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1.
Vertical gradational structures develop as sand infiltrates into static gravel beds. Understanding the vertical distribution of interstitial sand deposits will improve predictions of ecological suitability and hyporheic hydrodynamics. A series of flume experiments was performed to investigate fine infiltration processes. Four sand distributions were introduced into flows over gravel beds. After each experiment, bed cores were extracted and analysed in vertical layers to examine the gradational trends with depth. Vertical trends of fine content were highly sensitive to the relative grain‐size distributions of the gravel bed and the introduced sand. For experiments with d15gravel/d85sand ratios 15·4 and larger unimpeded static percolation was observed, where sand filled the voids relatively uniformly from the bottom of the gravel layer to the top. Experiments with ratios 10·6 and smaller bridged. Sand clogged a thin layer of gravel pores near the bed surface, precluding subsequent infiltration. Interstitial sand deposits fined with depth of penetration for all experiments which was the result of three distinct but overlapping processes. (i) Granular sorting: As particles fell through the substrate, smaller material preferentially passed through the voids deeper into the gravel. (ii) Bed‐load sorting: Size segregation occurs in the wake of the leading bed form as smaller particles saltate further and settle first. (iii) Hydraulic sorting: Smaller sand was transported preferentially as suspended load filling the deep voids of the furthest flume positions downstream. Finally, when the experiments that formed a bridge layer were replicated with higher bed shear stresses, less interstitial sand deposition was observed. Higher shear stresses transported coarse particles downstream more efficiently causing bridge layers to form earlier and allowing less time for suspended load to settle into the deeper substrate pores before the pathways were closed. 相似文献
2.
对由弱透水黏土层、细砂层和强透水砂砾层组成的三层堤基进行了管涌发展的砂槽模型试验,为了便于观察分析,细砂层由各种颜色的细彩砂依次排列在砂砾石层上表面,通过改变彩砂层的厚度分析研究了不同细砂层厚度对管涌发生、发展机制及过程的影响。试验结果表明,三层堤基细砂层厚度的不同使管涌发生的临界水力梯度、涌砂量和通道发展的速度不同,与双层堤基有很大区别。临界水力梯度是由多种元素决定的,包括破坏土体的性质及其整体性等;细砂层的存在使流量在渗透变形初期对涌砂不敏感;在试验中发生的相同水位下多次间歇性涌砂,其原因一方面是颗粒在运动过程中发生堵塞,另一方面是通道边界的土体失去支撑发生应力释放,抵抗力随着时间逐渐减小。 相似文献
3.
金沙江其宗河段发育60～120m的河床深厚覆盖层。深厚覆盖层纵向上可分为三大层:河床底部为卵(块)砾(碎)石层夹中细砂或粉质粘土,为冲积及冰水堆积成因(al+fglQ3),厚11.1～33m;中部为细砂、粉细砂、粉质粘土层及卵(块)砾(碎)石层,该层为加积层,由冲积、泥石流堆积、洪积、崩坡积、堰塞多成因堆积组合而成(al+pl+sefQ3),厚10.04～35m;中上部为漂(块)卵(碎)砾石夹砂层透镜体,冲积堆积形成(alQ3-4),厚9.5～59m。河床覆盖层中的砂层透镜体分布范围广泛,埋藏深,最大埋深达83.1m,最大厚度达到29.4m,最小厚度仅0.5m,一般厚度在5m以内。研究表明砂层不具有湖相堆积的特征,而是相对静水环境条件下及正常河流漫滩相等堆积形成。通过原位及室内取样试验表明,其宗河段河床覆盖层中粗粒土(漂(卵)碎块石等)强度相对较高,中下部细粒土工程性质具有超固结性,不具液化性,上部细砂层强度较低,地震工况下可能液化。该河段深厚覆盖层的工程效应主要有坝基地质条件差,仅适合堆石坝、坝基开挖方量大、砂层处理深度大、防渗处理难度较高等。 相似文献
4.
第四纪钻孔岩芯时间标尺的建立是分析平原覆盖区第四纪环境演变过程的重要基础。通过分析江苏扬州市施桥镇运河大桥东侧YBK1孔岩芯中总厚度95.50 m的第四纪沉积物的岩性、颜色、物质组成、沉积结构和接触界面形态等特征,并对地层进行详细分层基础上,综合采用AMS14C、光释光、宇生核素埋藏和古地磁等年代测试,建立了YBK1孔的第四纪地层年代标尺。结合地层的结构、构造、标志层等的标志,确定YBK1孔第四纪沉积物下覆地层为白垩系浦口组红色粉砂岩,第四纪地层自上而下可分为4套地层,从老到新分别为:中更新世晚期的启东组上段,发育时代为0.1~0.3 Ma,厚度30.20 m,以河床相砂砾层为主,成分较杂;晚更新世早期的昆山组下段,发育时代为0.1~0.045 Ma,厚度仅1.80 m,以残留的河床相砂砾为主;晚更新世晚期的滆湖组中段,发育时代为0.045~0.01 Ma,厚度仅3.40 m,以海滨形成的灰色粉细砂和灰黄色砂砾层为特征,晚更新世晚期的上段及下段均未见残留;全新世如东组沉积厚度较大,达55.10 m,可进一步分为上、中、下三段,分界年龄约为2.5 Ka和7.5 Ka。该区的全新世以滨海、河口、河漫滩沉积物为主,其厚度突然增大与全新世时期的河床改道密切相关。从YBK1孔的岩性特征分析,研究区域缺失早更新世及中更新世早期沉积物,中更新世晚期至晚更新世时期受河流侵蚀作用影响,以少量残留粗颗粒河床相沉积物为特征;全新世时期,因河流改道,地表水动力条件减弱,沉积了较厚的全新世沉积物。 相似文献
5.
Amir M. Abdolahzadeh Benoit Lacroix Vachon Alexandre R. Cabral 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2011,29(5):783-802
One important step in the design of inclined covers with capillary barrier effect (CCBE) is the determination of the water
diversion length (DL). Numerical simulations can predict the DL more precisely than steady-state analytical solutions. Nevertheless,
as simplified methods have always been part of engineering design, the application of analytical solutions with conservative
boundary conditions, may allow engineers to make reasonable predictions, particularly during the pre-feasibility stage of
a project. In this study, a CCBE was designed, constructed and instrumented at the Saint-Tite-des-Caps landfill, Quebec, Canada.
This CCBE included a seepage control layer superimposing a sand-gravel capillary barrier. The seepage control layer was made
up of deinking by-products (DBP), an industrial by-product that was previously disposed of as waste. The capillary barrier
was designed using an adaptation of the Ross analytical solution and the scenario considered was that of steady-state flow
during constant seepage flow applied uniformly at the top of the sand-gravel capillary barrier. Although these conditions
appear simplistic, they were deemed reasonable because placement of the seepage control layer on the top of the capillary
barrier led to very low suctions at the interface, thereby allowing uniform downward seepage rates, limited by the saturated
hydraulic conductivity of the DBP. In this paper, a discussion about the behaviour of the cover system based on 4 years of
field data from several instruments is presented. The challenge of using DBP, more precisely the settlement of the DBP layer
and its impact on k
sat
, is also assessed. The DL was reassessed considering the new k
sat
. A discussion on the validity of employing analytical solutions to determine DL is also presented. This paper illustrates
how certain variables affect the design of inclined CCBEs that include a highly compressible material as seepage control layer. 相似文献
6.
Sedimentologists recognize that development of a fine‐resolution, truly three‐dimensional analytical tool is essential if the internal structure of an opaque material is to be examined. This paper therefore seeks to: (i) test the viability of magnetic resonance imaging for sedimentological research; and (ii) investigate fine‐sediment infiltration into gravel beds. The results of six experiments are analysed quantitatively using Image J post‐processing software. Data indicate that magnetic resonance imaging‐based measurements of particle axes and volumes are comparable with standard laboratory techniques. Furthermore, the technique permits visualization and analysis of differences in the pattern of fine‐sediment infiltration (median particle diameter, d) into a framework of gravel (median particle diameter, D). Data clearly illustrate a siltation process for samples of D/d = 34 and a sealing process for samples of D/d = 7 where the seal is restricted to a depth equal to 2D. This pore‐scale visualization is valuable to the understanding of hydraulic–sediment–habitat interactions. 相似文献
7.
Jinlong Zhou Guomin Li Feng Liu Yiping Wang Xiaojing Guo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(5):1055-1063
According to the characteristics of groundwater in arid area, this paper proposes DRAV model for groundwater vulnerability
assessment, where D is groundwater depth, R is the net recharge of aquifer, A is the aquifer characteristics, and V is the lithology of vadose zone. As a case study, the paper assesses the vulnerability of pore phreatic water in Tarim Basin
of Xinjiang, China by using the DRAV model. The results indicate that the areas of phreatic water with vulnerability index
ranges of 2–4, 4–6, 6–8 and >8 accounting for 10.1, 80.4, 9.2 and 0.2% of the total plain area of the Tarim Basin respectively,
and the areas with the latter two vulnerability ranges (6–8 and >8) are mainly located in the irrigation districts with thin
soil layer (20–30 cm thick surface soil of vadose zone, mainly with underlying sandy gravel) and with silty and fine sand
layer. Such vadose zone generally lacks sandy loam and clayey soil and has larger recharge by infiltration of irrigation water. 相似文献
8.
预应力钢筒混凝土输水管线(PCCP)已广泛应用于地下输水工程,特别是南水北调工程。管道接口属于半刚性结构,相邻管道可产生一定的自由转角,在自由转角范围内两管之间不会产生内力。当相对转角大于自由转角时,两管会产生相互作用力,作用力过大会导致PCCP管的破坏,如何有效地控制不均匀软土地基上相邻管道转角成为研究管道安全的关键问题之一。首先分析了导致PCCP管线产生相对转角的机制,结合现场试验和数值分析对控制PCCP管线相对转角的关键因素进行研究。研究表明,相对转角的敏感因素为管道底部碎石垫层厚度、腰部以下砂垫层（砂包角）厚度和压实度,随着碎石垫层厚度增大、砂垫层（砂包角）厚度和压实度增加,管线相对转角降低,通过控制这3个因素可有效控制PCCP管的相对转角。研究成果可为软土地基上PCCP输水工程设计提供依据和指导。 相似文献
9.
Fabrice G. Renaud Jörn Birkmann Marion Damm Gilberto C. Gallopín 《Natural Hazards》2010,55(3):749-763
External suffusion, as selective erosion of fine particles through the contact with a coarser layer and moving away, is an
important phenomenon in dams which may lead to their failure. To study the initiation of external suffusion, caused by water
level increase upstream the dam, a series of experimental investigations were conducted on laboratory-scale model, in the
hydrodynamic laboratory of école polytechnique de Montreal. On the built model, clay/moraine formed the core, sand was used
as a filter and gravel performed the role of the pervious layer. Several different models (in geometry and constituent materials)
were built and subjected to the water level increase upstream, which resulted in changes in the hydraulic gradient. The results
showed no evidence of considerable suffusion on the clay/moraine and sand interface, while the visual and quantitative data
show the presence of suffusion on the sand and gravel interface. The results of the experiments show that, when focusing on
the critical hydraulic gradient that initiates the movement of the clay/moraine particles, it can be concluded that despite
the differences in test conditions, the critical hydraulic gradient has approximately the same value in all cases. It was
also shown that increasing the length of the filter layer or applying stair-like slopes does not have great impacts on the
initiation of suffusion, whereas the gravel-size distribution has a great impact on the erosion rate. 相似文献
10.
在我国某露天煤矿截水帷幕建造过程中，由于受架空高压线、地埋光缆、地埋排水管等多处障碍物影响，局部区域直接成槽工艺无法施工，因此，选择可以"全方位"施工的MJS工法完成此类区段建造。MJS试桩结果表明，该工法在东西两侧卵砾石层施工区成桩质量差异明显，为查明成桩差异性原因，采用地质勘探、重力触探试验和抽水试验等方法，从砾石层厚度、砾径、含砂量、地层密实度和含水层渗透能力等方面进行分析。结果表明，在砾石层厚度大、含砂量小、地层密实、含水层渗透性强的施工东区无法成桩，而在条件相反的施工西区成桩质量符合要求。研究成果拓宽了MJS工法的应用范围，对类似条件下MJS工法施工参数的选择具有指导意义。 相似文献
11.
海南岛北部浅海海砂资源丰富,以砂砾质沉积为主,集中于琼州海峡东口潮流沙脊区、河口三角洲和沿岸水下岸坡等海域。本文通过对海南岛北部海域的地形地貌、地层、底质类型等方面的调查,分东、西两个区域研究了海砂资源的分布、范围、规模和类型等地质特征,并估算了海砂资源量,结合沉积环境,评价了各区域海砂的资源潜力。研究区海砂分布广泛,但东、西区特征和规模具有较大差异,西区海砂以砂质砾和泥质砂为主,厚度5~10 m;东区海砂以砂、砾质砂和砂质砾为主,厚度10~50 m,规模远超西区。研究区共圈定出9处资源潜力区,资源量为91.4亿m3,其余区域为远景区,其资源量为71.5亿m3。根据地形地貌、水动力和沉积环境等因素,研究区海砂可分为潮流沙脊堆积体系、河口水下三角洲堆积体系、岬湾海岸水下岸坡堆积体系和侵蚀残留体系几种类型。其中位于琼州海峡东口浅滩区的潮流沙脊堆积体系海砂连续分布面积达328 km2,平均厚度超过25 m,资源量83.9亿m3,最具潜力。 相似文献
12.
青藏高原南缘某拟建机场场区发育第四系深厚覆盖层,对该工程建设具有较大的制约作用。钻孔资料显示,该深厚覆盖层普遍分布于整个场区,厚度均在30m以上,最大孔深105m仍未揭穿。纵向上深厚覆盖层由上而下可划分为4层:全新世泥石流堆积层(Q4sef)、全新世冲洪积堆积层(Q4al+pl)、全新世湖相堆积层(Q4l)和晚更新世冲洪积堆积层(Q3al+pl)。其中:泥石流主要由角砾和碎石组成,最大厚度约13m,分布于研究场区西侧;全新世冲洪积层组成物质复杂,以粉细砂和圆砾居多,无明显分层规律,最大厚度约7m;湖相沉积粉质黏土呈可塑-流塑状,局部夹含砂,最大厚度约43m;晚更新世冲洪积层以细砂和中粗砂为主,局部夹有卵砾石,厚度大于42m。分析表明,深层覆盖层成因与晚更新世以来喜马拉雅快速隆升及间冰期气候密切相关,而表层覆盖层与全新世以来青藏高原气候回暖及短期冷暖交替气候密切相关。试验揭示深厚覆盖层物理力学性质差异明显,研究场区存在不均匀沉降、渗漏破坏、边坡稳定性及冻融诱发地基破坏等主要工程地质问题。 相似文献
13.
Ayman A. Ahmed 《Hydrogeology Journal》2009,17(5):1189-1201
Three dimensional lithologic modeling techniques have been used for detailed characterization and groundwater flow modeling of the Quaternary aquifer system of the Sohag area, Egypt. Well log data were used for building the lithologic model using RockWorks. A groundwater flow model, facilitated by MODFLOW 2000, was built using results of the lithologic model. The obtained lithologic model honored the well log data and revealed a complex sedimentary system, which is mainly composed of six lithologic categories: clay, clay and sand, fine sand, coarse sand, sand and gravel, and gravel. Inter-fingering and presence of lenses are the main characteristics of the sedimentary basin in the study area. A wide range of hydraulic conductivities is present, which vary spatially and control the groundwater flow. Heterogeneity of the aquifer system is spatially represented where different hydraulic conductivities are found in the different directions. Sandy layers tend to be connected. Hydraulic continuity is represented by inter-fingering and connection of sandy materials within the aquifer system. 相似文献
14.
悬挂式防渗墙-强透水地基所处的应力状态,对其管涌等渗透变形发展过程影响明显。利用自行研制的新型土与结构物接触剪切渗透仪,开展不同应力状态下悬挂式防渗墙--缺乏中间级配的管涌型砂砾石地基的渗流-应力耦合管涌试验研究。结果表明,应力状态对悬挂式防渗墙-砂砾石地基的管涌临界渗透坡降影响巨大,围压越大,管涌临界渗透坡降越大,基于试验结果,建立了由围压表示的管涌临界渗透坡降线性经验公式。研究成果体现了渗流-应力耦合效应对防渗墙-砂砾石地基渗透稳定性的影响,可为确定深厚覆盖层中悬挂式防渗墙的合理贯入深度提供重要的理论依据。 相似文献
15.
16.
Proof of multiplicity of solutions for groundwater seepage in recharged heterogeneous unconfined aquifers 
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下载免费PDF全文 R.P. Chapuis 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(14):1988-2002
A new analytical proof is presented for steady‐state seepage in recharged heterogeneous unconfined aquifers. The paper also presents a detailed procedure and important rules for performing correctly numerical studies of unsaturated seepage. Once a numerical solution is calibrated with field data, using a set of spatially distributed values for hydraulic conductivity K and effective infiltration EI, any new numerical analysis with a set of αK and αEI values, where α is a constant, yields an equally good calibration. However, if the effective porosities of each layer are unchanged, the groundwater velocities are multiplied by α, whereas the travel times are divided by α, which may help to select α in order to match known travel time data. This is a clear example of multiple solutions to an inverse problem. The paper underlines the role and the need to finely mesh unsaturated zones and also contacts between layers to reach the asymptotic convergence range, as it was carried out to verify the proof and as it should be completed to study any seepage problem. A few consequences of the new analytical proof and the rigorous procedure are shown with examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Based on this preliminary study, existing sand and gravel mining regulations (in Maine, USA) can be inferred to provide some
protection to water resources. Sand and gravel deposits are important natural resources that have dual uses: mining for construction material and pumping for drinking water. How the mining of sand and gravel affects aquifers and change aquifer vulnerability to contamination
is not well documented. Mining regulations vary greatly by state and local jurisdiction. This study test metrics to measure
the effectiveness of mining regulations. The sand and gravel aquifer system studied is covered with former and active gravel
pits to nearly 25% of its areal extent. Data from homeowner interviews and field measurements found scant evidence of changes
in water quantity. Water quality analyses collected from springs, streams, ponds and wells indicate that the aquifer was vulnerable
to contamination by chloride and nitrate. However, water quality changes can not be related directly to mining activities. 相似文献
18.
渗流作用下土层之间的接触面是较易发生渗透破坏的薄弱环节。在开展砂砾石渗透破坏试验研究的基础上,针对砂砾石与砂的接触面渗流及渗透破坏特性,利用大型竖向渗透仪和自主研制的环状径向水平渗透仪,研究了竖向和水平渗流作用下接触面渗流和渗透破坏的影响因素及接触冲刷的发生、发展过程。研究结果表明,典型的砂砾石与砂的接触冲刷破坏过程可分为稳定渗流阶段、过渡阶段和破坏阶段3个阶段,可用2个特征水力坡降进行划分,稳定渗流阶段与过渡阶段的分界点对应的水力坡降称为启动坡降,过渡阶段与破坏阶段的分界点对应的水力坡降称为破坏坡降;砂砾石与砂组合试样的渗透系数随砂砾石密度的增大、颗粒变细而减小,砂砾石与砂接触冲刷的抗渗坡降则随砂砾石密度的增大、颗粒变细而增大,在水平渗流情况下试样的渗透系数较竖向的大,但接触冲刷的抗渗坡降较竖向的小。 相似文献
19.
Estimating hydraulic conductivity using grain-size analyses, aquifer tests, and numerical modeling in a riverside alluvial system in South Korea 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Jae-Yeol Cheong Se-Yeong Hamm Hyoung-Soo Kim Eun-Joung Ko Kyounghee Yang Jeong-Hwan Lee 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(6):1129-1143
Hydraulic conductivity (K) for an alluvial system in a riverbank filtration area in Changwon City, South Korea, has been studied using grain-size distribution, pumping and slug tests, and numerical modeling. The alluvial system is composed of layers: upper fine sand, medium sand, lower fine sand, and a highly conductive sand/gravel layer at the base. The geometric mean of K for the sand/gravel layer (9.89?×?10?4 m s?1), as determined by grain-size analyses, was 3.33 times greater than the geometric mean obtained from pumping tests (2.97?×?10?4 m s?1). The geometric mean of K estimates obtained from slug tests (3.08?×?10?6 m s?1) was one to two orders of magnitude lower than that from pumping tests and grain-size analyses. K estimates derived from a numerical model were compared to those derived from the grain-size methods, slug tests and pumping tests in order to determine the degree of deviation from the numerical model. It is considered that the K estimates determined by the slug tests resemble the uppermost part of the alluvial deposit, whereas the K estimates obtained by grain-size analyses and pumping tests are similar to those from the numerical model for the sand/gravel layer of the riverside alluvial system. 相似文献
20.
西藏芒康县金沙江上游雪隆囊河谷史前时期(全新世晚期)发生了一次明显的堰塞事件,形成了一个湖水体积约3.1×108 m3的大型堰塞湖。该堰塞湖形成后期发生溃决并引发异常大洪水,这一溃决事件发生在大约1 117 A.D.。地震诱发山体滑坡可能是金沙江发生堰塞的直接原因。在雪隆囊古堰塞坝体的下游一侧到其下游3.5 km的范围内,发现大量由砾石、砂和少量黏土组成的混杂堆积体,判定其为滑坡堰塞湖的溃坝堆积,是滑坡坝体及上游河床物质在坝体溃决后快速堆积形成。整套溃坝堆积体具有支撑-叠置构造、叠瓦构造和杂基构造等沉积特征,还具有一种特殊的沉积构造:即在垂向剖面上发育粗砾石层与细砂砾层的韵律互层,但剖面中缺少砾或砂的透镜体。这种沉积构造("互层构造")是溃坝堆积相区别于冲-洪积相、泥石流相等的一种重要判别标志。采用水力学模型反演确定雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水的平均流速为7.48 m/s,最大洪峰流量为10 786 m3/s。雪隆囊溃坝堆积体沉积特征及其环境的研究,不但有助于揭示古洪水事件发生的过程和机制,同时对于认识金沙江上游地区的环境演变也具有重要意义。 相似文献