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人对地球形状的认识至今经历了三大发展阶段：第一阶段是感觉阶段,受活动范围和生产力发展水平的限制,人类的认识主要以直观感觉为准,认为大地是平的,这种认识以“天圆地方”为代表;第二阶段是球形和椭球形观测研究阶段,16世纪完成的首次环球航行证实了地球是球形,后来又通过天文、大地等多种测算,人类逐渐认定地球是旋转椭球形,并且这一认识已成为一种常识, 相似文献
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所谓PKP的前驱波,即位于核震相PKIKP之前的一个波列,其振幅较弱,并且在震中距离为125~0～143~0间普遍能观测到.首先观测到这个震相的是B.Gatenberg和C.F.Richter(1934).尔后,随着地震记录技术的改进,许多地震学家对这个震相进行了精确的分析和认真的研究.我国地震台网对于发生在中美洲的危地马拉、巴拿马一带的大地震,往往能记录到发育较好的PKP的前驱波,如图1、2所示.由此可见,PKP的前驱波作为出现在地震图上的一个震相是勿容置疑的. 相似文献
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<正>从40多亿年前原始海洋的形成起,大海就在地球运转和生命演化中扮演着重要角色。板块运移,沧海桑田,形成了今天七大洲、四大洋的海陆分布格局。天体间的引力和地球自转赋予了海洋潮汐和洋流的节律,海洋每时每刻运动不息。这片覆盖了地表71%的蓝色区域也形成了地球上最大的生态系统,蕴藏着富饶的矿产,还有很多刚刚开发和待开发的新型能源。人类在认识、亲近、开发海洋的漫长历史中也逐渐形成了多种多样的海洋文化。在资源环境问题日益凸显的今天, 相似文献
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本文应用调制小震法对松潘地震前的震源过程进行了剖析,初步得到震前六年半(直至发震)这一时段内震源区和源外调整单元地震活动的时空图像,其特点如下: 1.第一阶段(1970—1973.5.7)在此阶段其地震活动的空间图像主要是形成调制小震带的围空区和空段区,但在震源区仍有非调制小震活动表明,该时段震源区和外围区具有不同的介质强度,背景震源区初步形成。2.第二阶段(1973.5.8—1974.12)在此阶段,地震活动的空间图像主要表现为震源区内非调制小震的消失,震源区北端中强震活跃。这说明震源区形成,应力正在加速积累。3.第三阶段(1975.1—1976.8.15)在此阶段未来震源区两端出现调制小震带的交汇区。震源区内非调制小震恢复活动。说明震源区两端的应力调整单元已基本形成,震源区应力水平相当高,震源已具备发震条件。4.在第四阶段的最后半年震中区以及外围(约300×200平方公里)小震调制比出现异常。说明震源区及其邻区应力水平已相当高,这是松潘大震来临的中期指标。5.临震前二个月内震源外围出现与外因时间同步的小震频度峰值,分别出现在6月27日、7月13日和8月15日。根据它们的同步性以及异常时间的倍九特征可进行松潘大震的短临预报。根据松潘震源过程的研究,利用小震在不同阶段的震源过程时空特征,有可能对一次大震作出不同时间尺度的预报。 相似文献
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利用国内基准台的 SK 地震记录图上的停止相研究了1989年4月16日,4月25日和5月3日巴塘3次中强地震(M_s=6.5,6.5和6.3)的震源详细破裂过程。研究结果表明:巴塘3次中强地震均为不对称双侧破裂机制,断层面走向均为 NNE,震源体破裂错动总长分别为23.9,21.3和27.1km,断层面宽度分别为7.1,6.1和6.4km,破裂错动的倾角较小,因此震源体的破裂错动以水平运动为主。 相似文献
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松潘-甘孜块体位于中国大陆西南部、南北地震带的中段,其东段与扬子块体相接,拥有多条活动断裂带,是青藏高原北部的主要构造单元.该地区地震活动性强烈,历史上曾发生过多次灾难性地震.本文基于地震触发原理和黏弹松弛分层地壳模型,计算了松潘-甘孜块体东北端历史强震之间应力传输和相互作用的过程.模型结果显示,受之前地震导致的库仑应力场变化的影响,1879年武都地震和1976年8月23日松潘M7.2级地震震中库仑应力积累提升,将促进这些地震提前发生;1933年M7.5叠溪地震和1973年M6.5松潘地震震中库仑应力降低,前续地震的影响可能使得这两次地震的发震时间推迟;在研究历史地震对1960年漳腊M6.7级地震、1976年8月16日M7.2级和1976年8月22日M6.7级松潘地震的作用时,有效摩擦系数的取值十分重要,当有效摩擦系数取0.8时,前续地震导致的应力场变化将促进以上三次地震的发生.松潘-甘孜块体东北端的强震活动有效地增强了西秦岭北缘断裂、东昆仑断裂玛沁-玛曲段、鲜水河断裂康定-道孚段和岷江断裂中段上的库仑应力积累,将提升这些断裂今后发生地震的概率;有效降低了龙日坝断裂上库仑应力的积累,降低了该断层上发生地震的概率.松潘-甘孜块体的地震活动降低了汶川地震震中位置的库仑破裂应力,但提升了破裂面东北段的应力积累,有助于汶川地震向东北端破裂. 相似文献
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Maximum earthquake size varies considerably amongst the subduction zones. This has been interpreted as a variation in the seismic coupling, which is presumably related to the mechanical conditions of the fault zone. The rupture process of a great earthquake indicates the distribution of strong (asperities) and weak regions of the fault. The rupture process of three great earthquakes (1963 Kurile Islands, MW = 8.5; 1965 Rat Islands, MW = 8.7; 1964 Alaska, MW = 9.2) are studied by using WWSSN stations in the core shadow zone. Diffraction around the core attenuates the P-wave amplitudes such that on-scale long-period P-waves are recorded. There are striking differences between the seismograms of the great earthquakes; the Alaskan earthquake has the largest amplitude and a very long-period nature, while the Kurile Islands earthquake appears to be a sequence of magnitude 7.5 events.The source time functions are deconvolved from the observed records. The Kurile Islands rupture process is characterized by the breaking of asperities with a length scale of 40–60 km, and for the Alaskan earthquake the dominant length scale in the epicentral region is 140–200 km. The variation of length scale and MW suggests that larger asperities cause larger earthquakes. The source time function of the 1979 Colombia earthquake (MW = 8.3) is also deconvolved. This earthquake is characterized by a single asperity of length scale 100–120 km, which is consistent with the above pattern, as the Colombia subduction zone was previously ruptured by a great (MW = 8.8) earthquake in 1906.The main result is that maximum earthquake size is related to the asperity distribution on the fault. The subduction zones with the largest earthquakes have very large asperities (e.g. the Alaskan earthquake), while the zones with the smaller great earthquakes (e.g. Kurile Islands) have smaller scattered asperities. 相似文献
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汶川地震与松潘地震前异常现象分析比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分析了1976年松潘7.2级地震和2008年汶川8.0级地震前异常现象。汶川8.0级地震为地震活跃期的首发大地震,震前区域性中小地震相对平静,区域地震活动b值为0.77;松潘7.2级地震是活跃期间发生的地震,震中附近地区地震活动密集,曾发生松潘黄龙6.5级地震,震前区域地震活动b值为0.62;汶川地震前区域主压应力方位与错动类型总体上与8.0级地震给出的解大体一致,这与松潘7.2级地震前的情况有显著差异,震前地震与余震震型有差异。根据观测数据的分析和异常判定结果认为,松潘地震与汶川地震前的观测异常没有一个台项是重复出现的,短临异常数前者显著多于后者。松潘地震与汶川地震前的宏观异常现象差异极大,更未出现火球、地光临震异常现象。这说明,已有的短临前兆观测异常的出现仅有个案特征,而无普适意义。 相似文献
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本文计算和研究了1973~1976年四川松潘4次强震组成的序列引起的库仑应力变化图像,分析了由该序列各次事件引起的近场应力变化及其与后续强震发生以及余震分布的关系,同时分析了该序列引起的远场应力变化与随后25年区域中-强地震活动的关系.结果显示：1973年8月11日松潘黄龙6.5级地震导致虎牙断裂带中段上库仑应力的显著增加并触发了1976年8月16日的7.2级地震;此后,又沿断层向南相继触发了1976年8月22日的6.7级地震和8月23日的7.2级地震.该序列的绝大多数余震主要发生在主震发震断层的近场库仑应力增加区.另外,在该强震序列发生后的25年中、在距该序列发震断层中部约200 km范围内,6次5.0~6.6级地震均发生在由该序列引起的远场、微量的库仑应力变化增加区中. 相似文献
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STUDY ON SOURCE PARAMETERS OF THE 8 AUGUST 2017 M7.0 JIUZHAIGOU EARTHQUAKE AND ITS AFTERSHOCKS,NORTHERN SICHUAN 
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下载免费PDF全文 WU Wei-wei WEI Ya-ling LONG Feng LIANG Ming-jian CHEN Xue-fen SUN Wei ZHAO Jing 《地震地质》1979,42(2):492-512
On August 8, 2017, a strong earthquake of M7.0 occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Prefecture, northern Sichuan. The earthquake occurred on a branch fault at the southern end of the eastern section of the East Kunlun fault zone. In the northwest of the aftershock area is the Maqu-Maqin seismic gap, which is in a locking state under high stress. Destructive earthquakes are frequent along the southeast direction of the aftershocks area. In Songpan-Pingwu area, only 50~80km away from the Jiuzhaigou earthquake, two M7.2 earthquakes and one M6.7 earthquake occurred from August 16 to 23, 1976. Therefore, the Jiuzhaigou earthquake was an earthquake that occurred at the transition part between the historical earthquake fracture gap and the neotectonic active area. Compared with other M7.0 earthquakes, there are few moderate-strong aftershocks following this Jiuzhaigou earthquake, and the maximum magnitude of aftershocks is much smaller than the main shock. There is no surface rupture zone discovered corresponding to the M7.0 earthquake. In order to understand the feature of source structure and the tectonic environment of the source region, we calculate the parameters of the initial earthquake catalogue by Loc3D based on the digital waveform data recorded by Sichuan seismic network and seismic phase data collected by the China Earthquake Networks Center. Smaller events in the sequence are relocated using double-difference algorithm; source mechanism solutions and centroid depths of 29 earthquakes with ML≥3.4 are obtained by CAP method. Moreover, the source spectrum of 186 earthquakes with 2.0≤ML≤5.5 is restored and the spatial distribution of source stress drop along faults is obtained. According to the relocations and focal mechanism results, the Jiuzhaigou M7.0 earthquake is a high-angle left-lateral strike-slip event. The earthquake sequence mainly extends along the NW-SE direction, with the dominant focal depth of 4~18km. There are few shallow earthquakes and few earthquakes with depth greater than 20km. The relocation results show that the distribution of aftershocks is bounded by the M7.0 main shock, which shows obvious segmental characteristics in space, and the aftershock area is divided into NW segment and SE segment. The NW segment is about 16km long and 12km wide, with scattered and less earthquakes, the dominant focal depth is 4~12km, the source stress drop is large, and the type of focal mechanism is complicated. The SE segment is about 20km long and 8km wide, with concentrated earthquakes, the dominant depth is 4~12km, most moderate-strong earthquakes occurred in the depth between 11~14km. Aftershock activity extends eastward from the start point of the M7.0 main earthquake. The middle-late-stage aftershocks are released intensively on this segment, most of them are strike-slip earthquakes. The stress drop of the aftershock sequence gradually decreases with time. Principal stress axis distribution also shows segmentation characteristics. On the NW segment, the dominant azimuth of P axis is about 91.39°, the average elevation angle is about 20.80°, the dominant azimuth of T axis is NE-SW, and the average elevation angle is about 58.44°. On the SE segment, the dominant azimuth of P axis is about 103.66°, the average elevation angle is about 19.03°, the dominant azimuth of T axis is NNE-SSW, and the average elevation angle is about 15.44°. According to the fault profile inferred from the focal mechanism solution, the main controlling structure in the source area is in NW-SE direction, which may be a concealed fault or the north extension of Huya Fault. The northwest end of the fault is limited to the horsetail structure at the east end of the East Kunlun Fault, and the SE extension requires clear seismic geological evidence. The dip angle of the NW segment of the seismogenic fault is about 65°, which may be a reverse fault striking NNW and dipping NE. According to the basic characteristics of inverse fault ruptures, the rupture often extends short along the strike, the rupture length is often disproportionate to the magnitude of the earthquake, and it is not easy to form a rupture zone on the surface. The dip angle of the SE segment of the seismogenic fault is about 82°, which may be a strike-slip fault that strikes NW and dips SW. The fault plane solution shows significant change on the north and south sides of the main earthquake, and turns gradually from compressional thrust to strike-slip movement, with a certain degree of rotation. 相似文献
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1997-2003年新疆伽师地震序列时空分布研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
分析研究了伽师地震序列目录。分析结果表明：①1997-2003年伽师地震分为3个发震阶段,不同阶段具有各自的活动特点,第一阶段6级地震频次高,第二阶段5级地震频次高,第三阶段地震强度大,高b值是伽师序列明显起伏前的主要特征;②伽师6级地震经历了由西南向北东再向东南的发展过程,1997年4月16日前发生的6级地震余震分布倾向性不显著,其后发生的6级地震的余震大都分布在主震南侧,2003年2月24日伽师6．8级地震余震分布形态与以往6级地震明显不同,这可能与该区特殊的构造条件有关;③1998年以前伽师6级地震余震扩展不明显,1998年8月27日6级地震余震已显现出扩展趋势,2003年2月24日6级地震余震扩展显著;④伽师强震群6级地震震源深度介于17—31km范围,1997年4月16日后震源深度维持在27km左右范围,表明伽师序列初始破裂从上地壳开始,而优势破裂深度在中地壳;⑤伽师地震整体上表现出由浅到深的分布特征,3个活动阶段5级地震也具有这种特征,多数5级以上地震的震源深度正是震区高速体存在区。 相似文献
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Historically, large and potentially hazardous earthquakes have occurred within the interior of Alaska. However, most have not been adequately studied using modern methods of waveform modeling. The 22 July 1937, 16 October 1947, and 7 April 1958 earthquakes are three of the largest events known to have occurred within central Alaska (M
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=7.3,M
s
=7.2 andM
s
=7.3, respectively). We analyzed teleseismic body waves to gain information about the focal parameters of these events. In order to deconvolve the source time functions from teleseismic records, we first attempted to improve upon the published focal mechanisms for each event. Synthetic seismograms were computed for different source parameters, using the reflectivity method. A search was completed which compared the hand-digitized data with a suite of synthetic traces covering the complete parameter space of strike, dip, and slip direction. In this way, the focal mechanism showing the maximum correlation between the observed and calculated traces was found. Source time functions, i.e., the moment release as a function of time, were then deconvolved from teleseismic records for the three historical earthquakes, using the focal mechanisms which best fit the data. From these deconvolutions, we also recovered the depth of the events and their seismic moments. The earthquakes were all found to have a shallow foci, with depths of less than 10 km.The 1937 earthquake occurred within a northeast-southwest band of seismicity termed the Salcha seismic zone (SSZ). We confirm the previously published focal mechanism, indicating strike-slip faulting, with one focal plane parallel to the SSZ which was interpreted as the fault plane. Assuming a unilateral fault model and a reasonable rupture velocity of between 2 and 3 km/s, the 21 second rupture duration for this event indicates that all of the 65 km long SSZ may have ruptured during this event. The 1947 event, located to the south of the northwest-southeast trending Fairbanks seismic zone, was found to have a duration of about 11 seconds, thus indicating a rupture length of up to 30 km. The rupture duration of the 1958 earthquake, which occurred near the town of Huslia, approximately 400 km ENE of Fairbanks, was found to be about 9 seconds. This gives a rupture length consistent with the observed damage, an area of 16 km by 64 km. 相似文献
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