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1.
Study of hummocks is a very important applied and scientific problem. The main objective of this work is representing new information on structure of hummocks that were studied in the spring time at the North Pole 35 drifting station. In this paper, methodology and results of studying several hummocks with different morphology are considered. The maximum hummock keel draft varied from 3.5 to 14 m, while the maximum sail height was between 2.5 and 3.9 m. The hummock porosity and porosity of the unconsolidated part of its keel varied in the range of 6–18 and 4–26%, respectively. The average thickness of the hummock consolidated layer stayed in the range from 1.8 to 2.4 m. It was found that relatively small sail heights do not affect the consolidated layer thickness, however higher sails influence on the consolidated layer size. The higher the hummock sail, the less its consolidated layer thickness is. 相似文献
2.
It is demonstrated within the frameworks of the analysis of determination methods of snowice cover reflectance that the problem
of the measurement technique of hummocky formation albedo has not been studied enough. The results of in situ experiments
carried out on the Arctic sea ice are presented. The results of ice hummock albedo measurements using different techniques
are discussed. The need to organize the special experimental research for the development of practical recommendations for
estimating the hummocky formation albedo is declared. 相似文献
3.
The one-dimensional thermodynamic model of evolution of hummock formation described. The relative speeds of freezing and melting of a hummock were calculated in the framework of the suggested model. Comparisons of model results with the analogous characteristics of flat sea ice were carried out. It is found that the results obtained agree well with data of field investigations in the Barents Sea. 相似文献
4.
The results are analyzed of numerical experiments obtained using a one-dimensional thermodynamic model of the sea ice developed
by the authors. The computations of the level-ice (fast-ice) evolution and ice hummock consolidation layer formation in different
climatic situations (anomalously cold and anomalously warm winters) are carried out within the frameworks of the proposed
model for the conditions being typical of the Northern Caspian Sea. The results of model computations are compared with the
data of field researches carried out by the specialists of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in 2003–2008. A good
correspondence is demonstrated between the model computations and expeditionary data. A conclusion is made on the prospectivity
of using the model for design engineering. 相似文献
5.
K. P. Tyshko 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2009,34(8):534-540
Structural-genetic types of hummocks formed on the Arctic seas’ ice cover are considered. A method of the laboratory physical
modeling was used for understanding kinematic schemes of the hummocks’ formation processes. A methodology of computation of
the hummock consolidation intensity for different hummocks’ structural types was proposed. The performed computations showed
good coherence of the laboratory experiments results and field studies of hummocks’ structure in the Barents and Kara seas. 相似文献
6.
Computer recording of thermal drilling rate of ice hummocks and stamukhas gives the objective information on their internal
structure and basic morphometric characteristics. Methods of determination of the consolidation layer of ice hummocks and
stamukhas and the thermal drilling data processing technique are considered in the paper. The reliability of determination
of consolidated layer boundaries on the basis of the thermal drilling rate should be corroborated by the temperature measurements.
To estimate the time spent for the ice hummock temperature measurement using the polyethylene tubes which are put into the
boreholes and filled with the antifreeze, the experimental study of the borehole freezing rate was carried out depending on
the temperature and salinity of ice. The results of experiments corroborating the existence of convection in the antifreeze
are given. The used methods of ice hummock temperature measurement are discussed. The method of investigation of ice formations
combining the thermal drilling technique and ice temperature measurement on the borehole wall enables to obtain the accurate
data on the position of the lower boundary of consolidated layer, although it results in a smaller number of the boreholes. 相似文献
7.
Much work has gone into deciphering the causes of the large scale glacial/interglacial variations in the climate system over the last 900 000 years. While variations on the 41 thousand year (ky) and 23 ky time scales seem to be linearly linked to the variations in the distribution of solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, Milankovitch solar radiation variations, the causes of the dominant 100 ky cycle in the geologic record are still unknown. One of the aspects of this cycle that is not well understood is how large scale ice sheet growth is initiated. Here we describe the mechanisms by which large scale ice sheet growth may have been initiated by the changes in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of solar radiation over the past 160 ky. This is done through the use of a coupled energy balance climate-thermodynamic sea ice model that includes a hydrologic cycle which computes precipitation, and a land surface energy balance which determines the net accumulation of snow and ice. Results indicate that the initiation of ice sheet growth is possible during times of extremely low summer solstice solar radiation as a result of a large decrease in ablation during the critical melt season. 相似文献
8.
本文应用一个非定常的二维能量平衡气候模式,用数值解方法研究了极冰-温度-反照率的反馈对气候的影响问题。计算表明,定常解是确实存在的。与国外一维模式的结果不同,对应于观测的太阳常数,只能得到唯一的现在气候解。若出现小冰河期(即冰界在50°N左右),则太阳常数要比现在的值减小17％左右。同时发现各种参数值即使改变±20％,这种冰界纬度对太阳常数的变化也不敏感。这表明,现代气候对于太阳常数的变化,是处于相当稳定的状态,而气候状态对参数的依赖性,以热量的垂直湍流交换系数和对辐射的吸收系数为最重要。这也说明了能量的垂直输送过程在决定气候状态中是起重要作用的,而这恰好是国外一维能量平衡模式所没有考虑的过程,因而必然会得到不同的结论。 相似文献
9.
EMD analysis of solar insolation 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Summary A new time series analysis technique, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), which has been successfully applied to nonlinear
and nonstationary data, is used to examine paleoclimate cycles in the Pleistocene (1 Ma bp–20 Ka bp). The purpose of this
study is to improve knowledge of the climatic significance of solar insolation. The results show that the eccentricity band
signal is much larger than previously estimated, having an amplitude of about 1% of solar irradiance which is comparable to
the amplitude of the precession and obliquity band signals. This finding implies the need to reconsider the role of solar
radiation on the formation and maintenance of quaternary ice sheet cycles. 相似文献
10.
二维能量平衡模式中极冰对气候的影响——解的稳定性分析(一) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文从理论上分析了二维能量平衡气候模式解的稳定性。结果表明,解的上分支,即冰界随太阳常数增加而北移的解是稳定的;而解的下分支,即冰界随太阳常数增加而南移的解是不稳定的。由于现在地球上的气候是处在解的上分支,所以可以认为,现在气候状态是稳定的。 相似文献
11.
Considered are the peculiarities of fast ice formation in the Antarctic coastal waters. It is noted that the fine-crystalline ice with the chaotic orientation of crystals is mainly developed in the surface layers of the ice cover as well as the ice formed due to the infiltration of the sea water and its subsequent freezing in the lower layers of the snow cover. It is demonstrated that under the conditions of coastal Antarctic, the lamination of the structure during the period of ice cover formation and its subsequent development is the result of heavy precipitation in the form of snow and the formation of the large amount of snow sludge and crystals of intrawater ice (frazil ice) on the open water. The main distinctive feature of the Antarctic sea ice is its seasonal stratification with the formation of the surface layer of recrystallized ice and underlying destructive layers including the water interlayer in the ice column. The provision of the safety of overice movement of machinery requires the development of methods of continuous remote control of the snow-ice stratum of the fast ice. 相似文献
12.
A simplified two-dimensional energy balance climate model including the solar and infrared radiation transports, the turbulent exchanges of heat in vertical and horizontal directions and the ice caps-albedo feedback is developed The solutions show that if the atmosphere is considered as a grey body and the grey coefficient depends upon the distributions of absorption medium and cloudiness, both horizontal and vertical distributions of temperature are identical to the observation.On the other hand, comparing the models that the atmosphere is considered as a grey body with ones that the infrared radiation is parameterized as a linear function of temperature, as was considered by Budyko, Sellers(1969), then the results show that even though both of them can obtain the earth's surface temperature in agreement with the observation, the sensitiv ity of the climate to the changes of solar constant is very different. In the former case,the requirement for the ice edge to move southward from the normal 72°N to 50°N(i.e. where the glacial climate would take place) is that the solar constant should decrease by 13% to 16%. However, in the latter case, the climate is highly sensitive to the changes of solar radiation. In this case, the requirement of solar radiation occurring in the glacial climate should decrease by 2% to 6%. According to the investigations mentioned above we must be careful when the parameterizations of the radiation and other processes are conducted in a climate model, otherwise the reliability of the results is suspicious. 相似文献
13.
The effects of sea surface temperature (SST), radiation, cloud microphysics, and diurnal variations on the vertical structure of tropical tropospheric temperature are investigated by analyzing 10 two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulation data. The increase of SST, exclusion of diurnal variation of SST, and inclusion of diurnal variation of solar zenith angle, radiative effects of ice clouds, and ice microphysics could lead to tropical tropospheric warming and increase of tropopause height. The increase of SST and the suppression of its diurnal variation enhance the warming in the lower and upper troposphere, respectively, through increasing latent heat and decreasing IR cooling. The inclusion of diurnal variation of solar zenith angle increases the tropospheric warming through increasing solar heating. The inclusion of cloud radiative effects increases tropospheric warming through suppressing IR cooling in the mid and lower troposphere and enhancing solar heating in the upper troposphere. The inclusion of ice microphysics barely increases warming in the mid and lower troposphere because the warming from ice radiative effects is nearly offset by the cooling from ice microphysical effects, whereas it causes the large warming enhancement in the upper troposphere due to the dominance of ice radiative effects. The tropopause height is increased mainly through the large enhancement of IR cooling. 相似文献
14.
Stephen G. Warren 《Climatic change》1982,4(4):329-340
The growth and decay of ice sheets are driven by forces affecting the seasonal cycles of snowfall and snowmelt. The external forces are likely to be variations in the earth's orbit which cause differences in the solar radiation received. Radiational control of snowmelt is modulated by the seasonal cycles of snow albedo and cloud cover. The effects of orbital changes can be magnified by feedbacks involving atmospheric CO2 content, ocean temperatures and desert areas. Climate modeling of the causes of the Pleistocene ice ages involves modeling the interactions of all components of the climate system; snow, sea ice, glacier ice, the ocean, the atmosphere, and the solid earth. Such modeling is also necessary for interpreting oxygen isotope records from ice and ocean as paleoclimatic evidence. 相似文献
15.
Wayne R. Rouse 《大气与海洋》2013,51(2):346-366
Abstract This study treats the energy balance during fast‐ice and floating‐ice conditions and examines overall seasonal patterns. The rate of ablation of the fast ice was controlled equally by net radiation and air temperature. The ratio of net/solar radiation increased 2.5 times during the ablation period owing to the decrease in ice albedo. Air temperature in the ablation zone was up to 8°C colder than that over the adjacent snow‐free terrestrial surface and remained near 0°Cfor the full ablation period. The sensible heat flux was small and downward (negative), whereas the evaporative heat flux was small and positive. Thus, the energy used in melting the ice was approximately equal to that provided by the net radiation. Above‐freezing air temperatures decreased the albedo through surface melting thus increasing net radiation. This combination of higher temperature and large net radiation was associated with offshore winds and resulted in large ablation relative to periods with colder onshore winds. The floating‐ice period is one of great variability owing to changing ice conditions, variable current behaviour, tidal cycles and changing wind direction. The intertidal zone acts as a major heat sink, both early and late in the floating‐ice period. The turbulent heat fluxes were small and were either positive or negative. Nearly all of the energy from net radiation was used in melting ice and in warming tidal water during high tide and in warming the residual tidal ponds and in melting stranded ice rafts during low tide. The overall study period, from May to September, included most of the season of positive radiation balance and above‐freezing temperatures. Winds were dominantly onshore in the first half of the period and equally onshore and offshore in the second half. Wind frequencies resembled longer term averages for other stations on James Bay and Hudson Bay. The ratio of net to solar radiation was at a maximum during the ice‐free period in August, whereas for adjacent terrestrial surfaces, it was largest at the summer solstice. Land‐sea breezes first developed in mid‐July and were influential in making offshore winds the dominant nocturnal regime. As a result, offshore winds were associated with small magnitudes of net radiation. Onshore winds were more than 5°C colder than those blowing offshore and their vapour pressure deficits were three times smaller. Convective heat fluxes were small for onshore winds and very small and usually negative for offshore winds. For all wind directions throughout the period, most of the available radiant energy was used to melt ice and to heat the sea water. This is a pattern similar to that of the ice‐covered or open sea and dissimilar to that of the adjacent terrestrial environment. It implies that the main energy‐balance transitions, during onshore airflow, occur at the high‐tide line. 相似文献
16.
Francisco P. J. Valero Thomas P. Ackerman Warren J. Y. Gore 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,9(1-3):225-244
The interaction of the Aretic winter aerosol (Arctic haze) with solar radiation produces changes in the radiation field that result in the enhancement of scattering and absorption processes which alter the energy balance and solar energy distribution in the Arctic atmosphere-surface system. During the second Arctic Gas and Aerosols Sampling Project (AGASP II) field experiment, we measured radiation parameters using the NOAA WP-3D research aircraft as a platform. State-of-the-art instrumentation was used to measure in situ the absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic atmosphere during severe haze events. Simultaneously with the absorption measurements, we determined optical depths, and total, direct, and scattered radiation fields. All optical measurements were made at spectral bands centered at 412, 500, 675, and 778 nm and with a bandpass of 10 nm. With this selection of spectral regions we concentrated on the measurement of the radiative effects of the aerosol excluding most of the contributions by the gaseous components of the atmosphere. An additional measurement performed during these experiments was the determination of total solar spectrum fluxes. The experimentally determined parameters were used to define an aerosol model that was employed to deduce the absorption by the aerosols over the full solar spectrum and to calculate atmospheric heating rate profiles. The analyses summarized above allowed us to deduce the magnitude of the change in some important parameters. For example, we found changes in instantaneous heating rate of up to about 0.6 K/day. Besides the increased absorption (30 to 40%) and scattering of radiation by the atmosphere, the haze reduces the surface absorption of solar energy by 6 to 10% and the effective planetary albedo over ice surfaces by 3 to 6%. The vertical distribution of the absorbing aerosol is inferred from the flux measurements. Values for the specific absorption of carbon are found to be around 6 m2/g for externally mixed aerosol and about 11.7 m2/g for internally mixed aerosol. A complete study of the radiative effects of the Arctic haze should include infrared measurements and calculations as well as physics of the ice, snow, and water surfaces. 相似文献
17.
Arctic sea ice mass budgets for the twentieth century and projected changes through the twenty-first century are assessed from 14 coupled global climate models. Large inter-model scatter in contemporary mass budgets is strongly related to variations in absorbed solar radiation, due in large part to differences in the surface albedo simulation. Over the twenty-first century, all models simulate a decrease in ice volume resulting from increased annual net melt (melt minus growth), partially compensated by reduced transport to lower latitudes. Despite this general agreement, the models vary considerably regarding the magnitude of ice volume loss and the relative roles of changing melt and growth in driving it. Projected changes in sea ice mass budgets depend in part on the initial (mid twentieth century) ice conditions; models with thicker initial ice generally exhibit larger volume losses. Pointing to the importance of evolving surface albedo and cloud properties, inter-model scatter in changing net ice melt is significantly related to changes in downwelling longwave and absorbed shortwave radiation. These factors, along with the simulated mean and spatial distribution of ice thickness, contribute to a large inter-model scatter in the projected onset of seasonally ice-free conditions. 相似文献
18.
M. V. Panchenko T. B. Zhuravleva V. S. Kozlov I. M. Nasrtdinov V. V. Pol’kin S. A. Terpugova D. G. Chernov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2016,41(2):104-111
The results of numerical simulation of downward solar radiation fluxes for background and smoke-contaminated atmospheric conditions are discussed. Vertical profiles of aerosol characteristics are obtained from the empirical model based on the data of aircraft sounding of profiles of angular scattering coefficients and content of absorbing particles in the lower troposphere. The background model was created using the results of measurements obtained under cloudless and mostly cloudless atmospheric conditions in 1999–2011. Optical parameters of smoke aerosol are determined from the data of aircraft measurements in the period of long-term wildfires in Siberia in the summer 2012. It is demonstrated that deficiency in diurnal values of total solar radiation at the surface level caused by the formation of the optically dense smoke layer as compared to background conditions, is more than 13 MJ/m2. 相似文献
19.
Ren Li Lin Zhao Tonghua Wu Yongjian Ding Yufei Xin Defu Zou Yao Xiao Yongliang Jiao Yanhui Qin Linchan Sun 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,113(3-4):573-583
Global solar radiation is of great significance to the balance of ground surface radiation, the energy exchange between the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, and the development of weather and climate systems in various regions. In this study, the monthly global radiation recorded at 23 stations over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) was utilized to estimate global solar radiation (Q) from sunshine duration and to obtain improved fits to the variation coefficients of the monthly Angström–Prescott model (APM). The modeling results were evaluated by calculating the statistical errors, including mean bias error, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean relative error. We demonstrate that the monthly Q values can be predicted accurately by APM over the QTP. We also assess the variations of Q values at 116 meteorological stations by APM over the QTP during 1961–2000. The analysis shows that the annual mean sunshine duration amounted to more than 3,000 h over the whole plateau, implying promising prospects for economic applications of solar energy. During the past 40 years, the mean global solar radiation has been relatively high in the western QTP, extending northward to the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Although its decadal variations in the QTP and surrounding regions were inconsistent, the anomaly values of global solar radiation were generally positive during the 1960s and 1970s, indicating that the QTP’s global solar radiation has increased during those periods. The anomaly values were negative during the 1980s and 1990s, showing that the plateau’s global solar radiation has decreased during those periods. Global solar radiation over the QTP is negatively proportional to latitude but positively proportional to altitude and relative sunshine duration. Three factors, the sunshine duration, latitude, and altitude, exert great influence on global surface radiation, of which sunshine duration is most significant. A high-variation-coefficient zone of global solar radiation occurred in the western part of the QTP but, on average, the variation coefficient of the plateau’s global solar radiation was only 0.031, suggesting that the variation in global radiation was relatively stable over the whole QTP. 相似文献
20.
乌鲁木齐市近30a太阳辐射变化及其成因初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用乌鲁木齐市气象站1976—2005年太阳辐射和气象观测资料,分析乌鲁木齐市太阳辐射的变化及其成因。结果是:1990年以前总辐射、直接辐射是减少的,以后是增加的;而散射辐射在1986年之前递增、之后递减。初步认定总云量的减少、低云量的增加以及相对湿度的缓慢下降对太阳辐射变化有重要影响;从太阳辐射变化间接得出:近30a乌鲁木齐市空气污染总体有所减轻。 相似文献