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1.
Landslide impacts on infrastructure and society in the Federal Republic of Germany are associated with damage costs of about US$300 million on annual average. Despite the large overall losses due to widespread landslide activity, there is a lack of historical impact assessments, not just for Germany’s low mountain areas but those of entire Central Europe as well. This paper is a collection of three case studies from Germany that seek a better understanding of landslide impacts and their economic relevance at local and regional level. The first case study investigates damage types and mitigation measures at a representative landslide site in ways that support to gain insight into historical hazard interactions with land use practices. This case history is followed by a case study dealing with fiscal cost impacts of landslide damages for an example city and the highway system of the Lower Saxon Uplands, NW Germany. In addition to a cost-burden analysis for affected public budgets, an overview of the principles of disaster financing in landslide practice is given. The third case study is focused on the conflicts of urban development in hazard areas, with an economic approach to balancing safety and public welfare interests. Each case study is based on historical data sets extracted from Germany’s national landslide database. This paper presents three different case studies that in combination are a first step towards assessing landslide impacts in integrated perspective. 相似文献
2.
A locational analysis is presented of second (or holiday) homes in Cemaes. West Wales Time series tenure data for the period 1960–1977 was collected for every dwelling in the study area By adopting a data collection methodology including systematic local enquiry, it is hoped that this project avoids the main weaknesses of second home studies in Britain. namely definitional problems, data inaccuracy. and lack of an explicit time dimension Moreover, data collection and analysis was planned within an hypothesis testing framework Using elementary statistical techniques, conclusions are drawn as to the factors affecting the spatial distribution of second homes and its evolution over time. 相似文献
3.
Gustav Visser 《GeoJournal》2004,60(3):283-299
South Africa has recorded considerable growth in tourism activity over the past decade. In the light of the vast range of
economic sectors that gain from tourism development, the national government has instituted a range of incentives and initiatives
to stimulate tourism development, with the expansion of tourism infrastructure aimed at high-end tourists forming a key component
of this strategy. Little investment has, however, been made in tourism infrastructure targeting those markets that prefer
to avoid high-end tourism facilities. In this respect backpacker tourists and their preferred accommodation type, backpacker
hostels, are a case in point. Despite backpacker tourism being largely ignored in national tourism development initiatives,
backpacker tourism is increasingly popular in South Africa. This paper focuses on the recent proliferation of backpacker tourism
in this country and seeks to convey the results of the first nation-wide exploration in this regard. The paper has two main
objectives. Firstly, it seeks to present broad-ranging empirical data concerning this tourist cohort and their preferred accommodation
type- backpacker hostels — in the South African context. Secondly, it aims to demonstrate why backpacker tourists and hostels
hold much potential for local development initiatives in South Africa. In the light of the findings of this study, the paper
concludes that the expansion of backpacker tourism to this country might form an appropriate means by which to achieve a range
of local development objectives. 相似文献
4.
Harng Luh Sin 《Geoforum》2010,41(6):983-992
Existing studies have often suggested that volunteer tourism, with strong overtones of “social”, “justice” and “pro-poor” tourism, has the capacity to bring about positive impacts to local communities in host destinations. Wearing, for example, advocates volunteer tourism “as a development strategy leading to sustainable development and centering the convergence of natural resource qualities, locals and the visitors that all benefit from tourism activity” (Wearing, 2001: p. 12). Indeed, underlying assumptions in volunteer tourism suggest that it is a form of tourism that allows the empowering of locals in host-communities, and when compared to conventional modes of tourism, volunteer tourism allows cultural interaction and understanding to be developed between hosts and tourists in the longer period and more intimate form of contact. This, together with very direct and tangible outcomes of volunteer projects, appears to put in place a platform where locals and tourists both have the power to actively negotiate their identities and relations with each other.However, despite these deep-seated assumptions about the positive value in volunteer tourism, little empirical research has been conducted to assess the situation on the ground. Existing literature is largely centered on the volunteer tourist, with little works directly regarding the perspectives of host-communities. This places much uncertainty on whether the assumed benefits of volunteer tourism are indeed realized. Adopting a geographical approach, this paper begins with a review of existing discussions on the geographies of care and responsibility, and its intersections with literature on responsible tourism (of which volunteer tourism is often seen to be a part of). Opinions re-presented in this paper are based on interviews with 14 respondents in Cambodia (including local Cambodians, non-government organizations’ (NGO) and missionary workers that have previously hosted volunteer tourists in Cambodia. This paper thus explores both positive and negative opinions of volunteer tourism from the perspective of host-communities, and endeavors to contribute a balanced discussion to the limited literature regarding host-communities’ perspectives in tourism development. 相似文献
5.
石林旅游对农村发展影响的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对县域国民生产总值、财政税收、农民收入、农村就业结构、农村社会文化等方面与旅游发展的对比分析,研究了石林旅游对农村发展的作用和影响。结果表明,石林旅游对农村发展有一定的影响力,但不显著,空间上呈现“距离衰减效应” ,对农民的经济收入效用十分有限,作者对上述结果产生的原因进行了讨论。 相似文献
6.
Seasonal residence and counterurbanization: the role of second homes in population redistribution in Finland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Since the late twentieth century, many developed countries have experienced population deconcentration, labelled as counterurbanization. There has been an academic discussion on the meaning, validity and universality of this concept, drivers of counterurbanization and its impacts on rural areas. To date, research on counterurbanization mostly apply static and discrete definitions of residence, migration and population, which is an increasingly simplistic view in the contemporary reality of a growing multitude of forms of mobility, often related to dual residence. Particularly large-scale quantitative studies on counterurbanization are confined by existing statistical practices. This paper attempts to overcome this obstacle and describe the transformation of the settlement system in Finland acknowledging the role of second home mobility. To achieve this goal, it introduces two alternative measures of population, seasonal and average population, and analyses their spatial dynamics between the years 1990 and 2010 based on georeferenced grid statistical data. The study finds that although registered population has been concentrating during the period in analysis, seasonal population has been increasingly dispersed due to the growing number of second homes. It shows that the counterurbanization process, though not noticed by conventional statistics, does occur in Finland, manifested by seasonal rather than permanent moves. The article concludes that various forms of mobility should be taken into account when analysing the urban–rural population dynamics and transformations of settlement systems as well as in rural development planning. 相似文献
7.
喀斯特旅游地开发时序评价研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
目前,很多喀斯特旅游地面临着初次开发、二次开发或者多次开发的投资选择问题。建立评价模型的目的是把有限的资金投入到能产生较大边际效益的旅游地。本文根据层次分析法,除考虑传统的资源、市场、区域开发条件等评价因素外,首次把发展阶段力引入了评价模型中,通过特尔菲法确定评价因子的权重,建立喀斯特旅游地开发时序评价的总模型和子模型,并建设性的探讨了定性和定量相结合的评价因子评分标准。文章还以贵州喀斯特国家级风景名胜区为例进行了时序评价实例研究,并给予了相应的时序开发对策。 相似文献
8.
The study examined the socio-economic impacts of ecotourism attractions in Enugu State with special interest to investigate the trending benefits, effects and challenges of ecotourism development in the State. Questionnaire survey and interview guided by participatory rural appraisal techniques were employed to elicit needed information. The findings of the study revealed that the ecotourism industry in the area attracted benefits such as; provision of jobs, business opportunities, improved family income, patronage of local products and improved transport system. Irrespective of these benefits, the study also revealed that there were accruing challenges such as; lack of trained labor power, lack of government interest, lack of private sector participation, poor administration of the ecotourism sites, inadequate security, lack of standard supermarkets and poor accommodation facilities. Based on these findings, the study recommended that all stakeholders of the tourism industry should participate actively in all stages of ecotourism development in the area and that tourism should be enrolled as one of the core subjects or course in the secondary schools, colleges and universities to improve the awareness of the local people and improve the labor power. 相似文献
9.
冰川作为现存最壮观的自然景观之一,其旅游活动在过去几十年里发展迅速。然而,随着全球气候变暖,冰川不断消融,冰川变化受到了全球政府部门和游客的广泛关注,冰川旅游价值也在不断升高。我国冰川旅游资源丰富,开发前景可观,但一直以来缺乏科学合理的开发策略,没有统筹规划区域内旅游资源,旅游项目开发缓慢,且同质化严重。基于此,以西藏自治区林芝市岗日嘎布米堆冰川为例,分析了米堆冰川在开发过程中存在的问题,提出景区应坚持保护优先的旅游开发策略,立足"冰天雪地也是金山银山"的开发思路,在妥善解决各方利益的前提下,整合区域内民俗文化资源,挖掘多元化旅游项目与产品,积极拓展旅游市场,发展全域旅游,打造独具特色的旅游文化品牌。与此同时,应关注景区内旅游安全问题。研究旨在提升人们对我国冰川旅游资源的认知与保护意识,形成冰川旅游可持续发展之路,推动地方经济提质增效。 相似文献
10.
《Geoforum》1994,25(1):57-72
The development of offshore hydrocarbon resources has frequently been characterised by considerable negative environmental, economic and social impacts. The Shetland Islands have been noted as a successful example of how a small local authority can successfully plan and manage such impacts. This paper focuses on the strategies and institutional arrangements utilised by the local authority in order to reduce and control impacts from the development of hydrocarbon resources in the Shetland Basin in the decade beginning in 1970. It provides a hindsight evaluation of the measures taken to achieve the authority's goal of only accepting essential development which would not put at risk the traditional economic activities and social patterns of the Shetland community. The consistent application of the policy of insulation and containment of the major aspects of development proved appropriate in achieving this goal. This paper discusses the monitoring procedures established to record changes in environmental and socio-economic conditions over the last two decades, and the dimensions of the changes which have occurred during this period. This paper concludes that the Shetland situation does indeed stand as a successful example of impact management and control, and, while Shetland has not emerged unchanged from two decades of oil-related development, it has managed to shield the traditional activities and way of life from much of the effects of that development. The wreck of the tanker Braer in January 1993 serves as a reminder, however, of the vulnerability of areas such as Shetland to external circumstances beyond their control. 相似文献
11.
Chen Yi-fong 《GeoJournal》2012,77(6):805-815
This paper explores the socio-cultural influence of the newly established ecotourism, which integrates cultural revitalization, ecological conservation and social development, in both Taroko National Park area and San-Chan aboriginal community. Many cases in different parts of the world indicate that the Indigenous peoples have developed patterns of resource use and management practices that reflect detailed knowledge of local geography and ecosystem, and contribute to the natural conservation through their living practices. The guidelines of Indigenous knowledge and culture lay the base for the development of ecotourism. A critical evaluation of the conceptualization of Indigenous knowledge is therefore, essential to the success of an alternative strategy to development for aboriginal communities. Participatory observation in the field of ecotourism activities and brief interviews are the major study methods, with several workshops conducted to supplement data collection for the two case studies. The Taroko area came into contact with tourists in a relative early era due to its famous natural features and national park. Its growing ecotourism is the result of cooperation among local residents, environmentalists, and academics, each with very different concepts of ecotourism operation. The national park and public sectors have also played significant role in shaping the content of ecotourism. In San-Chan community, due to the negative impacts generated by the unregulated mass tourism expansion, the local Indigenous people decide to close the public access to the attractive creek for 3?years, while at the same time promote ecotourism for poverty alleviation. These two cases embrace the ??Nature?? as an important element in their construction of new place identity and community development. However, their spatial location in- or outside the national park produces significant differences and sociopolitical implications on the operations of ecotourism. 相似文献
12.
13.
将旅游生态足迹引入区域旅游可持续发展评价,阐述旅游生态足迹的概念,构建旅游生态足迹模型,用于衡量旅游可持续发展能力。以陕西省作为研究对象,对旅游生态足迹模型在大尺度区域旅游业可持续发展定量测度中的运用进行实证研究,计算其1991年至2008年的旅游生态足迹。结果表明:陕西省出现了不同程度的旅游生态赤字和生态压力,平均存在0.033 1 hm2/人的旅游生态赤字,其旅游业处于不可持续发展状态。提出未来实现旅游业可持续发展应做到加强旅游文化内涵挖掘、大力发展生态旅游及特色旅游、充分发挥政府职能、完善法律法规等。 相似文献
14.
旅游业的环境影响综合评价与对策 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
旅游业对自然环境有正反两方面的影响。反面影响包括对水体和大气环境的影响,对动植物的影响,对土壤和沙丘的侵蚀,以及影响审美。正面影响包括建立自然保护区,保护海洋、植被、湿地,促进连际土地开发和教育民众。促进旅游业永续发展的对策有：对旅游业进行选择;对旅游区进行环境规划;对旅游业的环境影响进行实验追踪,建立综合性模式研究旅游业的累积环境影响。 相似文献
15.
Is geographical proximity necessary in the innovation networks in the era of global economy? 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
In the analysis of geographical spillovers, a commonly accepted hypothesis is that the different actors of innovation need to be physically closed to one another because the transfer of tacit knowledge implies frequent face-to-face relations. This hypothesis is put under closer examination in this paper. The first section analyses the need for economic agents to be closely located to develop research and innovative activities, starting with the analysis of their need for co-ordination and using some case studies. Based on the example of three French regions, the second section examines the importance given by the local development policies to geographical proximity in order to support the rapid development of local networks favouring innovation. In both sections, nonlocal relations appear as a key factor to develop innovation. As a conclusion, nonlocal relations should be encouraged by local development policies in the same way as local relations. 相似文献
16.
Charlotte Lemanski 《Geoforum》2006,37(3):417-435
This paper analyses the potential for social integration in post-apartheid urban South Africa by examining the lives of those already living in desegregated spaces. The case study is a low-cost state-assisted housing project situated in the wealthy southern suburbs of Cape Town. In this social housing project, named Westlake village, coloured and Black African (alongside a handful of white and Indian) residents were awarded state housing in 1999 as replacement for their previous homes (informal and formal), which were demolished to make way for a mixed land-use development, of which their new homes form a small component. Westlake’s desegregation is found to extend beyond mere residential abode, affecting resident’s everyday lives to the extent that apartheid’s history and geography are superseded by other factors (such as proximity and affordability) in decision-making. Furthermore, integration at the everyday level of informal neighbourly mixing is prevalent. Although more formal cross-race friendships are rare, discussion reveals this as a consequence of Westlake’s specific socio-historic identity rather than racial divisions per se. Empirical evidence is used to propose a continuum of social integration experience. This continuum addresses the form of integration, for example greeting in the street, visiting homes, inter-marriage; and also the spaces of integration, for example physical space (shared neighbourhood), economic space (common employment-type), social space (cross-race friendship), political space (common involvement in civic organisations) and cultural space (shared sense of belonging). 相似文献
17.
Groundwater withdrawal impacts in a karst area 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
During a 3000-gpm pump test on a groundwater supply well in Augusta County, Virginia, residential properties were impacted. The impacts included lowered farm pond water levels, development of a sinkhole, and water level decrease in residential wells. A study was performed to assess whether a lower design yield was possible with minimal impacts on adjacent property. This study included a 48-h 1500-gpm pump test that evaluated impacts due to: (1) sinkhole development and potential damage to homes, (2) loss of water in residential wells, and (3) water-quality degradation. Spring flows, residential well levels, survey monuments, and water quality were monitored. Groundwater and surface water testing included inorganic water-quality parameters and microbiological parameters. The latter included particulate analyses,Giardia cysts, and coliforms, which were used to evaluate the connection between groundwater and local surface waterbodies. Although results of the study indicated a low potential for structural damage due to future sinkhole activity, it showed that the water quality of some residential wells might be degraded. Because particulate analyses confirmed that groundwater into the supply well is under the direct influence of surface water, it was recommended that certain residents be placed on an alternate water supply prior to production pumping and that filtration be provided for the well in accordance with the Surface Water Treatment Rule. A mitigation plan was implemented. This plan included crack surveys, a long-term settlement station monitoring program, and limitation of the groundwater withdrawal rate to 1.0 million gallons per day (mgd) and maximum production rate to 1500 gpm. 相似文献
18.
Problems associated with tourism development in Southern Africa: The case of Transfrontier Conservation Areas 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Sanette Ferreira 《GeoJournal》2004,60(3):301-310
Tourism in Southern Africa is synonymous with the wildlife safari. In the post-colonial era the establishment of so-called
‘peaceparks’ that straddle the borders of states has come to be seen as a key not only to increasing tourism in the Southern
African region, but also to the modernizing of conservation policies and the development of rural economies. This paper focuses
on the global and continental presence of transfrontier conservation areas, the link between conservation and tourism development,
and the current factors that constrain and influence the realization of an ‘African Dream’ — ‘establishment of the greatest
animal kingdom’. The unstable political situation in Zimbabwe and how this negatively affects wildlife conservation and tourism
in the Gonarezhou part of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park, serves as a case study.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
北京城市地质工作服务的新方向——地质遗迹景观资源的开发利用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文在阐述北京城市地质工作和地质遗迹景观资源开发利用现状的基础上,通过地质公园建设实例,从推动地方经济发展和当地居民就业、加快城镇基础设施和生态环境建设、提升地学旅游品位和公众保护地质遗迹意识等三个方面论证了地质公园在保障城市经济健康和可持续发展中发挥的重要作用,从而有力阐明了开发利用地质遗迹景观资源是北京城市地质工作服务的一个新方向。本文还提出了今后北京地区地质遗迹景观资源开发利用对策。 相似文献
20.
Rural gentrification in Catalonia, Spain: A case study of migration, social change and conflicts in the Empordanet area 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Miguel Solana-Solana 《Geoforum》2010,41(3):508-517
The intensity of rural depopulation in Catalonia has diminished since the 1980s. New population growth patterns are occurring in rural areas, basically due to immigration. Although there has been a certain awareness of the magnitude of this process and its territorial distribution, little is known about the protagonists in this immigration and the impact on rural municipalities. Results are presented from a study of the immigration process in a group of rural inland municipalities close to the Costa Brava, a Mediterranean coastal region with extensive tourism. The great beauty of the landscape and the existence of housing stock that is being abandoned but remains desirable have led to a population influx from Catalonia’s large urban areas, especially Barcelona, purchasing these homes as a primary or secondary residence.This has led to rehabilitation of the housing stock, but also to higher housing prices and the resulting exodus of the young local population that cannot afford them; a potential source of conflict between the local population and the newcomers. The study is based on census data and statistical records, as well as extensive fieldwork, including interviews with local residents, newcomers and key informants. 相似文献