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1.
M. Power 《Mathematical Geology》1992,24(8):929-945
Economic filtration has been offered as an explanation of the observed lognormality in the size distribution of discovered oil and gas deposits. The result leads to the conclusion that one cannot impute the shape of the underlying parent distribution from the observed discoveries size distribution. The fact that the largest pools tend to be discovered early in the exploration history of an area of interest suggests the existence of an inherent sampling bias in the discovery process. The bias is influenced by the levels of geologic knowledge and technological sophistication. Furthermore, the existence of the bias leads to lognormality in the observed discoveries size distribution of oil and gas pools. A discovery process model explicitly incorporating the notion of sampling bias was applied to a series of Weibull parent frequency size distributions. The selected parent distributions are of a class suggested in the literature as more reflective of nature's size distribution and have empirical support. The distribution of discoveries resulting from the application of the model to the chosen parent size distributions were tested for lognormality using a chi-squared test. Lognormality was found to be an acceptable model of the discoveries size distribution over a wide range of resource exhaustion measures. When combined with the notion of economic filtration, sampling bias leads to the conclusion that one should not expect the lognormal distribution to accurately represent the underlying parent size distribution of oil and gas deposits. 相似文献
2.
The assumption of lognormal (parent) field size distributions has for a long time been applied to resource appraisal and evaluation of exploration strategy by the petroleum industry. However, frequency distributions estimated with observed data and used to justify this hypotheses are conditional. Examination of various observed field size distributions across basins and over time shows that such distributions should be regarded as the end result of an economic filtering process. Commercial discoveries depend on oil and gas prices and field development costs. Some new fields are eliminated due to location, depths, or water depths. This filtering process is called economic truncation. Economic truncation may occur when predictions of a discovery process are passed through an economic appraisal model. We demonstrate that (1) economic resource appraisals, (2) forecasts of levels of petroleum industry activity, and (3) expected benefits of developing and implementing cost reducing technology are sensitive to assumptions made about the nature of that portion of (parent) field size distribution subject to economic truncation. 相似文献
3.
Undiscovered oil and gas assessments are commonly reported as aggregate estimates of hydrocarbon volumes. Potential commercial value and discovery costs are, however, determined by accumulation size, so engineers, economists, decision makers, and sometimes policy analysts are most interested in projected discovery sizes. The lognormal and Pareto distributions have been used to model exploration target sizes. This note contrasts the outcomes of applying these alternative distributions to the play level assessments of the U.S. Geological Survey's 1995 National Oil and Gas Assessment. Using the same numbers of undiscovered accumulations and the same minimum, medium, and maximum size estimates, substitution of the shifted truncated lognormal distribution for the shifted truncated Pareto distribution reduced assessed undiscovered oil by 16% and gas by 15%. Nearly all of the volume differences resulted because the lognormal had fewer larger fields relative to the Pareto. The lognormal also resulted in a smaller number of small fields relative to the Pareto. For the Permian Basin case study presented here, reserve addition costs were 20% higher with the lognormal size assumption. 相似文献
4.
Two methods are compared for estimating the shape parameters of Pareto field-size (or pool-size) distributions for petroleum
resource assessment. Both methods assume mature exploration in which most of the larger fields have been discovered. Both
methods use the sizes of larger discovered fields to estimate the numbers and sizes of smaller fields: (1) the tail-truncated
method uses a plot of field size versus size rank, and (2) the log–geometric method uses data binned in field-size classes
and the ratios of adjacent bin counts. Simulation experiments were conducted using discovered oil and gas pool-size distributions
from four petroleum systems in Alberta, Canada and using Pareto distributions generated by Monte Carlo simulation. The estimates
of the shape parameters of the Pareto distributions, calculated by both the tail-truncated and log–geometric methods, generally
stabilize where discovered pool numbers are greater than 100. However, with fewer than 100 discoveries, these estimates can
vary greatly with each new discovery. The estimated shape parameters of the tail-truncated method are more stable and larger
than those of the log–geometric method where the number of discovered pools is more than 100. Both methods, however, tend
to underestimate the shape parameter. Monte Carlo simulation was also used to create sequences of discovered pool sizes by
sampling from a Pareto distribution with a discovery process model using a defined exploration efficiency (in order to show
how biased the sampling was in favor of larger fields being discovered first). A higher (more biased) exploration efficiency
gives better estimates of the Pareto shape parameters. 相似文献
5.
Xiongqi Pang Chengzao Jia Junqing Chen Maowen Li Wenyang Wang Qinhong Hu Yingchun Guo Zhangxin Chen Junwen Peng Keyu Liu Keliu Wu 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(2):695-711
The discovery and large-scale exploration of unconventional oil/gas resources since 1980s have been considered as the most important advancement in the history of petroleum geology;that has not only changed the balance of supply and demand in the global energy market,but also improved our understanding of the formation mechanisms and distribution characteristics of oil/gas reservoirs.However,what is the difference of conventional and unconventional resources and why they always related to each other in petroliferous basins is not clear.As the differences and correlations between unconventional and conventional resources are complex challenging issues and very critical for resources assessment and hydrocarbon exploration,this paper focused on studying the relationship of formations and distributions among different oil/gas reservoirs.Drilling results of 12,237 exploratory wells in 6 representative petroliferous basins of China and distribution characteristics for 52,926 oil/gas accumulations over the world were applied to clarify the formation conditions and genetic relations of different oil/gas reservoirs in a petroliferous basin,and then to establish a unified model to address the differences and correlations of conventional and unconventional reservoirs.In this model,conventional reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field with high porosity and permeability located above the boundary of hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit.Unconventional tight reservoirs formed in confined hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and permeability located between hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit and hydrocarbon accumulation depth limit.Shale oil/gas reservoirs formed in the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and ultra-low permeability within the source rock layers.More than 75%of proved reserves around the world are discovered in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field,which is estimated to contain only 10%of originally generated hydrocarbons.Most of undiscovered resources distributed in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field and the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field,which contains 90%of original generated hydrocarbons,implying a reasonable and promising area for future hydrocarbon explorations.The buried depths of hydrocarbon dynamic fields become shallow with the increase of heat flow,and the remaining oil/gas resources mainly exist in the deep area of“cold basin”with low geothermal gradient.Lithology changing in the hydrocarbon dynamic field causes local anomalies in the oil/gas dynamic mechanism,leading to the local formation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field or the occurrence of oil/gas enrichment sweet points with high porosity and permeability in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field.The tectonic movements destroy the medium conditions and oil/gas components,which leads to the transformation of conventional oil/gas reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field to unconventional ones or unconventional ones formed in confined and bound hydrocarbon dynamic fields to conventional ones. 相似文献
6.
自“七五”以来,为配合四川盆地的油气勘探,在川西坳陷开展了一系列油气化探工作,对该区油气的发现起到了重要作用。川西坳陷的地质条件有利于微渗漏烃类以较高浓度赋存于土壤中,从而有利于油气地球化学探测方法的使用。选择有代表性的大型气田——新场气田进行近地表地球化学场特征与石油地质关系解剖,结果表明气田上方近地表地球化学异常是客观存在的,与本区独特的地质环境相对应,并优选出勘探天然气的有效指标组合。这些有效的油气化探方法在川西天然气富集区的预测中同样效果显著,以川西新都-金堂地区油气化探详查为例,许多化探异常经钻探后证实具有工业油气流。上述研究表明,油气化探技术在川西坳陷具有良好的应用前景。 相似文献
7.
随着勘探的不断深入,越来越多的凝析气藏被发现,并受到重视。目前全球共发现106个大型凝析气田,分布于全球70多个沉积盆地。凝析气田主要分布于西西伯利亚盆地、滨里海盆地、波斯湾盆地、扎格罗斯盆地、美国墨西哥湾及塔里木盆地等。通过对全球各大凝析气田进行系统的研究,发现凝析气藏主要分布在石炭系—新近系储层中,以构造圈闭为主,储集体物性较差,属于低孔低渗型,凝析气和凝析油的密度均相对较低。凝析气田的形成和展布主要受控于有效烃源岩分布、有利的储盖组合、圈闭类型、晚期成藏、特殊的温压系统和烃类体系组分等条件。根据其成因机理,将凝析气藏分为原生凝析气藏和次生凝析气藏。 相似文献
8.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2016,57(9):1342-1348
The study presents assessment of the hydrocarbon potential of almost all known sedimentary basins of the African continent and adjacent offshore coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. The assessment is based on new data that became available following the well-known monograph of V.I. Vysotsky et al. (1994), which provided the last petroleum potential assessment published in the Russian literature. These data provide a more accurate evaluation of the regional initially-in-place and recoverable hydrocarbon resources, exploration maturity as of the beginning of 2015, the total number of discovered oil and gas fields, and field/resources distribution by basin type and offshore and onshore areas. 相似文献
9.
非常规油气领域是目前油气勘探和开发的热点领域, 也是石油工业的发展趋向, 非常规油气的成藏研究对非常规油气勘探具有重要指导意义。非常规油气与常规油气成藏的最本质区别在于非常规油气是非浮力驱动聚集, 这主要是由于致密储集层中微纳米级孔隙发育导致毛细管阻力较大, 同时缺乏提供强大浮力的有利条件。根据烃源岩演化与非常规油气成藏的关系, 将非常规油气资源分为油页岩、页岩油、致密油、页岩气、致密气和煤层气6种类型。油页岩、页岩油、煤层气和页岩气的源储组合特征都是“源储一体”, 而致密油气源储组合有2种类型：一种是源储叠置的临源型致密油气, 另一种是与常规油气藏类似的源储不相临、但距离不远的近源型致密油气。成藏动力学上的差异使非常规油气藏在地质上表现为大面积分布、局部富集、油气赋存具有明显的“滞留”或短距运移特征、没有明显的圈闭边界和无统一的油水界面等特点。 相似文献
10.
11.
An estimation technique has been derived to predict the number of small fields in a geologic play or basin. Historically, many small oil and gas fields went unreported because they were not economical. This led to an underestimation of the number of undiscovered small fields. A study of the distributions of reported oil and gas fields in well-explored areas suggests that the large fields when grouped into log base 2 size classes are geometrically distributed. Further, the number of small fields reported is a function of the cost of exploration and development. Thus, the population field-size distribution is conjectured to be log geometric in form. 相似文献
12.
在探讨高邮凹陷断层发育时期和分布特点的基础上,结合油气分布特点,分析了断层在油气成藏中的作用类型,并探讨了其作用机理。依据断层在油气生成、运移、聚集和分布环节中的作用,把断层分为控源断层、供烃断层、改向断层、成圈断层和调整破坏断层。控源断层控制有效烃源岩展布和生烃时期的早晚,高邮凹陷控源断层下降盘为有效烃源岩分布区,而且西部地区早于东部地区生烃;供烃断层控制油气主运移通道的走势,其陡断面和凸断面为高邮凹陷断裂带油气的主运移通道;改向断层影响油气的富集层位和油气富集区的位置,其对高邮凹陷油气分布的影响存在“分散”和“富集”两种效应;成圈断层控制圈闭的类型及分布;调整破坏断层导致圈闭充满程度和原油物性的改变,高邮凹陷调整破坏断层为盐城期和三垛期活动断层。高邮凹陷断层的多期性和多样性导致断层体系中各断层封闭性在时空上的差异性和多变性,从而形成对油气控制的多面性和复杂性。 相似文献
13.
准噶尔盆地YJ油田是一个埋藏很深,成藏机理复杂的岩性、地层圈闭油气藏。通过侏罗系西山窑组和三工河组原油、油砂抽提物地球化学特征分析后认为,西山窑组原油具有两期成藏混合的特征,三工河组成熟轻质原油、油砂抽提物又表现出煤系烃源岩的特征。这表明,YJ油田具有多源多期充注成藏的特点。对地表土壤中甲烷碳同位素、烃类比值、三维荧光图谱的分析后认为,甲烷同位素、甲烃同位素、烃类比值与凝析油伴生气、石油伴生气的经验值相符;三维荧光既有凝析油-轻油又有轻油-重油的图谱特征。这与原油和油砂抽提物的研究结果相近,也表明该油田具有多种油源。因而认为,在未知地区对土壤油气地球化学特征进行研究,对于初步判断油气来源同样具有良好的效果。 相似文献
14.
国内外许多砂岩型铀矿产于含油气盆地,油气参与砂岩型铀成矿作用越来越受到人们的重视;沉积盆地控制着油气田和砂岩型铀矿床的分布,多数盆地总体形成内部油气-边部铀矿、下部油气-上部铀矿的分布规律。文章认为油气藏与砂岩铀矿床相互联系的储集层系统及盆地有机/无机成因流体是两者同盆共存的物质基础,吸附作用和还原作用是油气参与砂岩型铀矿成矿的两种主要作用方式,重力流驱动的含铀流体与油气成藏过程中油气扩散形成的烃类流体相互混合是铀成矿作用的主要动力学机制,构造则是两种流体联系的纽带;油气与铀矿相互共生、相互作用,为"以铀找油"和"以油找铀"提供了基础。根据油气与铀的成因联系,结合石油勘探开发资料,提出利用油气田资料"二次开发"寻找砂岩型铀矿的思路和方法。利用油气田资料来寻找砂岩型铀矿,可节约大量勘探资金,提高油气田经济效益,经济价值高。 相似文献
15.
柴达木盆地石炭系是海相油气勘探的新领域,通过对柴达木盆地石炭系油气地质条件进行调查,评价其资源潜力,为该区寻找油气战略接替区提供科学依据。以柴达木盆地石炭系为主要目标,通过调查和研究,首次获得柴达木盆地石炭系油气流,在柴达木盆地古生界海相新层系油气方面取得重要发现;综合区域调查、平衡剖面反演及镜质体反射率等分析,获取柴达木盆地主要构造运动期次;结合盆地模拟技术,重建了石炭系埋藏史,分析了柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩油气地化指标,研究了烃源岩生烃演化史。研究表明:柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩广泛发育,有机质丰度较高,埋深较大,但未发生变质,处于成熟-高成熟阶段;德令哈坳陷石炭系埋藏史主要表现为快速埋藏期、稳定期与强烈抬升剥蚀期,新生代以来沉降史与抬升剥蚀史存在着差异;石炭系烃源岩热演化史主要表现为“存在二次生烃,晚期生烃为主”的特点,主要受该区构造运动控制;柴达木盆地热演化总体表现为缓慢降低的趋势,主要受控于柴达木盆地岩浆热事件与构造活动。调查分析表明,新层系石炭系油气条件良好,资源前景广阔,是柴达木盆地下一步勘探的接替层系。 相似文献
16.
柴达木盆地石炭系是海相油气勘探的新领域,通过对柴达木盆地石炭系油气地质条件进行调查,评价其资源潜力,为该区寻找油气战略接替区提供科学依据。以柴达木盆地石炭系为主要目标,通过调查和研究,首次获得柴达木盆地石炭系油气流,在柴达木盆地古生界海相新层系油气方面取得重要发现; 综合区域调查、平衡剖面反演及镜质体反射率等分析,获取柴达木盆地主要构造运动期次; 结合盆地模拟技术,重建了石炭系埋藏史,分析了柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩油气地化指标,研究了烃源岩生烃演化史。研究表明: 柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩广泛发育,有机质丰度较高,埋深较大,但未发生变质,处于成熟—高成熟阶段; 德令哈坳陷石炭系埋藏史主要表现为快速埋藏期、稳定期与强烈抬升剥蚀期,新生代以来沉降史与抬升剥蚀史存在着差异; 石炭系烃源岩热演化史主要表现为“存在二次生烃,晚期生烃为主”的特点,主要受该区构造运动控制; 柴达木盆地热演化总体表现为缓慢降低的趋势,主要受控于柴达木盆地岩浆热事件与构造活动。调查分析表明,新层系石炭系油气条件良好,资源前景广阔,是柴达木盆地下一步勘探的接替层系。 相似文献
17.
中国西部塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地油气资源丰富,是重要的油气能源基地,也是广泛应用化探技术于油气勘探过程的地区。总结这些地区油气化探的应用效果和成功案例,对现阶段西北地区的油气勘探具有重要的作用和意义。近20年,塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地陆续取得的油气化探成果,随着两大盆地油气资源的逐步发现,越来越多地得到验证。不仅表明油气勘探中运用化探技术可以带来勘探效益的提高,更证明了在现今勘探难度增大、勘探成本居高不下的形势下,综合勘探技术的成功应用可以缩短勘探周期,提高勘探成功率。 相似文献
18.
东沙海域潮汕坳陷中生界研究程度相对较低,油气分布规律不明,为了加强对该区油气分布和富集规律的研究,针对潮汕坳陷西部地质目标首次应用微生物地球化学勘探技术(MGCE),探讨其含油气性。MGCE技术以轻烃微渗漏理论为基础,采用地质微生物学方法和地球化学方法检测研究区海底表层的微生物异常和吸附烃异常,预测研究区下伏地层中油气的富集区及其油气性质。检测结果显示研究区西部凹陷的斜坡区微生物异常呈块状发育,轻烃微渗漏强度变化大,可能为潜在油气富集区,酸解吸附烃成果显示可能的油气性质为干气和凝析油气。 相似文献
19.
N. N. Mikhailov V. A. Kuz’min K. A. Motorova L. S. Sechina 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2016,71(6):436-444
The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the effect of the microstructure of the pore space on the hydrophobization of oil and gas reservoirs are presented. A possible mechanism of formation of the microstructured wettability is described, which demonstrates that hydrophobization of the inner pore space in mixed wettability can be associated either with large or small pore sizes. It was proven experimentally that the process of hydrocarbon adsorption depended on the shape, size, and distribution of pores, the mineralogical composition (particle composition and size, presence of clay), as well as on the time of contact of hydrocarbons with the inner pore surface. The concept of the hydrophilic nature of rock prior to the migration of oil into it can be considered as accurate. However, as was shown in the experiments, oil could be present in the small pores (up to 10 μm), which was especially significant for the carbonate reservoirs. 相似文献