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1.
随钻测量梳状定向钻进技术目前主要应用于煤矿瓦斯防治、地质异常体探测和探放水等领域。但该技术还未与水力压裂增透强化抽采技术相结合应用于煤层瓦斯防治领域,由于水力压裂增透强化抽采技术对钻孔特殊要求,相应钻探装备、钻孔设计和钻进成孔工艺均需要进行研究突破。本次研究成果融合了井下梳状定向长钻孔瓦斯抽采技术及水力压裂增透强化抽采技术的优点,形成了一套适合分段水力压裂梳状定向钻孔施工设备及工艺流程,能够满足对松软煤层瓦斯远距离与区域增透技术的需求,解决松软煤层透气性差、瓦斯抽采孔成孔性差、抽采距离短、抽采区域小等难题。 相似文献
2.
压裂施工曲线是反映压裂效果的重要依据,而压裂阶段储层渗透率的动态变化能够更直观地反映造缝效果。借鉴试井渗透率测试原理,建立一种压裂阶段储层动态渗透率定量评价方法,并将该方法应用到准南某区块2口煤层气井水力压裂效果评价中,获得压裂阶段储层动态渗透率曲线;同时采用G函数对压裂效果进一步评价。结果表明:动态渗透率曲线所反映压裂效果与G函数分析和基于排量、井底流压关系的评价结果吻合较好,能够反映储层内裂缝开启、延伸效果;其中,CMG-01井通过实施煤储层与围岩大规模缝网改造,压裂阶段储层渗透率最高达到2.5 μm2,造缝效果良好;而CBM-02井实施煤储层常规水力压裂,储层渗透率保持在1.8 μm2之下,显示出煤储层常规水力压裂与煤储层?围岩大规模缝网改造的差异性。动态渗透率定量评价方法弥补前期压裂改造效果缺乏量化评价的不足,为煤层气/煤系气储层水力压裂工艺的优化提供依据。 相似文献
3.
动载作用下岩石的破坏规律研究对于众多地质灾害的机制分析和预防具有重要的理论及实际意义。鉴于数值模拟研究的优势,应大力发展适于岩石动力断裂过程模拟的数值方法。在自主开发的拉格朗日元与离散元耦合连续−非连续方法的基础上,采用朱−王−唐本构模型取代了广义胡克定律,发展了考虑动力本构的连续−非连续方法,其正确性通过模拟不同加载速度时砂岩试样的单轴压缩试验进行了验证。通过统计裂缝区段数目随着岩样的纵向应变的演化规律,并监测岩样左、右对称线上多个测点的最小主应力的演化规律,开展了不同加载速度时单轴压缩花岗岩试样的变形−开裂过程研究,阐明了岩样的开裂机制。研究发现,剪裂缝以雁列式展布,整体上形成剪切带。随着时步数目的增加,各测点的最小主应力均呈波动下降−震荡上升的变化趋势。震荡上升阶段对应岩样的应变软化阶段。测点分离后最小主应力的震荡幅度较大,这是由于节点分离和单元接触激发了较大的应力波。剪切带尖端的最小主应力集中会使测点发生剪切分离。当岩样的三角块向下楔入时,下方测点的应力状态类似于紧凑拉伸试验进而发生拉伸分离。 相似文献
4.
针对碎软煤层渗透率低、瓦斯抽采衰减快、压裂不均匀、裂缝易闭合、瓦斯抽采效果差、无法实现区域瓦斯超前预抽的问题,提出了煤层顶板定向长钻孔水力加砂分段压裂强化瓦斯抽采的技术思路,研发适合煤矿井下煤层顶板定向长钻孔水力加砂分段压裂煤层增透技术,研制了成套的煤矿井下水力加砂压裂泵组装备、定向喷砂射孔装置及工具组合、防砂封隔器及工具组合。水力压裂泵组装备最大排量90 m3/h,最大泵注压力70 MPa,最大携砂能力20%,支撑剂粒径小于等于1 mm;定向喷砂射孔装置通过水压驱动喷射器定向,最大旋转角度180°;防砂封隔器最大承压70 MPa,最大膨胀系数为2。研发的定向长钻孔连续定向喷砂射孔工艺技术和定向长钻孔拖动式水力加砂分段压裂工艺技术,在山西阳泉新景煤矿井下开展工程试验,完成2个压裂钻孔(孔深均为609 m)共计16段水力加砂分段压裂施工,累计实施80次定向喷砂射孔作业,石英砂的体积分数2%~3%,定向喷砂射孔压力22.6~28.6 MPa,共计使用石英砂19.8 t;水力加砂分段压裂单段注入压裂液153.8~235.1 m3、核桃壳砂的体积分数2.02%~2.56%,累计注入压裂液2 808.57 m3,注入核桃壳砂36.47 t;综合评价本次水力加砂分段压裂影响半径为20~38 m,统计分析压裂后2个钻场100 d瓦斯抽采数据,1号钻场、2号钻场日均瓦斯抽采纯量分别为1 025、2 811m3。试验结果表明:压裂装备加砂量大,施工排量大,能够实现连续作业,压裂后煤层透气性显著增加,极大地提高瓦斯抽采浓度和瓦斯抽采纯量。研究成果对碎软煤层区域瓦斯增透提供新思路,为我国类似矿区区域瓦斯超前治理提供技术借鉴。 相似文献
5.
Selected gas pulse tests on initially saturated claystone samples under isotropic confinement pressure are simulated using a 3D thermo‐hydro‐mechanical code. The constitutive model considers the hydro‐mechanical anisotropy of argillaceous rocks. A cross‐anisotropic linear elastic law is adopted for the mechanical behaviour. Elements for a proper modelling of gas flow along preferential paths include an embedded fracture permeability model. Rock permeability and its retention curve depend on strains through a fracture aperture. The hydraulic and mechanical behaviours have a common anisotropic structure. Small‐scale heterogeneity is considered to enhance the initiation of flow through preferential paths, following the direction of the bedding planes. The numerical simulations were performed considering two different bedding orientations, parallel and normal to the imposed flow in the test. Simulations are in agreement with recorded upstream and downstream pressures in the tests. The evolution of fluid pressures, degree of saturation, element permeability and stress paths are presented for each case analysed. This information provides a good insight into the mechanisms of gas transport. Different flow patterns are obtained depending on bedding orientation, and the results provide an explanation for the results obtained in the tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
针对黄陇侏罗纪煤田中硬煤层渗透性差、瓦斯抽采浓度及流量衰减速度快等问题,利用自主研发的水力压裂成套工艺设备,提出煤层定向长钻孔水力压裂瓦斯高效抽采技术,并在黄陇煤田黄陵二号煤矿进行工程应用试验。现场共完成5个定向长钻孔钻探施工,单孔孔深240~285 m,总进尺1 320 m;采用整体压裂工艺对5个本煤层钻孔进行压裂施工,累计压裂液用量1 557.5 m3,单孔最大泵注压力19 MPa;压裂后单孔瓦斯抽采浓度及百米抽采纯量分别提升0.7~20.5倍、1.7~9.8倍;相比于普通钻孔,压裂孔瓦斯初始涌出强度提升2.1倍,钻孔瓦斯流量衰减系数降低39.6%。试验结果表明:采取水力压裂增透措施后,瓦斯抽采效果得到显著提升,煤层瓦斯可抽采性增加,为类似矿区低渗煤层瓦斯高效抽采提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
7.
“十三五”以来,围绕“我国煤矿井下煤层区域增透瓦斯高效抽采和坚硬顶板岩层弱化区域治理”两大难题,将定向长钻孔与分段压裂技术结合,通过技术攻关与装备研发及工程试验,在煤矿井下定向长钻孔分段水力压裂技术和装备研发及工程示范应用等方面均取得了明显进展。主要表现在如下4个方面:(1)开发了适合于煤矿井下煤岩层裸眼定向长钻孔不动管柱和动管柱两种分段水力压裂工艺技术与工具,不动管柱分段压裂工程应用钻孔长度突破了500 m,单孔压裂实现了5段;动管柱分段压裂钻孔长度工程应用突破了800 m,单孔压裂实现了17段。(2)研发了煤矿井下低压端加砂压裂泵组和高压端加砂压裂装置,低压端加砂泵组压力达到了70 MPa,排量达到90 m3/h,携砂比达到20%;高压端加砂压裂装备耐压能力达到55 MPa,一次连续加砂压裂的砂量达到750 kg;低压端和高压端加砂装备均在现场进行了工程应用,应用结果表明装备均具有较好携砂压裂能力。(3)建立了碎软煤层围岩分段压裂和硬煤顺层钻孔分段压裂区域增透瓦斯高效抽采技术模式,前者在山西阳泉矿区和陕西韩城矿区应用钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量均值分别达到了2 811 m3/d和1 559 m3/d,后者在陕西彬长矿区应用钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量达到了2 491 m3/d。(4)探索出了坚硬顶板强矿压煤矿井下定向长钻孔分段水力压裂主动超前区域弱化治理的新模式,工程应用钻孔长度突破了800 m,坚硬顶板分段水力压裂治理后,顶板来压步距、动载系数和最高压力值较未压裂区分别下降了18.9%~70.6%,5.8%~7.9%,13.7%~19.4%,有效治理了工作面坚硬顶板引起的强矿压灾害。随着煤矿井下分段水力压裂技术改进和煤矿智能开采发展的实际需要,提出了煤矿井下大排量高压力智能压裂泵组、井下长钻孔裸眼分段压裂智能工具等装备和煤矿井?地联合分段水力压裂技术研发方向,以更好地推动煤矿井下水力压裂技术与装备发展,为煤矿安全高效绿色智能开采提供技术和装备支撑。 相似文献
8.
Microcrack-based coupled damage and flow modeling of fracturing evolution in permeable brittle rocks
Microcracks in brittle rocks affect not only the local mechanical properties, but also the poroelastic behavior and permeability. A continuum coupled hydro-mechanical modeling approach is presented using a two-scale conceptual model representing realistic rock material containing micro-fractures. This approach combines a microcrack-based continuous damage model within generalized Biot poroelasticity, in which the tensors of macroscopic elastic stiffness, Biot effective stress coefficient and of overall permeability are directly related to microcrack growth. Heterogeneity in both mechanical and hydraulic properties evolves from an initially random distribution of damage to produce localized failure and fluid transmission. A significant advantage of the approach is the ability to accurately predict the evolution of realistic fracturing and associated fluid flow in permeable rocks where pre-existing fractures exert significant control. The model is validated for biaxial failure of rock in compression and replicates typical pre- and post-peak strength metrics of stress drop, AE event counts, permeability evolution and failure modes. The model is applied to the simulation of hydraulic fracturing in permeable rocks to examine the effects of heterogeneities, permeability and borehole pressurization rate on the initiation of fracturing. The results indicate that more homogenous rocks require higher hydraulic pressure to initiate fracturing and breakdown. Moreover, both the fracturing initiation pressure and breakdown pressure decrease with permeability but increase with borehole pressurization rate, and the upper and lower limit of the initiation pressure are seen to be given by the impermeable (Hubbert–Willis) and permeable (Haimson–Fairhurst) borehole wall solutions, respectively. The numerical results are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental observations and theoretical results. This coupled damage and flow modeling approach provides an alternative way to solve a variety of complicated hydro-mechanical problems in practical rock engineering with the process coupling strictly enforced. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, a mathematical model is presented for the analysis of dynamic fracture propagation in the saturated porous media. The solid behavior incorporates a discrete cohesive fracture model, coupled with the flow in porous media through the fracture network. The double‐nodded zero‐thickness cohesive interface element is employed for the mixed mode fracture behavior in tension and contact behavior in compression. The crack is automatically detected and propagated perpendicular to the maximum effective stress. The spatial discretization is continuously updated during the crack propagation. Numerical examples from the hydraulic fracturing test and the concrete gravity dam show the capability of the model to simulate dynamic fracture propagation. The comparison is performed between the quasi‐static and fully dynamic solutions, and the performance of two analyses is investigated on the values of crack length and crack mouth opening. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
水力压裂可显著提高页岩气等致密储层岩体的渗透性以增加油气产量,然而受多因素影响,水力压裂形成缝网结构的机理和压裂优化设计一直是研究的焦点和难点。本研究基于渗流-应力-破坏耦合计算模拟方法,对不同水力加载条件下的非均质储层水力压裂过程进行了模拟和对比研究。研究结果表明:水力压裂过程中起始注水压力和增量大小对水力压裂缝网扩展和改造区域形态有着显著的影响。当起始注水压力小于等于模型材料体抗拉强度,并缓慢增压致裂时,压裂过程可近似视为稳态应力-破坏-渗流耦合作用过程的不同阶段,这种情况下仅在压裂井孔周围形成两组对称式的伞状水力裂缝带。当对模型体施加高于模型材料体破裂压力的注水压力时,相当于对压裂孔快速施加高动水压力,水力裂缝沿压裂孔全方位迅速萌生并快速扩展,当注水压力值高于破裂压力一定幅值时,压裂改造可形成围绕压裂井全方位的放射状裂缝网络,使压裂储层得以最大范围改造。在拟静力和拟动力两种加载条件下,不同水岩相互作用机理是造成不同水力加载条件出现不同缝网结构的力学机制,而对于实际的页岩气储层改造,压裂产生围绕压裂井全方位放射状的缝网结构则是一种最优的体积压裂改造。 相似文献
11.
George Chatzigeorgiou Vincent Picandet Abdelhafid Khelidj Gilles Pijaudier‐Cabot 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2005,29(10):1005-1018
A significant increase of the permeability of concrete upon micro‐cracking and a good correlation between the evolution of damage (material stiffness) and permeability are observed experimentally. The present contribution investigates this correlation theoretically, with the help of lattice analyses. Scaling analysis of lattices which contain elastic brittle bonds has shown that the material degradation should be described by the evolution of the material stiffness, or compliance, in a continuum setting (damage models). This result is reviewed and further documented in the first part of the paper. In the second part, hydro‐mechanical problems are considered with the construction of a hydraulic lattice, dual to the mechanical one. We observe that the average permeability upon micro‐cracking is the lattice scale‐independent controlling variable in the hydraulic problem. Additionally, results show that in a continuum poro‐mechanical approach, the evolution of the material permeability ought to be related to the elastic unloading stiffness, described e.g. with the help of continuum damage variables. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
Implementation of a coupled plastic damage distinct lattice spring model for dynamic crack propagation in geomaterials 
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下载免费PDF全文 This paper studies dynamic crack propagation by employing the distinct lattice spring model (DLSM) and 3‐dimensional (3D) printing technique. A damage‐plasticity model was developed and implemented in a 2D DLSM. Applicability of the damage‐plasticity DLSM was verified against analytical elastic solutions and experimental results for crack propagation. As a physical analogy, dynamic fracturing tests were conducted on 3D printed specimens using the split Hopkinson pressure bar. The dynamic stress intensity factors were recorded, and crack paths were captured by a high‐speed camera. A parametric study was conducted to find the influences of the parameters on cracking behaviors, including initial and peak fracture toughness, crack speed, and crack patterns. Finally, selection of parameters for the damage‐plasticity model was determined through the comparison of numerical predictions and the experimentally observed cracking features. 相似文献
13.
In this paper, a numerical model is developed for the fully coupled hydro‐mechanical analysis of deformable, progressively fracturing porous media interacting with the flow of two immiscible, compressible wetting and non‐wetting pore fluids, in which the coupling between various processes is taken into account. The governing equations involving the coupled solid skeleton deformation and two‐phase fluid flow in partially saturated porous media including cohesive cracks are derived within the framework of the generalized Biot theory. The fluid flow within the crack is simulated using the Darcy law in which the permeability variation with porosity because of the cracking of the solid skeleton is accounted. The cohesive crack model is integrated into the numerical modeling by means of which the nonlinear fracture processes occurring along the fracture process zone are simulated. The solid phase displacement, the wetting phase pressure and the capillary pressure are taken as the primary variables of the three‐phase formulation. The other variables are incorporated into the model via the experimentally determined functions, which specify the relationship between the hydraulic properties of the fracturing porous medium, that is saturation, permeability and capillary pressure. The spatial discretization is implemented by employing the extended finite element method, and the time domain discretization is performed using the generalized Newmark scheme to derive the final system of fully coupled nonlinear equations of the hydro‐mechanical problem. It is illustrated that by allowing for the interaction between various processes, that is the solid skeleton deformation, the wetting and the non‐wetting pore fluid flow and the cohesive crack propagation, the effect of the presence of the geomechanical discontinuity can be completely captured. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
中国缺水少地,人口众多,地形复杂,页岩气储层埋藏深、维度高、渗透率低、可改造性差。美国页岩气勘探开发常规技术---水平井加多段压裂在中国有一定的局限性,为此,提出了一种新的页岩气开发井型。它不同于传统的直井、斜井或水平井,由主井及其周围的辅助洞穴构成,其中主井用于生产排采,洞穴用于储层改造。主井完井方式为直井或斜井,辅助洞穴完井方式为分支定向井或丛式井或为两者的组合。储层改造采用低成本高效的聚能爆破等技术来代替高费用的水力压裂,采用多点建造洞穴代替多段压裂和同步压裂,以保持储层裂缝系统的连续性和有效性,进而扩大有效排采面积,降低井网密度。为模拟改造效果,在坚硬的混凝土路面进行了实验,结果表明,建造多个洞穴并震动,可以产生相互连通的裂隙,能够达到整体改善储层渗透性能的效果。 相似文献
15.
韩城矿区碎软煤层发育,煤层透气性差,本煤层钻孔钻进困难,瓦斯抽采效果差。顶板梳状孔水力压裂技术结合了水力压裂技术和定向钻进技术二者的优势,是解决碎软低渗煤层瓦斯抽采难题的有效技术途径。在韩城矿区王峰煤矿3号煤层顶板粉砂岩中施工长钻孔并向煤层开分支,采用套管+封隔器座封的整体压裂方式进行水力压裂工程试验。钻孔总长度344 m,有效压裂长度284 m,累计注水量874.79 m3,最大泵注压力9.4 MPa。试验结束后对钻孔瓦斯抽采相关参数连续监测86 d,钻孔瓦斯抽采体积分数27%~51%,平均42.11%,钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量8.25~21.41 m3/min,平均17.02 m3/min,钻孔累计抽采瓦斯量约210万m3。与常规的穿层钻孔水力冲孔技术相比,该技术百米钻孔瓦斯抽采量提高了11.48倍,初步证明了该技术在碎软煤层瓦斯强化抽采领域的适用性。 相似文献
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针对我国低透气性煤层普遍存在瓦斯抽采效果差的现状,提出了利用大直径长钻孔水力压裂对煤层进行增透的技术措施,探讨了长钻孔水力压裂增透机理,并进行了煤矿井下煤层水力压裂瓦斯抽采试验。在成功施工顺层长钻孔的基础上,研发了一套适合井下水力压裂施工的快速封孔工具组合,分析了压裂过程中参数变化规律,提出了水力压裂影响范围、压裂效果和瓦斯抽采效果评价方法,并进行了考察和评价。研究表明:该技术克服了传统井下水力压裂存在的封孔质量差、压裂影响范围小等问题,压裂后煤层透气性系数提高了2.67倍,压裂最大影响半径达到了58 m,压裂后连续抽采130 d累计抽采纯瓦斯量为31.39万m3,日最高抽采量2 668 m3,瓦斯体积分数平均70.05%,百米钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量达到0.55 m3/min。 相似文献
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不同条件下水压裂隙的发展特性对有效开采页岩气具有重要的指导作用。针对岩体在微观上为颗粒和孔隙的结构系统,提出离散元水力压裂数值模拟方法,离散元能量转化和能量守恒计算方法,建立了相应的三维离散元模型。采用自主研发的三维离散元模拟软件Mat DEM3D,通过控制模型的竖向应变与颗粒直径,来模拟地层中的应力与压裂速率的变化。模拟结果表明:(1)水力压裂产生裂隙的数量和方向受岩石的各向异性,压力状态和变化速率所影响。(2)裂隙在压缩波传播时发展,当水压力高速增加时,诱发的裂隙数量增多,并且有效能量(断裂热)百分比也随之增加,压裂作用也变得更明显。(3)当竖向应变为零时,50%的裂隙呈垂直状态,当竖向应变为-1×10-4时,裂隙趋于沿着最大压力方向发展,竖向裂隙的百分率增大。数值模拟和能量分析为定量地研究岩石水力压裂过程提供了一个新的方法。 相似文献
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影响致密储层渗吸的因素较多,但系统的因素划分和敏感性分析依然具有很大挑战。为了高效开采致密气藏,为致密气藏压后焖井时间即开井制度优化提供依据,选取大庆油田徐家围子区块致密砂岩天然岩心,结合压汞、电镜扫描和X射线衍射等实验,在室内开展了静态渗吸实验,研究了致密储层静态渗吸的规律及其影响因素,包括渗吸时间、致密储层的渗透率、孔隙类型、润湿性和压裂液的离子浓度。实验结果表明:致密砂岩岩心静态渗吸气水置换主要作用在静态渗吸过程的早期阶段;在致密气藏的储层渗透率范围内,静态渗吸采出程度随渗透率增大而增大;原生孔为储气空间,与原生粒间孔相连的次生溶蚀孔、粒间溶蚀缝和颗粒边缘溶蚀缝为渗吸提供了畅通的通道;静态渗吸速度和最终采出程度随岩心亲水性的增强而增加;压裂时所用的压裂液浓度越低,储层的渗吸效果越好。研究结果可为致密气井压裂后排采制度设计提供基础。 相似文献
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断层对页岩气储层压裂改造有重要影响,甚至诱发深部地震事件和近地表环境问题。本文采用多物理场耦合方法,基于渗流和应力耦合理论,研究储层水力压裂过程中断层以及封闭顶板中水力破坏区域的产生与演化机理,并分析讨论流体沿高渗通道运移扩散机理,研究结果表明:(1)断层改变储层水力破坏区域形态并且扩展了水力压裂破坏空间。较高注水压力使储层水力破坏区域扩大到封闭顶板和底板,水力破坏区域受断层影响而沿着断层带快速发育延伸。高注水压力导致断层水力压裂破坏高度急剧增加,储层封闭性发生改变。(2)在页岩储层高风险地质构造和较高注水压力条件下,水力压裂作业产生岩石破裂和裂缝局部活化诱发的微地震事件,但难以导致破坏性地震事件,多属于断层或较大断裂局部区域产生的水力耦合破坏及可能诱发的较小地震事件。(3)水力破坏区域贯通到断层带内诱发流体沿断层带迁移,断层带的渗透率较高,水力破坏区域与上部高渗透岩层贯通会加快流体的逃逸速度,增大压裂液污染上部地层的风险,导致压裂效率降低,影响储层压裂改造,降低了页岩气开发价值。 相似文献