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1.
We present evidence for the origin of the Lyngen Gabbro of the Ordovician Lyngen Magmatic Complex in Troms, Northern Norway. The two magmatic suites of the Lyngen Gabbro strike parallel NNE-SSW, and have distinct magmatic signatures. We define these signatures by using major and trace-element analyses together with selected major- and trace-element mineral analyses and 143Nd/144Nd-isotope whole-rock analyses of gabbroic to tonalitic plutonic rocks from seven detailed cross-sections from this large gabbro-complex. The Western suite of the Lyngen Gabbro precipitated from magma that may have been derived from the same system as the associated volcanic rocks. The gabbros have high An-content (An>90) of their plagioclases relative to co-existing mafic minerals. Together with somewhat high Nd(t) values (+6), this implies that the parental magmas were hydrous tholeiites similar to those found in back arc basins today. The Eastern suite, on the other hand, consist of cumulates that were precipitated from melts resembling those of ultra-depleted high-Ca boninitic magmas found in fore-arcs. Extremely high-An plagioclases (An>95) co-exist with evolved mafic minerals and oxides, and the Nd(t) values are lower (+4) than in the Western suite. The Eastern suite has no volcanic counterpart, but dikes intersecting the suites have compositions that possibly represent its parental magma. The oceanic Rypdalen Shear Zone generally separates the two suites in the north, but several non-tectonic transitions from boninitic to tholeiitic signatures southwards advocate that the magmatism happened concurrently. The magmatic proximity between the suites, the hydrous magmatism and the absence of a silicic or calc-alkaline mature arc section, suggests that the Lyngen Gabbro formed in the Iapetus Ocean under conditions presently found in incipient arcs later emplaced as outer arc highs.  相似文献   

2.
The Lyngen Magmatic Complex (LMC) of North Norway, consists of a western suite of layered gabbros of normal-mid oceanic ridge basalt (N-MORB) affinity and an eastern suite of layered gabbronorites, quartz-bearing gabbros and diorites/quartz-diorites of IAT (island-arc tholeiitte) to boninitic affinity. The boundary between the suites is defined by a large-scale ductile shear zone, the Rypdalen shear zone (RSZ). In this shear zone anatectic tonalites were generated by partial melting of the gabbro in the presence of an H2O bearing fluid phase.Quartz from the tonalites contains early secondary and secondary liquid-dominated inclusions (88-99 wt.% H2O), with an average salinity of 18 wt.% (calculated as NaCleq). Combined gas and ion chromatography shows that the major ions in the fluid are Cl−, Ca2+, Na+ with smaller amounts of K+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Br− and NO3−. The dominant non-H2O volatile species is N2 (0.5-10%), and small amounts of CO2, CH4 and other hydrocarbons are also present.The cation concentrations in the fluid are variable, due to element exchange during interaction of the fluids with the tonalites, amphibolites and metagabbros of the RSZ. The fluid contributed Na+ and K+ to the melt and gained Ca2+ in exchange, explaining the variable Na+/Ca2+ ratio of the fluid. The Br− and Cl− contents of the fluid inclusions plot on the same line as evaporating sea water, which strongly suggests a seawater origin for the fluid phase, and a seawater source fits well with other geochemical signatures and the tectonic setting of the LMC.It is suggested that seawater escaped from a subducting slab and was channelled along the Rypdalen shear zone. This caused anatexis of the gabbro, generating tonalitic melts at 0.5-0.9 GPa and 680-800°C.  相似文献   

3.
李艳芳  邱检生  王睿强  徐航  洪宇飞 《地质学报》2019,93(12):3020-3046
本文选取冈底斯带东段加查县东北部丝波绒曲复式岩体为对象,对其进行了岩相学、地质年代学、岩石地球化学以及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成的综合研究,据此探讨了该复式岩体的成因及其对构造演化的启示。研究结果表明,该复式岩体由早侏罗世辉长岩-花岗岩杂岩(188～185Ma)和始新世花岗质岩石(～47Ma)构成,两期花岗质岩石中普遍发育塑变形态的镁铁质包体。早侏罗世杂岩由角闪辉长岩和英云闪长岩组成,角闪辉长岩中的主要铁镁矿物为角闪石,它们为一套钙碱性弧岩浆岩组合,具有亏损的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成。始新世花岗质岩石主要为二长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩,它们较早侏罗世英云闪长岩更为富碱,属钙碱性-高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,其同位素组成也较早侏罗世英云闪长岩富集。综合分析表明,该区早侏罗世复合辉长岩-花岗岩的形成受控于新特提斯洋板片北向俯冲的构造背景,角闪辉长岩起源于受俯冲板片脱水交代的上覆地幔楔的部分熔融,共生的英云闪长岩则为同期幔源岩浆底侵诱发初生地壳部分熔融产生的长英质岩浆与幔源岩浆不同程度混合的产物。始新世花岗岩的形成受控于新特提斯洋板片断离的构造背景,是由具"弧"型地球化学特征的初生地壳再造的产物,并有少量印度陆壳富集组分参与成岩。  相似文献   

4.
The Archean Shawmere Anorthosite Complex, at the southern end of the Kapuskasing Structural Zone, consists dominantly of anorthosite (An65 –85) with minor gabbroic and ultramafic units, which are completely enclosed and cut by tonalites. Both the anorthosites and the tonalites are themselves cut by narrow dikes of gabbroic anorthosite. All of the rocks have undergone high grade metamorphism and are recrystallized so that few igneous textures remain.The anorthosites, gabbros and ultramafic rocks of this complex are cumulates which contain calcic plagioclase (An65–95) and have atomic Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) ratios (Mg#) greater than 0.6; less than 3 ppm Rb; 150–210 ppm Sr; and less than 60 ppm Ba. REE abundanees range from 0.2 to 10 times chondritic and exhibit both light-enriched and light-depleted REE patterns. The lower Mg# for the samples having more enriched light REE indicates substantial fractions of ferromagnesian minerals crystallized in addition to plagioclase during fractional crystallization, suggesting that the parent magma was basaltic, and not anorthositic. The ranges in Sr, Ba and REE abundances required for the magmas are typical of those for tholeiitic basalts from Archean greenstone belts. Thus the Shawmere Anorthosite Complex may represent cumulates of a crustal-level magma chamber which could have been the immediate source of basic Archean volcanics.One gabbroic anorthositic dike sample has a steeply fractionalted REE pattern with heavy REE abundances less than chondrites and a large positive Eu anomaly. The proposed interpretations is that this rock formed by partial melting of mafic cumulates, perhaps those of the Shawmere Anorthosite Complex itself.  相似文献   

5.
The Mesoarchean (ca. 3075 Ma) Ivisaartoq greenstone belt contains well-preserved primary magmatic structures, such as pillow lavas, volcanic breccias, and clinopyroxene cumulate layers (picrites), despite the isoclinal folding and amphibolite facies metamorphism. The belt also includes variably deformed gabbroic to dioritic dykes and sills, actinolite schists, and serpentinites. The Ivisaartoq rocks underwent at least two stages of post-magmatic metamorphic alteration, including seafloor hydrothermal alteration and syn- to post-tectonic calc-silicate metasomatism, between 3075 and 2961 Ma. These alteration processes resulted in the mobilization of many major and trace elements. The trace element characteristics of the least altered rocks are consistent with a supra-subduction zone geodynamic setting and shallow mantle sources. On the basis of geological similarities between the Ivisaartoq greenstone belt and Phanerozoic forearc ophiolites, and intra-oceanic island arcs, we suggest that the Ivisaartoq greenstone belt represents a relic of dismembered Mesoarchean supra-subduction zone oceanic crust. This crust might originally have been composed of a lower layer of leucogabbros and anorthosites, and an upper layer of pillow lavas, picritic flows, gabbroic to dioritic dykes and sills, and dunitic to wehrlitic sills.

The Sm–Nd and U–Pb isotope systems have been disturbed in strongly altered actinolite schists. In addition, the U–Pb isotope system in pillow basalts appears to have been partially open during seafloor hydrothermal alteration. Gabbros and diorites have the least disturbed Pb isotopic compositions. In contrast, the Sm–Nd isotope system appears to have remained relatively undisturbed in picrites, pillow lavas, gabbros, and diorites. As a group, picrites have more depleted initial Nd isotopic signatures (εNd = + 4.23 to + 4.97) than pillow lavas, gabbros, and diorites (εNd = + 0.30 to + 3.04), consistent with a variably depleted, heterogeneous mantle source.

In some areas gabbros include up to 15 cm long white inclusions (xenoliths). These inclusions are composed primarily (> 90%) of Ca-rich plagioclase and are interpreted as anorthositic cumulates brought to the surface by upwelling gabbroic magmas. The anorthositic cumulates have significantly higher initial εNd (+ 4.8 to + 6.0) values than the surrounding gabbroic matrix (+ 2.3 to + 2.8), consistent with different mantle sources for the two rock types.  相似文献   


6.
Trace element characteristics of seven coesite-bearing eclogitic xenoliths from the Roberts Victor kimberlite demonstrate that this suite of eclogites originated as gabbroic cumulates in oceanic crust that was subsequently subducted. All but one of the garnets show positive Eu anomalies, accompanied by a flat heavy rare earth pattern, which is atypical of garnet, but characteristic of plagioclase, arguing for a considerable amount of plagioclase in the protoliths. Forward modelling of the accumulation of liquidus minerals from primitive komatiitic, picritic, and basaltic liquids suggests that at least some of the eclogite protoliths were not derived from basaltic parental liquids, whereas derivation from either komatiitic or picritic liquids is possible. The reconstructed eclogite bulk rocks compare favourably with oceanic gabbros from ODP hole 735B (SW Indian Ridge), even to the extent that oxygen isotopic systematics show signs of low-temperature seawater alteration. However, the oxygen isotope trends are the reverse of what is expected for cumulates in the lower section of the oceanic crust. These new findings show that δ18O values in eclogitic xenoliths, despite being sound indicators for their interaction with hydrothermal fluids at low pressure, do not necessarily bear a simple relationship with the inferred oceanic crustal stratigraphy of the protoliths.  相似文献   

7.
The Sausfjellet pluton is made up of two intrusive units emplaced into high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Helgeland Nappe Complex of the Uppermost Allochthon in the Norwegian Caledonides. The eastern part of the pluton intruded marble and less voluminous calc-silicate and pelitic rocks. The western half is hosted predominantly by semi-pelitic migmatite with intercalated marble. Remelting of the migmatite during pluton emplacement occurred in a thermal aureole as much as 1000 m wide. The early gabbroic unit forms the southeastern part of the body; it consists of hornblende-bearing to hornblende-rich gabbro and diorite which is thought to have crystallized from an H2O-rich andesitic parental magma. The younger dioritic unit underlies the central and western parts of the pluton, as well as a zone as much as 200 m wide that separates the rest of the pluton from its host rocks (herein the “annular zone”). The interior or central zone of the dioritic unit is pyroxene diorite that is locally interlayered with anorthosite. The western and annular zones are, by comparison, mineralogically heterogeneous. They range from diorite to quartz monzonite and from biotite-bearing two- and three-pyroxene assemblages to biotite–hornblende assemblages. Neither rock type nor mafic assemblage is correlated with position in the pluton or proximity to a contact. Stoped blocks of a distinctive coarse-grained diorite, as well as pyroxene-rich calc-silicates, are present in the gabbroic unit and the central zone of the dioritic unit. The few stoped blocks observed in the western zone of the dioritic unit are predominantly quartz-rich gneiss. Chemical variation in the central zone of the dioritic unit is interpreted to result from accumulation of pyroxenes+plagioclase from an H2O-poor andesitic parent. These rocks have approximately constant δ18O of +6.6±0.2‰ and lack evidence of in situ assimilation. Heterogeneities in the western and annular zones of the dioritic unit are reflected in variable, anomalously enriched incompatible element contents and in δ18O, which ranges from +6.7‰ to +8.6‰. Petrologic models indicate that the magma parental to the central zone could also be parental to the western and annular zones. If so, evolution of the western and annular zone magma was by crystal accumulation and assimilation of metapelitic host rocks. As much as 20% of the mass of the western and annular zones can be ascribed to assimilated material, which apparently entered the magma by stoping. Therefore, the asymmetrical zoning of the pluton is due to differences in host rock compositions and the relative ability of the magma to assimilate its host rocks.  相似文献   

8.
Alkaline magmas from the late-Cenozoic Marie Byrd Land Volcanic Province, West Antarctica, have entrained lithospheric xenoliths which vary from spinel lherzolites to supracrustal rocks. Lower crustal xenoliths have been collected from the Executive Committee Range (Mounts Hampton in the north and Mount Sidley in the south) in central Marie Byrd Land, and their petrological characteristics together with preliminary geochemical data are discussed here. Granulite xenoliths include metaigneous gabbros and norites with varying proportions of clinopyroxene, spinel and either olivine or orthopyroxene. Pyroxenites occur together with granulites, which on the basis of their similar mineral assemblage, texture and composition are considered to be related to the granulites. The composition of xenoliths from Mounts Hampton and Sidley differ (e.g. Mount Sidley xenoliths have Mg# 32–80, are relatively LREE enriched and have 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70286–0.70376 and 143Nd/144Nd of 0.512864–0.512870, whereas Mount Hampton xenoliths have Mg# 68–78, are LREE depleted and have 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70420–0.70458 and 143Nd/144Nd of 0.512771–0.512819), defining a major lateral lower crustal discontinuity beneath the Executive Committee Range. Relict igneous textures and low abundances of incompatible elements indicate that the xenoliths initially formed as cumulates rather than as trapped melts. The xenolith suite differs in composition to the host rocks (Mount Sidley VOLCANICS = 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70300–0.70312 and 143Nd/144Nd of 0.512814–0.512907) and cannot be co-genetic with them. They are interpreted here to represent the cumulates of mantle melts that evolved by crystal fractionation at lower crustal depths.  相似文献   

9.
The Neoarchaean Tati granite–greenstone terrane occurs within the southwestern part of the Zimbabwe craton in NE Botswana. It comprises 10 intrusive bodies forming part of three distinct plutonic suites: (1) an earlier TTG suite dominated by tonalites, trondhjemites, Na-granites distributed into high-Al (Group 1) and low-Al (Group 2) TTG sub-suite rocks; (2) a Sanukitoid suite including gabbros and Mg-diorites; and (3) a younger high-K granite suite displaying I-type, calc-alkaline affinities.

The Group 1 TTG sub-suite rocks are marked by high Sr/Y values and strongly fractionated chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns, with no Eu anomaly. The Group 2 TTG sub-suite displays higher LREE contents, negative Eu anomaly and small to no fractionation of HREE. The primordial mantle-normalized patterns of the Francistown TTGs are marked by negative Nb–Ti anomalies. The geochemical characteristics of the TTG rocks are consistent with features of silicate melts from partial melting of flat subducting slabs for the Group 1 sub-suite and partial melting of arc mafic magmas underplated in the lower crust for the Group 2 sub-suite. The gabbros and high-Mg diorites of the Sanukitoid suite are marked by Mg#>0.5, high Al2O3 (>>16%), low TiO2 (<0.6%) and variable enrichment of HFSE and LILE. Their chondrite-normalized REE patterns are flat in gabbros and mildly to substantially fractionated in high-Mg diorites, with minor negative or positive Eu anomalies. The primordial mantle-normalized diagrams display negative Nb–Ti (and Zr in gabbros) anomalies. Variable but high Sr/Y, Sr/Ce, La/Nb, Th/Ta and Cs/La and low Ce/Pb ratios mark the Sanukitoid suite rocks. These geochemical features are consistent with melting of a sub-arc heterogeneously metasomatised mantle wedge source predominantly enriched by earlier TTG melts and fluids from dehydration of a subducting slab. Melting of the mantle wedge is consistent with a steeper subduction system. The late to post-kinematic high-K granite suite includes I-type calc-alkaline rocks generated through crustal partial melting of earlier TTG material. The Neoarchaean tectonic evolution of the Zimbabwe craton is shown to mark a broad continental magmatic arc (and related accretionary thrusts and sedimentary basins) linked to a subduction zone, which operated within the Limpopo–Shashe belt at 2.8–2.65 Ga. The detachment of the subducting slab led to the uprise of a hotter mantle section as the source of heat inducing crustal partial melting of juvenile TTG material to produce the high-K granite suite.  相似文献   


10.
Gabbroic plutons are part of the intrusive substructure of theSmartville Complex, a late Jurassic, rifted, ensimatic arc locatedin the northern Sierra Nevada of California. The plutons rangefrom unzoned, equant bodies of olivine gabbro less than 1 kmin diameter to elongate intrusions up to 25 km in length thatare reversly zoned from olivine gabbro cores to quartz dioriterims. The felsic rocks dip inward beneath the mafic core, indicatingthat this zoning reversal continues to depth. The zoned plutonshave relatively shallow keels. We interpret the reversed zoningas an emplacement feature, analogous to the compositional zoningin a zoned tephra sheet. It formed as a result of tapping analready zoned, deeper level magma chamber. Whether the originalzoning of the magma was concentric or stratiform cannot be readilydeduced. During emplacement, considerable amounts of cumulaterocks were mobilized. The mineralogy and geochemistry of the reversely zoned plutonsindicate that they contain two suites of rocks: a cumulate suiterepresented by olivine gabbro and olivine clinopyroxenite anda differentiated suite of non-cumulate olivine gabbros, gabbronorites,and diorites that lie along a compositional continuum and approximateliquid compositions. Plagioclase and olivine compositions inthe Smartville Complex cumulate suite are identical to thosein modern arc cumulates and are characteristic of the arc cumulatesuite. The differentiated rocks form a compositionally continuousseries that is geochemically very similar to a differentiatedsuite of arc tholeiitic basalts and andesites. Fractionationmodeling indicates that removal of mineral phases found in thecumulate gabbros from the mafic members of the differentiatedsuite can produce the lithologic variation seen in the zonedplutons. Plutons such as those in the Smartville Complex indicatethat there is a genetic link between cumulate rocks and a basalt-andesitefractionation trend in arcs, supporting the hypothesis thatarc andesites form by crystal fractionation. The gabbroic plutonsand related Alaska-type ultramafic complexes contain ultramaficcumulates that can rectify the discrepancy between the cumulatemode predicted by fractionation models and the observed modeof gabbroic cumulates in arcs.  相似文献   

11.
Rocks of the Moruya Batholith range from gabbros and gabbroic diorites through quartz diorites and tonalites to granodiorites and rare adamellites. The gabbros and gabbroic diorites appear as small, early bodies intruded and enclosed by quartz diorites and tonalites. These early gabbroids are petrographically and chemically distinct from the granitoids. The latter occur as a meridionally‐oriented sequence of nine separate plutons. Mafic xenoliths are most abundant in the quartz diorites and tonalites; they are petrographically similar to their host granitoids and are chemically a more mafic extension of the variation in granitoid compositions. The various granitoid bodies are considered to be derived from similar source rocks, with the xenoliths representing modified material relict from partial melting of that source.

Comparison of chemical data from the Moruya granitoids with those of the I‐types of the Jindabyne Suite in the Kosciusko Batholith, shows that the potassium content is indistinguishable in the two suites from each side of the Moruya‐Kosciusko Province, although elsewhere it has been shown to vary systematically across an orogenic belt. The most outstanding difference is the higher Na and Ti and lower Ca in the Moruya Batholith compared with those in Kosciusko Batholith I‐type granitoids.  相似文献   

12.
M. Lachize  J. P. Lorand  T. Juteau 《Lithos》1996,38(3-4):207-232
The Wadi Haymiliyah section, in the Haylayn block (Semail ophiolite, Oman) displays an unusual plutonic sequence closely similar to those of supra-subduction zone harzburgitic ophiolites (“Troodos sub-type”). It comprizes a bottom, 1000 m-thick, coarse-grained layered gabbro unit (MLGU) overlain by a 1000 m-thick, fine-grained, laminated noritic gabbro unit (MLNGU). Taken as a whole, the mineralogical and bulk-rock trends of the Haymiliah plutonic sequence are those of arc-related calc-alkaline plutons. The MLGU layered gabbros are olivine gabbros and gabbros which differ from low-P cumulates of MORB (oceanic gabbros) by Fe3+-rich cumulus chrome spinel [Fe3+/(Fe3+ + Al + Cr) = 0.2-0.3], diopside (Mg# = 85–91) co-crystallized with highly calcic plagioclase (An96-80) and intercumulus magnesian orthopyroxene (Mg# = 87-80). Plagioclase remains highly calcic at decreasing Fo content, indicating crystallization under high water pressure (> 500 bar). Despite an abrupt decrease in grain size, there exists modal and chemical gradations between MLGU and MLNGU. In the uppermost part of the MLGU, coarse-grained, gabbroic cyclic units culminate with two-pyroxene gabbros containing up to 20 wt.% cumulus Opx. These latter are interbedded over a thickness of ca. 300 m with fine-grained two-pyroxene gabbros and noritic gabbros layers which differ only by slightly higher modal opx and plagioclase contents. The bottom of the MLNGU is marked by norite layers containg up to 80 wt.% plagioclase, cumulus Ti-magnetite and abundant intercumulus Ti-pargasite. Unlike low-pressure differentiates of MORBs, the MLNGU lacks pigeonite and Fe-Ti oxide layers. Cumulus titanomagnetite appears immediately after the orthopyroxene (Mg# = 72–76) in the crystallization order of the norites. The abundance of interstitial Ti-poor pargasite increases at the top of the MLNGU which is brecciated by dioritic differentiates. Both features indicate increasing water pressure and oxygen fugacity (NNO + 2 log units) symptomatic of closed-system magmatic differentiation. Mg#'s of both pyroxenes (70–80) decrease moderately relative to the MLGU coarse-grained gabbros. This and the increase of plagioclase and orthopyroxene modal proportions produce increasing SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O and Sr contents at nearly constant FeO/MgO in bulk-rock chemistry. This feature similar to the calc-alkaline differentiation trend, is due primarily to a parental tholeiitic magma more hydrated and oxidized than MORBs (ƒO2 = NNO instead of NNO-2 to NNO-3 log unit); this trend is fully developed in the Wadi Haymiliah section because closure of the magma reservoir in this region allowed larger extent of magmatic differentiation than in other blocks of the Semail ophiolite. The water-rich and oxidized nature of the parental magmas argues for the evolution of the Semail ophiolite in a marginal basin above a subduction zone rather than at a mature oceanic spreading center.  相似文献   

13.
A thick sequence of mafic-ultramafic rocks, occurs along a major shear zone (Phulad lineament), running across the length of Aravalli Mountain Range for about 300 kms. It has been suggested, that this sequence may represent a fragment of ophiolite or a rift related metavolcanic suite made up of basalts and fractionated ultramafics. The geological and tectonic significance of the complex is assessed using field relationships, petrography and geochemistry. Structurally, the lowest part of the complex comprises a discontinuous band of plastically deformed harzburgite (mantle component) followed by layered cumulus gabbroic rocks (crustal component). A complex of non-cumulus rocks comprising hornblende schists, gabbros, sheeted dykes and pillowed basalts structurally overlies layered gabbros. Huge bodies of diorite intrude volcanics.

Geochemical classification suggests that all non-cumulus mafic rocks are sub-alkaline basalts except one variety of dykes which shows mildly alkaline character. The sub-alkaline rocks are tholeiite to calc-alkaline with boninite affinity. Tectono-magmatic variation diagrams and MORB normalised patterns suggest a fore arc tectonic regime for the eruption of these rocks.

The mafic rocks of Phulad Ophiolite Suite are zoned across the strike in terms of their distribution from west to east. The hornblende schists and basalts are exposed at the westernmost margin followed by gabbros and dykes. The alkaline dyke occurs at the easternmost part. The rocks of Phulad suite are juxtaposed with shallow water sediments in the east followed by platformal sediments and then continental slope sediments in the further east indicating gradual thickening of the crust from west to east and an eastward subduction. The geochemical interpretation presented in this study, together with discussion of lithological association is used to decipher the tectonic evolution of the Mesoproterozoics of NW Indian shield.  相似文献   


14.
Hercynian gabbroic, dioritic and tonalitic rocks crop out in the neighbourhood of Rovale (Sila Grande, Calabria). They make up a crude rectangular outcrop with the western part consisting of gabbroic rocks and the eastern of dioritic and tonalitic rocks. They come into contact with medium to high grade metapelites on the western side and with heterogeneous granodiorites on the other sides. In the gabbroic body both opx ± ol bearing cumulates and amphibole differentiates occur and are characterized by the widespread presence of brown pargasite. Sporadic magmatic to subsolidus corona textures between olivine and plagioclase or orthopyroxene and plagioclase can be observed and their preservation clearly suggests a post-tectonic emplacement for the gabbroic magma. Diorites and tonalites display hypidiomorphic textures free of olivine and orthopyroxene and bearing green Mg-hornblende. The granitoids, on the basis of chemical data, display orogenic features of the continent-continent collision type. The gabbroic rocks have high Al tholeiitic composition and fractionation of orthopyroxene and plagioclase played an important part in their evolution. The Rb/Sr isochron method did not give a precise emplacement age for the granitoids as a whole. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (at 290 Ma) are higher in the gabbroic body (0.7091–0.7095) than in diorites and tonalites (0.7083–0.7092). Thus gabbroic rocks appear more displaced than diorites and tonalites towards crustal isotopic composition. The eNd data seem to confirm this feature, thus suggesting that the gabbroic rocks and diorites derived from distinct mantle magma batches. Interestingly, small isotropic gabbroic masses occur within the diorites and show general features that allow them to be considered as possibly parental with respect to the host diorites. The evolution to the dioritic composition might have occurred through fractionation and minor mixing with a more acidic component such as the northern granodiorites. Geochemical, Sr and Nd isotopic data indicate a scenario of a composite plutonic body formed by distinct magma batches of mixed crust and mantle origin.  相似文献   

15.
Xenolith suites from Permian host rocks in Orkney and the extreme NE of the Scottish mainland (Duncansby Ness) are described and compared to those from elsewhere in the Northern Highlands Terrane. Those from the Tingwall dyke, Orkney, comprise roughly equal proportions of ultramafic rocks (wehrlites, clinopyroxenites, websterites, hornblendites) and mafic to felsic rocks (gabbroic, noritic and dioritic granulites, with subordinate tonalites and trondhjemites). Those from Duncansby (45 km to the south) are dominantly olivine-poor ultramafic rocks (clinopyroxenites, pargasite pyroxenites, biotite-pyroxenites), together with granulites grading from gabbroic through to tonalites and trondhjemites. Most of the granulites are meta-igneous, comprising plagioclase and one- or two-pyroxene species with equilibration temperatures of 810-710 °C, and are regarded as samples of the lower crust. Absence of garnet and olivine, together with the association of relatively sodic plagioclase and aluminous pyroxenes, is consistent with derivation from depths corresponding to 5-10 kbar. Positive Eu anomalies in the granulites imply that most originated as plagioclase-rich cumulates from basaltic magmas. Scarce peraluminous quartzo-feldspathic xenoliths, such as a garnet-sillimanite-bearing sample from Duncansby, are regarded as metasedimentary in origin. Pyroxenes (and biotites) in the ultramafic xenoliths tend to have higher mg numbers than those of the granulites, reflecting higher temperatures of formation. Whereas the pyroxene-rich ultramafic rocks may be partly interleaved with the granulites in the lower crust, it is concluded that they also constitute a zone of substantial thickness at or around Moho level, separating the granulites from underlying peridotites, and that they originated as cumulates cognate to the granulites. They have, however, been variably metasomatised with formation of amphibole. This zone may constitute a density trap at which melt fractions, rich in K, Fe, Ti and OH and ascending from the asthenosphere, interact with the ultramafic cumulates, modifying them texturally and modally to produce a complex veined assemblage of clinopyroxene- and pargasite-rich rocks. The metasomatism involved an increase in LREE, HFSE and LILE contents. Some modal and cryptic metasomatism may also have affected the granulites, accounting for the presence of amphibole and relatively high LREE/HREE values (La/Lu 38-206). Since closely comparable xenolith assemblages also occur in Mull at the southwestern extremity of the Northern Highland Terrane, such metasomatised olivine- and orthopyroxene-deficient ultramafic rocks may characterise the shallowest part of the mantle beneath the entire terrane. The strongly bimodal character of the xenolith populations (either ultramafic or mafic grading to felsic) is taken to reflect the sharpness of the petrological Moho in this region.  相似文献   

16.
Wadi El-Markh gabbro–diorite complex is composed of pyroxene hornblende gabbros, hornblende gabbros, diorites and quartz diorites. According to their bulk rock geochemistry and mineral chemistry, the gabbroic and dioritic rocks represent fractionates along a single line of descent and crystallized from a calc-alkaline mafic magma. When compared to the primitive mantle, all members of the gabbroic–dioritic rock suite are enriched in the large ion lithophile elements relative to the high field strength elements and display distinctive negative Nb and P2O5 anomalies. This signals an arc setting. Fractionation modeling involving the major elements reveals that the hornblende gabbros were generated from the parent pyroxene hornblende gabbros by 61.86% fractional crystallization. The diorites were produced from the hornblende gabbros by fractional crystallization with a 58.97% residual liquid, whereas the quartz diorites were formed from the diorites by 26.58% fractional crystallization. According to geothermobarometry based on amphibole mineral chemistry, the most primitive pyroxene hornblende gabbros crystallized at ～830 °C/～5 kbar. The crystallization conditions of the quartz diorites were estimated at ～570 °C/～2 kbar. In consequence the Wadi El-Markh gabbro–diorite complex represents a single magmatic suite of which fractionates crystallized in progressively shallower levels of an arc crust.  相似文献   

17.
Geochemical constraints on the bimodal origin of High Himalayan leucogranites   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19  
S. Guillot  P. Le Fort 《Lithos》1995,35(3-4):221-234
Major and trace element and Rb-Sr isotope systematics of the Manaslu leucogranite, Central Nepal, have been examined to constrain the role of mineral fractionation and fluids in peraluminous granite petrogenesis. Biotite and tourmaline are, for the most part, mutually exclusive, with a predominance of two-mica leucogranites over tourmaline leucogranites. The 87Sr/86Sr initial isotopic ratios (Sri) indicate that leucogranitic melts were derived from two different sources, the two-mica leucogranites having a metagreywacke origin (with Sri < 0.752 and εNd < −15) and the tourmaline leucogranites a metapelitic one (Sri> 0.752; εNd > − 15). Such a bimodal nature of the source zone does not directly influence the magmatic evolution, except that probably the higher initial boron content in the metapelitic rocks may increase the Na2O/K2O ratio. In contrast, the amount of water present during melting principally controls in part anatectic processes and element behaviour. Water-saturated conditions probably occured during melting of metagreywackeous rocks and favoured crystallization of two-mica leucogranites whereas water-absent conditions prevailed during melting of metapelitic layers and favoured biotite, plagioclase and monazite fractionation in the source zone and tourmaline crystallization in the leucogranite.  相似文献   

18.
The Mesoarchean Nuasahi chromite deposits of the Singhbhum Craton in eastern India consist of a lower chromite-bearing ultramafic unit and an upper magnetite-bearing gabbroic unit. The ultramafic unit is a ∼5 km long and ∼400 m wide linear belt trending NNW-SSE with a general north-easterly dip. The chromitite ore bodies are hosted in the dunite that is flanked by the orthopyroxenite. The rocks of the ultramafic unit including the chromitite crystallized from a primitive boninitic magma, whereas the gabbro unit formed from an evolved boninitic magma. A shear zone (10–75 m wide) is present at the upper contact of the ultramafic unit. This shear zone consists of a breccia comprising millimeter- to meter-sized fragments of chromitite and serpentinized rocks of the ultramafic unit enclosed in a pegmatitic and hybridized gabbroic matrix. The shear zone was formed late synkinematically with respect to the main gabbroic intrusion and intruded by a hydrous mafic magma comagmatic with the evolved boninitic magma that formed the gabbro unit. Both sulfide-free and sulfide-bearing zones with platinum group element (PGE) enrichment are present in the breccia zone. The PGE mineralogy in sulfide-rich assemblages is dominated by minerals containing Pd, Pt, Sb, Bi, Te, S, and/or As. Samples from the gabbro unit and the breccia zone have total PGE concentrations ranging from 3 to 116 ppb and 258 to 24,100 ppb, respectively. The sulfide-rich assemblages of the breccia zone are Pd-rich and have Pd/Ir ratios of 13–1,750 and Pd/Pt ratios of 1–73. The PGE-enriched sulfide-bearing assemblages of the breccia zone are characterized by (1) extensive development of secondary hydrous minerals in the altered parts of fragments and in the matrix of the breccia, (2) coarsening of grain size in the altered parts of the chromitite fragments, and (3) extensive alteration of primary chromite to more Fe-rich chromite with inclusions of chlorite, rutile, ilmenite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, and PGE-bearing chalcogenides. Unaltered parts of the massive chromitite fragments from the breccia zone show PGE ratios (Pd/Ir = 2.5) similar to massive chromitite (Pd/Ir = 0.4–6.6) of the ultramafic unit. The Ir-group PGE (IPGE: Ir, Os, Ru) of the sulfide-rich breccia assemblages were contributed from the ultramafic–chromitite breccia. Samples of the gabbro unit have fractionated primitive mantle-normalized patterns, IPGE depletion (Pd/Ir = 24–1,227) and Ni-depletion due to early removal of olivine and chromite from the primitive boninitic magma that formed the ultramafic unit. Samples of the gabbro and the breccia zone have negative Nb, Th, Zr, and Hf anomalies, indicating derivation from a depleted mantle source. The Cu/Pd ratios of the PGE-mineralized samples of the breccia zone (2.0 × 103–3.2 × 103) are lower than mantle (6.2 × 103) suggesting that the parental boninitic magma (Archean high-Mg lava: Cu/Pd ratio ∼1.3 × 103; komatiite: Cu/Pd ratio ∼8 × 103) was sulfur-undersaturated. Samples of the ultramafic unit, gabbro and the mineralized breccia zone, have a narrow range of incompatible trace element ratios indicating a cogenetic relationship. The ultramafic rocks and the gabbros have relatively constant subchondritic Nb/Ta ratios (ultramafic rocks: Nb/Ta = 4.1–8.8; gabbro unit: Nb/Ta = 11.5–13.2), whereas samples of the breccia zone are characterized by highly variable Nb/Ta ratios (Nb/Ta = 2.5–16.6) and show evidence of metasomatism. The enrichment of light rare earth element and mobile incompatible elements in the mineralized samples provides supporting evidence for metasomatism. The interaction of the ultramafic fragments with the evolved fluid-rich mafic magma was key to the formation of the PGE mineralization in the Nuasahi massif.  相似文献   

19.
The Tunk Lake pluton of coastal Maine, USA is a concentrically zoned granitic body that grades from an outer hypersolvus granite into subsolvus rapakivi granite, and then into subsolvus non-rapakivi granite, with gradational contacts between these zones. The pluton is partially surrounded by a zone of basaltic and gabbroic enclaves, interpreted as quenched magmatic droplets and mushes, respectively, as well as gabbroic xenoliths, all hosted by high-silica granite. The granite is zoned in terms of mineral assemblage, mineral composition, zircon crystallization temperature, and major and trace element concentration, from the present-day rim (interpreted as being closer to the base of the chamber) to the core (interpreted as being closer to the upper portions of the chamber). The ferromagnesian mineral assemblage systematically changes from augite and hornblende with augite cores in the outermost hypersolvus granite to hornblende, to hornblende and biotite, and finally, to biotite only in the subsolvus granite core of the pluton. Sparse fine-grained basaltic enclaves that are most common in the outermost zone of the pluton suggest that basaltic magma was present in the lower portions of the magma chamber at the same time that the upper portions of the magma chamber were occupied by a granitic crystal mush. However, the slight variations in initial Nd isotopic ratio in granites from different zones of the pluton suggest that contamination of the granitic melt by basaltic melt played little role in generating the compositional gradation of the pluton. The zone of basaltic and gabbroic chilled magmatic enclaves, and gabbroic xenoliths, hosted by high-silica granite, that partially surround the pluton is interpreted as mafic layers at the base of the pluton that were disrupted by invading late-stage high-silica magma. These mafic layers are likely to have consisted of basaltic lava layers and basalt that chilled against granitic magma to produce coarse-grained gabbroic mush. Basaltic and gabbroic magmatic enclaves and gabbroic xenoliths are hornblende-bearing, suggesting that their parent melts were relatively hydrous. The water-rich nature of the underplating mafic magmas may have prevented extensive invasion of the granitic magma by these magmas, owing to the much greater viscosity of the granitic magma than the mafic magmas in the temperature range over which magma interaction could have occurred.  相似文献   

20.
Cores and cuttings of lamproite sills and host sedimentary country rocks in southeastern Kansas from up to 312 m depth were analyzed for major elements in whole rocks and minerals, certain trace elements in whole rocks (including the REE) and Sr isotopic composition of the whole rocks. The lamproites are ultrapotassic (K2O/Na2O = 2.0–19.9), alkalic [molecular (K2O/Na2O)/Al2O3 = 1.3-2.8], enriched in mantle-incompatible elements (light REE, Ba, Rb, Sr, Th, Hf, Ta) and have nearly homogeneous initial Sr isotopic compositions (0.707764-0.708114).

These lamproites could have formed by variable degrees of partial melting of harzburgite country rock and cross-cutting veins composed of phlogopite, K-Ti richterite, titanite, diopside, K-Ti silicates, or K-Ba-phosphate under high H2O/CO2 ratios and reducing conditions. Variability in melting of veins and wall rock and variable composition of the metasomatized veins could explain the significantly different composition of the Kansas lamproites.

Least squares fractionation models preclude the derivation of the Kansas lamproites by fractional crystallization from magmas similar in composition to higher silica phlogopite-sanidine lamproites some believe to be primary lamproite melts found elsewhere. In all but one case, least squares fractionation models also preclude the derivation of magmas similar in composition to any of the Kansas lamproites from one another. A magma similar in composition to the average composition of the higher SiO2 Ecco Ranch lamproite (237.5–247.5 m depth) could, however, have marginally crystallized about 12% richterite, 12% sanidine, 7% diopside and 6% phlogopite to produce the average composition of the Guess lamproite (305–312 m depth).

Lamproite from the Ecco Ranch core is internally fractionated in K2O, Al2O3, Ba, MgO, Fe2O3, Co and Cr most likely by crystal accumulation-removal of ferromagnesian minerals and sanidine. In contrast, the Guess core (305–312 m depth) has little fractionation throughout most of the sill except in several narrow zones. Lamproite in the Guess core has large enrichments in TiO2, Ba, REE, Th, Ta and Sc and depletions in MgO, Cr, Co and Rb possibly concentrated in these narrow zones during the last dregs of crystallization of this magma.

The Ecco Ranch sill did not show any evidence of loss of volatiles or soluble elements into the country rock. This contrasts to the previously studied, shallow Silver City lamproite which did apparently lose H2O-rich fluid to the country rock. Perhaps a greater confining pressure and lesser amount of H2O-rich fluid prevented it from escaping.  相似文献   


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