共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Compared to potential temperature in the dry atmosphere and equivalent potential temperature in the saturated atmosphere, generalized potential temperature has already proven a better thermodynamic parameter in describing the non-uniformly saturated real atmosphere. To add otherwise absent graphic explanations, this paper first presents the physical definition of * through a tephigram. Then, the utility of the measurement in identifying and forecasting the locations of precipitation maxima and heat wave areas with diagnostic comparison studies and traditionally used thermodynamic parameters is shown. 相似文献
2.
Potential vorticity (PV) has been served as a powerful and useful dynamic tracer for the understanding of the large-scale dynamics and synoptic variations in the atmosphere and oceans. Significant progress has been made on the application of PV.
In recent decades there has been a substantial amount of work done on PV in a general moist atmosphere. In this paper PV and the generalized moist potential vorticity (GMPV) and their application in the tropical cyclones and mesoscale meteorological field are reviewed. The GMPV is derived for a real atmosphere (neither totally dry nor saturated) by introducing a generalized potential temperature instead of the potential temperature or equivalent potential temperature. Such a generalization can depict the moist effect on PV anomaly in the non-uniformly saturated atmosphere. A new convective vorticity vector (CVV) is introduced in connection with GMPV in order to diagnose the development of tropical deep convections. 相似文献
3.
三种温湿参数下昆明准静止锋锋面位置及锋生函数诊断的对比分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
针对2008年1~2月昆明准静止锋天气过程,讨论了位温、相当位温和广义位温三个温湿参数及其对应的锋生函数,对比分析结果表明:（1）广义位温因其湿度因子权重过大,不适用于分析以温度梯度定义的昆明准静止锋锋面位置和强度;（2）理想状态下的干大气位温和饱和大气相当位温仅与气压和温度有关,均能较好地反映大气温度场特征,适用于昆明准静止锋的分析,比较而言相当位温对温度锋区的描述更为显著;（3）用位温或相当位温计算锋生函数所得结果直接表达了因温度场变化导致的锋面生消状况,而用广义位温计算锋生函数所得结果同时包含温度锋生（消）和湿度锋生（消）两种情况,不能简洁地判断昆明准静止锋锋面生消状况。 相似文献
4.
Manoj Kumar Chinmay Mallik Anil Kumar N.C. Mahanti A.M. Shekh 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2010,49(2-3):96-107
The annual variation in Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) height is determined from the profiles of conserved thermodynamic variables, i.e. virtual potential temperature θv, equivalent potential temperature θe and saturated equivalent potential temperature θes, using radiosonde data at Anand (23°35′N, 72°55′E, 45.1 m a.s.l.), India. Out of all the variables, the θv profile seems to provide the most reasonable estimate of the PBL height. This has been supplemented by T–Phi gram analysis for specific days. The analysis has been done for 00, 03, 06, 09 and 12 GMT for the 14th and 15th day of each month in the year 1997 based on LASPEX-97 data. In winters the height of boundary layer is very low due to subsidence and radiation cooling while heights in pre-monsoon months exhibit large variations. 相似文献
5.
A generalized frontogenesis function and its application 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
With the definition of generalized potential temperature, a new generalized frontogenesis function, which is expressed as the Lagrangian change rate of the magnitude of the horizontal generalized potential temperature gradient, is derived. Such a frontogenesis function is more appropriate for a real moist atmosphere because it can reflect frontogenesis processes, in which the atmosphere in a frontal zone is typically characterized by neither completely dry nor uniform saturation. Furthermore, by derivation, the expression of generalized frontogenesis function includes both temperature and humidity gradients, which is different from and superior to the traditional frontogenesis function in moist processes, which also uses equivalent potential temperature. Diagnostic studies of real cases are performed and show that the generalized frontogenesis function in non- uniformly saturated moist atmosphere indeed provides a useful tool for frontogenesis, compared to using the traditional frontogenesis function. The new frontogenesis function can be used in situations involving either a strong temperature or moisture gradient and is closely correlated with precipitation. 相似文献
6.
本文对不同定义的湿位涡做了理论分析,并利用1522号台风“彩虹”的数值模拟结果对各种湿位涡进行了诊断。主要结论有:经典湿位涡、广义湿位涡和改进湿位涡的差异主要是由不同定义的位温造成的,相当位温、广义位温和修改位温的构成均是在位温基础上添加一显含水汽的附加量;经典湿位涡、广义湿位涡和改进湿位涡的构成均能分为干、湿分量两部分,其干分量表达式相同,都与Ertel干位涡的定义一样,水物质相变潜热的影响隐含在位温中;不同定义湿位涡的本质差异表现在不同的湿分量上,湿分量的表达式中显含了水物质的作用。对台风的诊断分析发现,改进湿位涡分布与Ertel干位涡非常相似,呈现中空分布的位涡塔结构,大值区对应眼墙内侧,改进湿位涡湿分量与经典湿位涡的湿分量分布相似,只是湿分量的绝对值更小,这反映了改进湿位涡既能保持干位涡的分布特征,其分布和演变可反映台风的结构和演变,又能合理地体现水汽分布的影响,所以在台风诊断中有更广泛的应用前景。经典湿位涡在低层表现为负值,这与水汽梯度的分布关系很大,但与垂直速度、潜热加热大值区等都没有很好的匹配关系,用其分析台风结构和演变具有一定局限性;广义湿位涡其形式较复杂,仅在近饱和区域才能发挥其诊断优势。 相似文献
7.
关于业务上应用条件对称不稳定相关问题的讨论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
条件对称不稳定（CSI）理论常常被用来作为倾斜对流的发展机制之一,在业务上常用来解释与锋面相联系的一条或多条中尺度雨带、雷达图像上观测到的带状雨带的成因等。条件对称不稳定的诊断包括CSI斜率判据、斜升对流有效位能（SCAPE）、湿对称不稳定（MSI）、相当位涡（EPV）等判据。业务预报人员存疑较多的问题是这些方法是否具有一致性并在业务上如何使用。针对上述问题,首先通过与业务预报人员较熟悉的条件不稳定类型作类比,来说明条件对称不稳定两种判据与条件不稳定两种判据的相似性。但在业务使用上,判别条件对称不稳定时多使用CSI斜率判据,即等动量面的坡度大于等位温面坡度而小于等湿球位温面坡度。由于条件对称不稳定通常出现在大气处于几乎饱和的情况下,此时的CSI斜率判据则演变为湿对称不稳定判据,即等动量面坡度小于等湿球位温面坡度。为判别相当位涡与湿对称不稳定判据是否具有一致性,文中的推导和实例分析均表明,二维相当位涡实际上是湿对称不稳定判据的另一种表现形式,但是湿对称不稳定判据需主观去比较等相当位温面与等动量面斜率大小,而二维相当位涡则可通过其是否小于0进行客观判断。需注意的是,在与推导条件对称不稳定斜率判据相同的二维坐标下,相当位涡与湿对称不稳定判据才具有一致性,将相当位涡扩展到常规坐标下使用三维相当位涡作为湿对称不稳定判据是不可取的。 相似文献
8.
广义湿位涡理论及其应用研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
押重点介绍了诊断暴雨落区与强度的广义湿位涡理论研究方面的两个内容,一是由于暴雨系统中强降水引起的质量亏空导致的暴雨系统中质量强迫下的湿位涡异常理论,二是非均匀饱和大气中的广义湿位涡理论;对暴雨系统中质量强迫的物理意义和非均匀饱和大气中的广义位温引入的思路与意义作了详细说明,并对位涡理论作了细致推导。在此基础上,针对暴雨个例,利用质量强迫的湿位涡异常和非均匀饱和广义湿位涡异常诊断了暴雨落区,从理论和诊断上论证了利用这两种湿位涡异常判断暴雨落区的可行性。 相似文献
9.
Gary K. Greenhut 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1982,24(2):253-264
Turbulence data obtained aboard a NOAA P-3 research aircraft during flights over the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean are used to obtain mean vertical profiles of water vapor density, potential temperature, wind speed and fluxes of latent heat, buoyancy and momentum. The variation of eddy fluxes and bulk transfer coefficients as a function of atmospheric stability are plotted for two of the flights. The observed transfer coefficients generally agree with those obtained from parameterizations based on surface-layer similarity theory (Deardorff, 1968; Kondo, 1975). 相似文献
10.
为了对比分析降水过程中不同表达形式热力学变量和位涡时空分布特点,本文针对2017年7月13～14日吉林省强降水过程,利用模式输出资料对常规位温（θ）、相当位温（θe）、包含凝结概率函数的广义位温（θGao）、包含冻结概率函数的广义位温（θWang）和同时涵盖凝结过程与冻结过程（θGu）五种不同形式位温进行计算,并分析五种对应位涡[PV(θ)、PV(θe)、PV(θGao)、PV(θWang)、PV(θGu)]与降水的关系。结果表明,引入冻结概率函数的广义位温（θWang）和对应的广义湿位涡PV(θWang)与强降水的对应性更好。θWang与θGao差异集中在降水区对流层中高层5～11 km,前者始终高于后者,最大差异达2.5 K,说明冻结概率函数的引入扩大了广义位温的适用范围,更适合描述降水区湿大气非均匀饱和热力状态。五种位涡的差异主要在降水区上空12 km以下,由θGao和θWang定义的位涡PV(θGao)和PV(θWang)的正负异常中心更为明显。相比于PV(θGao)和PV(θWang)异常值更大,差异可达±0.2 PVU,这主要是由于冻结概率函数的引入增大降水区上空广义位温,促使冻结区的湿位涡异常增强。 相似文献
11.
本文把凝结过程的初期看作是系统的一种广义绝热过程,而把凝结潜热看作是系统总位能的一个部分。从这个基本思想出发,探讨了饱和湿空气中一些热力学的基本特征。结果表明:当把测量温度T改用广义温度T~*作为独立变量后,干空气中的热力学基本特征都将在饱和湿空气中得到对应的结果。这对研究我国夏季汛期降水以及对大气数值模式的设计,或许有所裨益。 相似文献
12.
本文根据位相当温度与相当温度以及气压之间的内在关系指出,在气压给定的情况下,位相当温度与相当温度之间存在线性关系;而当相当温度确定时,位相当温度与气压的关系是非线性的。进而提出在第一次调整中应当先线性内插得到对应的相当温度、再由三者关系的另一种表达式计算对应的气压的新方案。同时也指出,由于时间平均可能造成某些θe。无对应参考气压Pr,在考虑区域问题时,第二次调整宜用空间平均,以及为了避免再出现不稳定层结,宜在计算程序中增加一次类似于第一次的调整。文章最后通过实例对比,证实了新方案在客观地确定参考气压、准确地计算湿有效位能等方面都比原方案有较明显的改进。 相似文献
13.
14.
R. B. Montgomery 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1950,2(2-3):163-183
The diagram having temperature as one coordinate and partial pressure of aqueous vapor as the other was introduced byG. I. Taylor in his study of condensation due to mixing and is now called the Taylor diagram. The diagram fulfills almost exactly the property of mixtures, i. e., that mixtures of two samples of air are represented by the straight line joining the two points representing the samples, and that the relative distance from the point for either sample to the point for any mixture equals the proportion of the other sample in the mixture.The psychrometric formula, which determines wet-bulb temperature on the diagram, is expressed in a new approximate form that is both convenient for calculation and accurate. It shows that the isotherms of wet-bulb temperature (or equivalent temperature) can be drawn straight with good accuracy. The isosteres are straight lines exactly.By merely changing the designations of the axes to potential temperature and potential vapor pressure, the diagram is made to fulfill the property of mixtures even for air samples at different pressures.
With 4 figures.
Contribution No. 482. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Das Diagramm, das die Temperatur als eine und den Partialdruck des Wasserdampfs als andere Koordinate verwendet, ist vonG. I. Taylor bei seiner Untersuchung über Mischungskondensation eingeführt worden und wird daher als Taylor-Diagramm bezeichnet. Es befriedigt fast exakt die Eigenschaft von Luftmischungen, daß nämlich Mischungen von zwei Luftproben durch die Gerade dargestellt werden, welche die zwei den Proben entsprechenden Punkte verbindet; dabei ist der relative Abstand des Punktes einer beliebigen Mischung vom Punkte der einen Probe dem Anteil der andern Probe in der Mischung gleich.Die Psychrometerformel, durch die die Feuchttemperatur im Diagramm gegeben ist, wird in einer neuen Näherungsform dargestellt, die gleichzeitig hinreichend genau und für die Rechnung praktisch ist. Es ergibt sich dabei, daß die Isothermen der Feuchttemperatur (oder Äquivalenttemperatur) mit genügender Genauigkeit als Gerade gezogen werden können. Die Isosteren sind strenge Gerade.Lediglich durch Änderung der Bezeichnungen der Achsen in dem Sinne, daß sie die potentielle Temperatur und den potentiellen Dampfdruck darstellen, kann das Diagramm auch zur Charakterisierung der Mischung von Luftproben von verschiedenem Druck verwendet werden.
Résumé G. I. Taylor dans son étude sur la condensation par mélange a établi un diagramme dont les coordonnées sont la température et la pression de vapeur d'eau. Ce diagramme satisfait presque exactement la particularité de mélanges qui consiste dans le fait que des mélanges de deux masses d'air sont représentés par la droite reliant les deux points correspondants à l'état de ces deux masses; la distance relative d'un point quelconque de cette droite à l'un des points extrêmes est, dans un mélange donné, proportionnelle à la fraction de la masse dont l'état est représenté par l'autre borne du segment. La formule psychrométrique qui fournit la température du thermomètre humide dans le diagramme est mise sous une forme approximative simplifiée, exacte et paratique. Il s'ensuit que les isolignes de la température humide (ou équivalente) peuvent être représentées assez exactement par des droites. Les isostères sont des droites en toute rigueur. En introduisant simplement la température potentielle et la pression potentielle de vapeur, le diagramme peut également être employé pour caractériser le mélange de masses d'air de pressions différentes.
With 4 figures.
Contribution No. 482. 相似文献
15.
介绍了高分辨不稳定能量的算法.用该算法实现的实用程序能计算出每个地面站每小时的高分辨不稳定能量、地面假相当位温、抬升凝结高度等,并能在福建地图上显示出来.个例分析显示:在高分辨不稳定能量正高值区或其下游,若短时内(未来3 h内)有对流回波产生或经过,则将会发展,其值越大,天气越强;而地面假相当位温分布图能细致表现能量分布及地面冷空气的活动. 相似文献
16.
A mass-flux cumulus parameterization scheme for large-scale models: description and test with observations 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
Tongwen Wu 《Climate Dynamics》2012,38(3-4):725-744
A simple mass-flux cumulus parameterization scheme suitable for large-scale atmospheric models is presented. The scheme is based on a bulk-cloud approach and has the following properties: (1) Deep convection is launched at the level of maximum moist static energy above the top of the boundary layer. It is triggered if there is positive convective available potential energy (CAPE) and relative humidity of the air at the lifting level of convection cloud is greater than 75%; (2) Convective updrafts for mass, dry static energy, moisture, cloud liquid water and momentum are parameterized by a one-dimensional entrainment/detrainment bulk-cloud model. The lateral entrainment of the environmental air into the unstable ascending parcel before it rises to the lifting condensation level is considered. The entrainment/detrainment amount for the updraft cloud parcel is separately determined according to the increase/decrease of updraft parcel mass with altitude, and the mass change for the adiabatic ascent cloud parcel with altitude is derived from a total energy conservation equation of the whole adiabatic system in which involves the updraft cloud parcel and the environment; (3) The convective downdraft is assumed saturated and originated from the level of minimum environmental saturated equivalent potential temperature within the updraft cloud; (4) The mass flux at the base of convective cloud is determined by a closure scheme suggested by Zhang (J Geophys Res 107(D14), doi:10.1029/2001JD001005, 2002) in which the increase/decrease of CAPE due to changes of the thermodynamic states in the free troposphere resulting from convection approximately balances the decrease/increase resulting from large-scale processes. Evaluation of the proposed convection scheme is performed by using a single column model (SCM) forced by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program’s (ARM) summer 1995 and 1997 Intensive Observing Period (IOP) observations, and field observations from the Global Atmospheric Research Program’s Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) and the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The SCM can generally capture the convective events and produce a realistic timing of most events of intense precipitation although there are some biases in the strength of simulated precipitation. 相似文献
17.
根据洛阳气温资料,利用曲线图分析了洛阳市近50年的气温变化特征和规律,得出了洛阳市近50年的气候由“冬冷夏热”逐渐向“冬暖夏凉”转变的结论。 相似文献
18.
A numerical simulation of a torrential rain event occurring in the Jiang-Huai Valley of China from 22-24 June 1999 is performed and analyzed by using the PSU/NCAR MM5 mesoscale non-hydrostatic model. The high-resolution model output data are utilized to diagnose the double front structure, and the distributions of potential temperature, equivalent potential temperature, and specific humidity in the vicinity of the Meiyu Front System （MYFS） in the Jiang-Huai Valley. The results show that both the potential temperature gradient and the specific humidity gradient have important impacts on the two strong equivalent potential temperature gradient zones associated with the double front structure of the MYFS, but the latter （moisture gradient） is more important. In addition, the tendency equation of specific humidity gradient is theoretically derived. It shows that variations of the specific humidity gradient are related to the advection, convergence/divergence, horizontal and vertical vorticities （secondary circulation） effects and the gradient of water vapor source/sink. As an example, the budget of the meridional component of the tendency equation is selected and diagnosed by using the above model simulation data of the torrential rain event. It is shown that the variation of the specific humidity gradient averaged throughout the simulation is mainly controlled by the convergence/divergence effect, the secondary circulation effect associated with the horizontal vorticities, and the water vapor source/sink effect. Since the water vapor source/sink is often formed from the phase change processes of water vapor in the air and thus directly associated with cloud and precipitation microphysics processes, the variation of the specific humidity gradient is closely related with cloud and precipitation microphysics and the distribution, development and evolution of cloud and rainfall systems. The double front structure of the MYFS provides an advantageous environmental condition for the development and movement of the mesoscale torrential rain system nearby. In turn, the development of the torrential rain exerts a signifiant impact on the MYFS through changing the thermal and moisture distributions. 相似文献
19.
Tower measurements of wind and turbulence in near neutral conditions at the top of a very low and gently sloping hill (height ~ 20 m, with a length scale ~ 1000 m) are analysed in terms of current flow-over-hill theory. Measurements of wind maximum height and the change of the variances of the three wind components from the inner to the outer region are found to be in agreement with predictions from the theory. Spectra of the longitudinal and vertical wind components in the inner region, scaled according to Panofsky et al. (1982), come close to the corresponding Kansas curves in the high frequency range. They have higher energy in the low frequency region, probably a spectral lag effect caused by rougher upwind terrain. In the outer region, the spectra coincide with the corresponding Kansas curves if normalized by their respective variances and plotted against f/f
m. 相似文献
20.
A. B. Bhattacharya B. K. Datta R. Bhattacharya 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1994,50(1-2):83-92
Summary The electrical effects due to monsoon clouds in conjunction with the VLF atmospherics data have been extensively analyzed. The cloud distribution and rainfall pattern during the SW monsoon period are examined. The diurnal curves of rainfall show that the maximum rain generally occurs in the afternoon hours between 13 to 18 IST. The coefficient of variation (CV) of monsoon rainfall plotted against rainfall amount reveals that CV decreases with increasing rainfall amounts upto about 40 inches. The differences in the mean dry bulb temperature as well as mean relative humidity values at the standard levels between strong and weak monsoon are studied. The monthly median of the hourly average together with the respective upper and lower decile values of atmospherics have been considered. Also, the frequency dependence of afternoon maximum (or late afternoon minimum) to morning minimum in the sferics level is taken into account to determine the seasonal variation. During monsoon months the sferics level with higher cloud amount (4 okta) increases considerably but the width of the sferics is reduced. The results are interpreted by considering the activity of the sources involved at such times.With 10 Figures 相似文献