—face distributional injustices as they are not allowed to channel their labors into the production of equitable and/or alternative forms of urban forests more suitable to their own social reproduction. This paper investigates the changing relations between Milwaukee's Bureau of Forestry and its African American and female employees as they attempt to legally (re)articulate their laboring identities and capabilities within a disempowering institution. We use in-depth interviews and archival materials to show that the Bureau of Forestry has consequently been forced to publicly confront its racist/patriarchal legacy in light of two recent high-profile lawsuits and an ambassadors program. We conclude by discussing how changes that allow some African Americans and women to work in Milwaukee's urban forest have affected the Bureau of Forestry and potentially the forest itself. 相似文献
4.
随着20世纪后半期以来,节庆以史无前例的规模复兴,在现代性的语境下,节庆与社区存续、复兴或衰亡的各种关系,成为文化地理关注的主题。文章从传统社区的延续与现代认同的重构、移民社区的再造与多元认同的杂糅、社区活力的再生与地方品牌的营销、社区秩序的重塑与地方权力的协商4个方面,对节庆与社区重构的关系进行分析。结论认为：节庆与社区重构之间具有紧密的关系,社区并没有被现代性力量所终结,而是以一种更加复杂化的形式存续和发展,或者延续传统的社区秩序,或者吸纳外来和创新要素重构出混杂的社区秩序,或者进行地方营销扩大社区影响;社区节庆则被全球化、市场化等现代性力量不断调整和创新。最后在此基础上进一步展望中国语境下的社区重构研究。 相似文献
5.
东莞半城市化地区发展透视 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
通过实地调研,分析东莞半城市化发展过程。将东莞半城市化区划分为不同的地域类型,分析这些地区空间发展的差异及其驱动力,认为区位、大型交通基础设施和外资对其影响程度最大。从土地扩张、人口流动和经济结构重组的角度分析东莞半城市化过程的特征,认为4大因素将影响其发展,即:尚不明晰的土地租赁和土地流转政策、社会保障不足导致的技工短缺、社会歧视引起的工人流失和各地区为吸引外资不明智的竞争。提出相应建议:1)进一步促进社区建设以提升城市发展的软环境;2)探索土地股份制以加快半城市化地区户籍人口的城市化进程;3)降低户籍门槛以鼓励已就业流动人口成为本地居民;4)通过政府提供的各种培训,培养更多的技工。 相似文献
6.
Fishing communities in Europe are facing significant challenges due to policy measures aimed at reducing fishing effort in order to cope with the “crisis” in key stocks. While it is imperative to ensure sustainability of the resource, such policies may overlook the contribution of fisheries to the social and cultural well-being of coastal communities. This article explores the contribution that sense of place can make to understanding the relationship between fishing and cultural ecosystem services, drawing on case studies from Cornwall, southwest England. Through semistructured interviews with fishing community stakeholders we outline how fishing contributes to sense of place in terms of individual and community identities, as well as a particular place character associated with the physical presence of fishing. We suggest that a co-constructionist account of the relationship between sea and land can provide a starting point for understanding the cultural landscape that emerges as a result of fishing. 相似文献
7.
Water is an invaluable resource, and equitable access to it is a fundamental human right. Disenfranchised groups often lose access to water resources because their interests are not well represented by decision makers. Excluding these groups from resource management policy often results in myopic decisions that contribute to further ecosystem damage. We describe the ecological degradation of Lake Urmia in Iran, which has recently experienced increased salinity and declining water quantity. The lake is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and Ramsar site, and supports unique biodiversity in the region. The lake's decline is driven by the destruction of Zagros forests and the government's water policies, which diverted water to more politically connected agricultural land users, increasing social inequity and prompting more deforestation. The most straightforward restoration solution is to discontinue the diversions and allow critical inflows to recharge Lake Urmia, preserving the lake and wetlands for migratory birds, tourists, and local communities. 相似文献
8.
Joseph Holler 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):526-537
Adaptation is increasingly planned and funded to reduce negative impacts of climate change for vulnerable social groups; however, vulnerable groups have the least capacity to adapt. Adaptation is therefore unlikely to produce socially sustainable or equitable outcomes. Six adaptation processes on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, are modeled with logistic regression to identify their determinant factors. Most adaptations simply reproduce unsustainable patterns of social vulnerability rooted in unequal access to land and other resource entitlements. A few exceptions are observed, where low costs, widely accessible knowledge, and community groups with cross-scale social networks enabled vulnerable social groups to implement adaptations. 相似文献
9.
As part of a 1987 program to develop land use management plans and activities that meet local needs while complying with the objectives of national resource management, this study traces migration and settlement patterns in the Thai village of Huai Muang, which was created by squatters in part of the Dong Lan Reserved Forest on land which had been reserved since 1964. In addition, the effect of the settlement patterns on land use and the willingness of settlers to accept social forestry activities are explored. Data were collected through observation and interviews with key informants from the 347-household village. Migration occurred in four phases. Group 1 migrants came from nearby villages starting in 1959 and claimed large plots of land. When ordered to leave in 1964, no one complied. In 1968, 6 more households joined the village. No one had legal title to any land. In 1975, 17 households of Group 2 migrants followed a logging road to join the settlement. During the next two years, 10-20 additional households joined the group from other provinces in the northeast. Members of this group bought land from Group 1 migrants, and they also cleared more of the forest. The third and largest group arrived in 1978-81, claimed the least desirable land, and swelled the settlement size to 150 households. This group also purchased land but do not have enough to support their families and must work as laborers. The last group of less than 30 households arrived after 1981 and were unable to acquire much land. By this time, further clearing was prevented. In 1989, the settlement received official recognition as a village. Group 1 originally lived near the forest, collecting forest products, hunting, and grazing livestock. All of these settlers have left the village. Group 2 and 3 migrants farm maize, rice, and soybeans. The only dependence on forest products remains in the landless Group 4, but many of their activities, such as making charcoal, are illegal. The social forestry intervention consists of promotion of silkworm cultivation, the development of household nurseries of fruit trees, planting trees in a local temple area, and demonstrating nursery techniques. Participation in this project was limited because the activities were unsuitable for those without land (who were most in need) and because of a lack of community cohesion. Many questions remain about equitable land reallocation and policies to reduce deforestation. 相似文献
10.
The Malaysian government regards the country's indigenous peoples as “backward” and in need of “modernization.” It aims to assimilate them into the so‐called mainstream society and to incorporate their lands and resources into national and global markets. These policy objectives leave little scope for indigenous groups to pursue their own life projects. Indigenous communities want to share in the benefits of economic development, but they are not prepared to give up their lands, cultures, and identities to obtain them. They have attempted to ward off the negative consequences of development projects by forming advocacy nongovernmental organizations, engaging in various forms of resistance, and seeking redress of their grievances in the courts. Most of all, they want recognition of their rights to land and place. The efficacy of their agency is severely hampered by a battery of repressive laws and by their own political weakness. 相似文献
11.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(1):47-48
The article aims to determine the degree of sociocultural change resulting from the return of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), how the changes have impacted on the workers' original communities, and the various reintegration challenges posed by those communities. The theoretical framework of the article is built upon concepts of transnationalism and habitus. The methodology employed included field research conducted in 2010 and a village community approach. The study revealed that changes in the personal identities and social behaviour of the returnees are significant. However, the returnees' family ties and attitudes towards religion were largely the same as before they went overseas, and some had grown even closer to their families and become more religious. Further, the changes in their local community that occurred subsequent to their return revealed both positive and negative influences. Several sociocultural factors impeded the reintegration of returnee OFWs, and this called for action at all levels of government in the Philippines as well as from local communities and the returnees themselves. 相似文献
12.
近年来,教育资源分化导致的居住空间分异不断加深,“学区房”社区尤其是老城区的优质“学区房”社区以其高房价与破旧物质景观、优质教育与低劣居住品质的显著对比,对个人、家庭、社群的价值取向和社会实践方式产生强烈的拉扯与撕裂作用,成为社会-空间矛盾凸显的典型空间之一。文章借用“异化”这一哲学术语,基于对南京的调查,对“优质学区房”社区社会空间特征、机理进行研究。结果显示：1）老旧“优质学区房”社区普遍存在外在空间环境与内在社会价值的强烈反差,社会空间关系发生扭曲进而表现出社会-空间异化的现象和特征;2）“优质学区房”社区社会-空间的异化是在住房市场化改革、学区制、东方文化等因素的叠加影响下,社区社会-空间辩证统一关系受到冲击激发学区房角色不断衍变,最终引致社会-空间分离对立与自我否定的结果;3）社会-空间异化会带来深刻的社会空间影响,不仅将进一步加剧居住空间分异的程度,而且将增加学区房社区的治理复杂性和更新难度。 相似文献
13.
在阐述建设用地错配机制的基础上,构建建设用地错配测度模型和错配机制计量模型,重点探讨中国2001－2016年城市建设用地错配时空特征、驱动机制及其空间效应。结果表明：1）中国建设用地错配呈现先下降后上升的发展趋势和西高东低的空间分布格局;2）中国建设用地错配及其影响因素呈现空间集聚与关联特征,但空间关联效应有减弱态势;3）土地财政依赖、产业结构优化、市场发育完善对建设用地错配具有显著的负向影响;4）政府腐败和经济发展对建设用地错配具有显著的正向影响且存在空间溢出效应。中国建设用地错配普遍存在且有上升态势,转变经济发展方式、加大政府腐败治理力度、完善市场机制和区域一体化建设能够有效缓解区域建设用地错配。 相似文献
14.
中关村高校周边居住区社会空间特征及其形成机制 总被引：13，自引：6，他引：7
目前国内城市社会空间研究偏重于宏观层次,对于微观层次社区社会空间特征的研究相对缺乏。基于质性研究(Qualitative Research)和深度访谈的调查方法,以北京大学周边若干居住区为例,探讨了中关村高校周边居住区社会空间的特征及其形成机制。研究发现:中关村高校周边居住区的社会空间经历了从"同质性"向"异质性"转变的发展阶段;社区居民的社会阶层分异显著;居民的整体流动性较强,且以水平流动为主,垂直流动相对较少;阶层内社会网络联系较强,阶层间社会网络联系较弱,存在明显的阶层分隔现象;空间结构呈现出在高校和社会双重力量作用下,各种类型居民分布既混合又有序的复杂型式。在市场经济体制下,中关村高校周边居住区外来人口与原住居民共同构建了一种具有高流动性、松散社会网络等特征的社会空间,它为理解社区流动性、社会网络特征和社会空间成熟度之间的关系带来启示。 相似文献
15.
为揭示街道眼与防卫空间理论的分歧源头和适用条件,论文以北京中心城区为研究范围,整合法律文书、定位服务、街景图像、兴趣点等多源大数据,将犯罪机会与社会生态理论置于同一分析框架,探讨了可渗透性环境对盗窃犯罪分布的影响以及社会解组因素的调节作用。结果表明,土地利用密度、功能混合度、路网密度、沿街通透性等可渗透性特征与盗窃密度整体呈现正向关联。建成环境对犯罪行为的影响因社会生态分异而变化,随着居住不稳定性、途经人员流动性、就业人员流动性、人口异质性、社会经济弱势地位等社会解组程度的加深,可渗透性环境的犯罪引致作用将不断放大,防卫空间理论更具适用性。而在社会结构稳定的社区中,街道眼能够发挥自然监控作用,街道眼理论的解释力更强,现实生活中该类社区仍属少数,盲目采用新城市主义设计方法恐会加剧安全风险。 相似文献
16.
广州市未来居住区热点区位分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文在回顾建国以来广州市居住区建设状况的基础上，对广州市居民３个层次的居住环境现状进行了评价，分析了居民未来居住环境需求的变化对其住宅区位选择的影响，讨论广州市目前已经出现及将会出现的重要的城市社会发展趋势和城市建设趋势，以及它们对城市居住区区位的影响，指出了广州市未来居住区开发的热点区位及其开发过程中所要重点解决的几个问题。 相似文献
17.
Angus Lyall 《Urban geography》2017,38(7):958-973
Forced resettlement, central to state-led development throughout the twentieth century, still paves the way for agroindustrial, hydroelectric, urban, and other forms of development in much of the global South today. In response to pressures from social movements challenging human displacement, states, firms, and multinational institutions increasingly seek the consent of impacted communities, often offering monetary compensation and resettlement, along with development assistance. Some states obtain consent by offering resettlements with urban infrastructures and public services. In Ecuador, the state has planned 200 urban-like resettlements called “Millennium Cities” for communities on the Amazonian oil and mining frontiers. Although resettlement in this context transforms human–environment relations and generates new social ills by isolating residents from food supplies and market networks, many communities do consent to resettlement. In this paper, I call attention to voluntary rural–urban resettlement in land grab governance and I explore why communities might consent to their own displacement. This paper suggests the need to account for the material and social conditions that structure consent. 相似文献
18.
新型城镇化背景下,建设具有包容性和公平正义的城市,成为社会可持续发展的重要内容。交通相关的社会排斥研究主要包括理论研究、社会空间分析、交通与社会排斥的比较研究等,形成了基于空间和基于人群的2种研究范式。但关于不同地理环境和不同社会群体的交通与社会排斥研究,仍然缺乏对空间与行为互动的内在因果关系的有效论证,迫切需要从地理空间和不同社会群体的时空间行为入手,厘清交通与社会排斥的概念内涵和作用机理。论文梳理了交通与社会排斥的概念内涵、研究范式与测度方法,重点从时空间行为视角阐述了交通维度的社会排斥研究的内在逻辑和实证结果,并结合中国实际,试图构建时空间和行为互动的交通与社会排斥研究框架,为消除交通维度的社会排斥障碍、建构多尺度社会融合路径、建设更为包容和公平正义的城市提供实践基础和理论支持。 相似文献
19.
ABSTRACT. Twentieth‐century land reform in Chile reflects familiar themes. The state subdivided large land monopolies, ostensibly for social justice reasons: to provide opportunities for campesinos to earn a living from agriculture. In southern Chile's Tierra del Fuego a combination of social justice, nationalism, and geopolitical concerns stimulated land reform between 1924 and 1978. The effort succeeded in creating a new material landscape oriented around smaller ranches but failed to meet its socioeconomic goals. In a scenario that resonates with reforms elsewhere in Latin America, an elitist cultural landscape dominated by large‐holding corporations was replaced with another elitist landscape, though in a different form. Politically well‐connected and essentially absentee landholders acquired subdivided land and began to practice “hobby ranching.” The history of land reform in Tierra del Fuego demonstrates how new socioeconomic conditions created over the course of many decades have left their imprint on land use and the biophysical landscape. It also contributes to larger regional debates about the role of land degradation in stocking‐rate decline. 相似文献
20.
流动性视角下边界的空间实践及其意义——以云南省河口县中越边境地区X村为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
边界是不同的社会与政治实体接触和交流的场所,跨边界的日常生活流动是历久和普遍的社会事实。边民与边境管理者丰富的跨界流动性实践,包括了自下而上到自上而下的双向互动,促进了边界意义的生产与再生产。透过流动性的研究视角,基于Newman对边境的地理学问题研究论调,从边境管理者和边民两个方面的日常空间实践进行了展现,选取云南省河口县中越边境地区的典型边寨为案例地,通过质性研究方法分析跨界流动的空间实践及其意义,进一步为解读边界的空间意义提供中国案例,以期更全面地看待边界问题。研究发现：边境草根群体自下而上的跨界流动,促进边界成为衡量经济、社会关系、文化意义以及政治权力形成和变迁过程的一个重要变量和维度。跨界流动实用主义色彩之上,也作用于边境社会关系网络的建构,对边民民族文化认同、国家认同等的建构产生积极作用。权力机关在边境生存法则基础上的流动性实践深化了国家意志,边界即成为权力“物化”的工具,流动性形成治理的手段和方法之一,边境地区同时被不断地规划和塑造。 相似文献