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1.
横向沙丘背风侧气流重附风洞模拟 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
二次流在沙丘形成和形态维持过程中扮演着重要角色。沙丘迎风坡气流加速和背风侧气流分离是最常见的二次流形式。沙丘背风侧的二次流,尤其是气流分离形成的分离涡和气流重附对沙丘背风坡的塑造、沙丘间距和排列模式都具有重要的控制作用。因此,设计了一系列具有不同迎风坡坡度的横向沙丘模型,采用粒子图像测速技术,通过风洞实验模拟了沙丘背风侧的气流分离和重新附着。实验结果表明,当来流风速垂直于沙丘脊线时,沙丘背风侧的气流重附距离介于4\^8 H~10\^8 H之间(H为沙丘高度),最大重附距离出现在迎风坡坡度为15°的沙丘背风侧;沙丘迎风坡坡度是控制背风侧气流重附距离的主要因素,而自由风速对气流重附距离的控制作用较小。根据实验结果,还讨论了气流分离与重附对沙粒运移和沙丘形态维持的沉积学意义。 相似文献
2.
横向沙丘气流平均速度变化规律的风洞模拟 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2
在沙丘动力系统中,存在沙丘形态、气流、沙粒运移三者之间复杂的相互作用。通过风洞实验的方法,针对不同形态的6组横向沙丘模型,采用粒子图像测速系统,测量了模型沙丘周围气流水平速度和垂直速度的变化规律。实验结果表明,横向沙丘迎风坡水平气流存在1.28～1.89之间的加速率,垂直气流存在上扬趋势,这二者均有随沙丘迎风坡坡度增大而增大的趋势。在横向沙丘背风坡,由于气流的分离,水平气流速度减小并出现反向,其大小约为自由风速的17％;垂直气流速度存在下沉趋势,其最大沉速出现在气流重附点附近;背风坡气流速度的变化受沙丘迎风坡坡度影响较小,受自由风速的影响较大。沙丘对气流速度的改变在近地层较为显著,随着高度的增加地形影响逐渐减小。 相似文献
3.
Numerical modelling of flow structures over idealized transverse aeolian dunes of varying geometry 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model (PHOENICS™ 3.5) previously validated for wind tunnel measurements is used to simulate the streamwise and vertical velocity flow fields over idealized transverse dunes of varying height (h) and stoss slope basal length (L). The model accurately reproduced patterns of: flow deceleration at the dune toe; stoss flow acceleration; vertical lift in the crest region; lee-side flow separation, re-attachment and reversal; and flow recovery distance. Results indicate that the flow field over transverse dunes is particularly sensitive to changes in dune height, with an increase in height resulting in flow deceleration at the toe, streamwise acceleration and vertical lift at the crest, and an increase in the extent of, and strength of reversed flows within, the lee-side separation cell. In general, the length of the separation zone varied from 3 to 15 h from the crest and increased over taller, steeper dunes. Similarly, the flow recovery distance ranged from 45 to >75 h and was more sensitive to changes in dune height. For the range of dune shapes investigated in this study, the differing effects of height and stoss slope length raise questions regarding the applicability of dune aspect ratio as a parameter for explaining airflow over transverse dunes. Evidence is also provided to support existing research on: streamline curvature and the maintenance of sand transport in the toe region; vertical lift in the crest region and its effect on grainfall delivery; relations between the turbulent shear layer and downward forcing of flow re-attachment; and extended flow recovery distances beyond the separation cell. Field validation is required to test these findings in natural settings. Future applications of the model will characterize turbulence and shear stress fields, examine the effects of more complex isolated dune forms and investigate flow over multiple dunes. 相似文献
4.
反向沙丘形态-动力学过程是风沙地貌的重要研究内容。选择腾格里沙漠东南缘推平沙地发育的反向沙丘为研究对象,采用二维超声风速仪对沙丘表面5个位置0.25 m和0.5 m高度的气流进行野外观测。结果表明：（1）气流方向影响近地层气流特征。以沙丘脊线垂线为轴,0.25 m高度处沙丘脊线的垂线两侧风向变化不完全对称。当丘顶气流方向与脊线垂线角度差值为负时,迎风坡底部风速恢复较慢。（2）背风坡气流特征受风向控制。背风坡0.25 m与0.5 m高度气流变化规律相似,在背风坡中部发生偏转,但沙丘顶部气流方向与脊线垂线相差<10°时发生反向偏转。丘顶风向为285°—315°（左偏）时,0.25 m高度的偏转角度大于0.5 m高度的偏转角度。背风坡0.25 m与0.5 m高度处风速表现为脊线垂线两侧风速变化不一致。（3）沙丘表面气流影响沙丘形态。观测期间沙丘脊线发生明显移动,移动值为0.33 m。背风坡发生堆积,最大堆积厚度为0.44 m,迎风坡发生风蚀,最大风蚀深度为0.43 m。该研究结果证实了风在风沙地貌演化中的重要作用,为反向沙丘形态演化数值模拟提供数据支持。 相似文献
5.
通过野外调查及风场观测,研究了在主导风向为NW-SE时,榆靖高速公路K404处上风向植被防护体系的地面流场变化特征。结果表明:（1）风速和地形存在较好的相关性。在流动沙丘和固定沙丘迎风坡,风速放大率均为正,背风坡为负,背风坡没有产生回流,风速整体减小。风速放大率计算结果表明,愈接近地面风速的变化程度越大,风速放大率绝对值与垂直高度呈指数函数关系,风速放大率的大小与沙丘类型无关。（2）接近公路的贴地面风速显著下降,现有植被防护体系能够缓解流沙危害,植被的防风效果较好。（3）流动、半固定、固定沙丘的迎风坡地表风速廓线基本符合对数律,丘顶和背风坡风速廓线偏离对数曲线,固定沙丘粗糙度高于流动沙丘。 相似文献
6.
库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面风速与输沙率的变异 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
以库布齐沙漠南缘典型抛物线形沙丘为研究对象,选取3个沙丘前端活动区的纵断面和一个贯穿两翼及翼间平地的横断面,同步观测各个断面的风速与输沙率,讨论抛物线形沙丘表面形态-动力学过程。结果显示,沙丘前端活动区3个纵断面的风速和输沙率遵循一般变化规律,即沿迎风坡上升逐渐增加,至丘顶及附近达到最大,并在背风侧降低;二者在3个纵断面上的变化趋势一致,但具体变化形式不同,沙丘表面动力与输沙过程存在较大的空间异质性。沙丘两翼具有纵向沙丘的动力学性质,翼体两侧风速和输沙率具有对称性。该沙丘沙源匮缺,前端活动区主要依靠两翼内侧侵蚀提供沙源。受沙丘形状和植被等因素影响,坡脚及坡下部风速与输沙率之间没有相关性,因此简单的风速放大率和输沙率变化程度无法准确揭示该类型沙丘表面复杂的形态-动力学关系。 相似文献
7.
8.
Variations of horizontal and vertical velocities over two-dimensional transverse dunes: A wind tunnel simulation of the effect of windward slope 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The changes in wind velocity induced by dune topography have an important significance in dune dynamics. In this paper, the horizontal and vertical velocities over six transverse dune models were measured non-intrusively by means of Particle Image Velocimetry in a wind tunnel. The windward slope angle and the free-stream wind velocity both affected the horizontal and vertical velocity components. On the windward side, the acceleration of horizontal velocity depended mainly on the windward slope angle and the height above the dune surface, but was also affected by the free-stream wind velocity. The speed-up ratio increased with increasing slope angle but decreased with increasing height. The ascending vertical velocities also increased with increasing slope angle and free-stream wind velocity. The maximum values moved upper along the dune when the windward angle became steeper. In the leeward sides, the horizontal velocity decreased and reversed because of airflow separation; the maximum reverse velocity in the separation cell was about 17% of the free-stream wind velocity. Behind the dune crest, the airflow moves downwards, and its maximum downward velocity is found near the flow reattachment point. Finally, we discussed the significance of these velocity variations for sediment transport and dune dynamics. 相似文献
9.
塔克拉玛干沙漠简单线形沙丘形态动力学过程研究 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6
采样分析、风沙观测以及计算结果表明,在不同风向作用以及沙丘形态参数改变等因素的控制下,简单线形沙丘表面起动剪切速度有明显的差异。表面的气流强度随风向的改变而有所不同。气流与沙丘正交时迎风一侧的输沙率远大于背风一侧同地貌部位的输沙率,但当气流与沙丘走向斜交时,沙丘两侧同地貌部位的输沙率差异不是太大,这是线形沙丘在动力学过程中能保持其形态的最主要原因之一。风向的多变以及沙丘形态的变化使风沙流内边界层内随高度的风速与所观测的输沙率虽也表现为幂函数关系,但相关性较低。沙丘表面被输移的沙物质的粒度分布与下垫面物质组成有一定的差异,在中低强度的起沙风范围内,被输移的沙物质的平均粒径小于下垫面沙物质的平均粒径,且随风速或输沙率的增大,粒度组成也趋于统一。总体上,地表沙物质的输移仍是一随机过程。 相似文献
10.
青海共和盆地风况及风沙地貌 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用共和盆地茶卡、共和、贵南站2012-2015年的风资料,分析盆地风向、风速和输沙势的变化特征,并结合Google Earth高清影像,对盆地风能环境与风沙地貌进行探讨。结果表明：（1）盆地年平均风速1.6～2.7 m·s-1,西北部、中部和东南部年起沙风出现的频率分别为7.7%、3.5%、0.9%,起沙风主要发生在冬、春季,风向以WNW和W为主。（2）盆地属于低风能环境,风沙活动自西北部向东南部减弱,方向变率指数0.7～0.96,风况为窄单峰或宽单峰风况,西北部和中部风向变率属于低变率,东南部属于中等变率,合成输沙方向较一致,为281.0°～286.7°。（3）盆地沙丘类型有新月形沙丘（链）、格状沙丘、复合型链状沙丘、沙山、沙垄、抛物线沙丘等,沙丘类型和风况较吻合。 相似文献
11.
塔克拉玛干沙漠公路是世界上穿越流沙区最长的公路,公路两侧防沙治沙工程体系是公路正常运行的关键因素。以塔克拉玛干沙漠沙垄区的公路防护林带为研究对象,结合野外地形测量、防护工程调查以及风沙数据观测,分析沙垄不同地貌部位防护林带内气流特征,揭示防护林带内风场变化规律,探讨不同地貌部位防护林带的防护效果。主要结论是:①垂直于公路的防护林带断面风场存在3个区(防护林带前部风速迅速降低区、防护林带中部风速低值区、防护林带工程后部风速恢复区),气流穿过公路路面时风速呈增大趋势,利于公路防护;②现有防护林带具有较好的防护效果,相对于防护林带上风向流沙区的风速,防护林带中部风速降低幅度在80%以上,多数断面在林带前缘10H后（H为植株平均高度）风速降低至最小;③沙垄不同地貌部位的工程防护效益存在显著差异,迎风坡底部防护效果最好,迎风坡中部防护最差。其研究结果可为塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防沙治沙工程体系优化提供科学依据。 相似文献
12.
响水河中游右岸沙丘群粒度分布特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
在野外实地考察和测量的基础上,沿盛行风向,对西辽河平原西部响水河中游右岸普遍发育的新月形沙丘链进行样品采集。经室内激光粒度仪测定,研究了河岸沙丘粒度分布规律。结果表明：（1）响水河右岸沙丘及丘间地以中沙为主,而河谷谷底细沙含量最多,平沙地次之。（2）滨岸沙丘由迎风坡脚到丘顶平均粒径变小,远岸沙丘由迎风坡脚到丘顶平均粒径变大;多数沙丘分选性由两侧坡脚到丘顶变好;多数沙丘丘顶偏度值和峰态值大于两侧坡脚。（3）滨岸沙丘受风、水两相作用,能从较深地层获得沙源;其下风向沙丘主要受风力作用,沙源主要为丘间地沙及上风向风沙流携带的较细沙。 相似文献
13.
新月形沙丘表面风速廓线与风沙流结构变异研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在风沙地貌学中,跃移沙粒与风场的耦合作用下,其最直观的表现形式为风速廓线和风沙流结构的变异。通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地新月形沙丘迎风坡坡脚、沙丘顶部、沙丘的两个兽角前端、沙丘背风坡坡脚5个典型部位的风速廓线和风沙流结构进行了实地观测,并与参照点（丘间粗沙地）的风速廓线和风沙流结构进行了对比。发现受地形扰动作用,沙丘背风坡坡脚处和沙丘的两个兽角前端的风速廓线形式均呈现非对数形式分布。除迎风坡坡脚处风沙流结构与参照点处相似之外,其余各个部位风沙流均表现出不同于参照点的结构形式。直接采用曲线拟合方法对风沙流结构函数进行拟合,并针对有明显分段现象的风沙流结构形式,采取分段拟合,并对造成风速廓线和风沙流结构变异的原因进行了讨论。 相似文献
14.
Particle size and sorting characteristics of sand in transport on the stoss slope of a small reversing dune 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Studies of the particle size and sorting characteristics of sand on the stoss slope of a 6-m high reversing dune show that the sand in transport is generally finer and better sorted than surface sand at the same position on the slope. The sand in transport becomes coarser and more poorly sorted as wind speed and rates of mass transport increase toward the dune crest. These patterns reflect changes in the competence of the wind, which is capable of transporting larger grains and a wider range of grain sizes as its speed increases in space and time. Our field observations suggest that the particle size and sorting characteristics of surface sand are highly dependent on antecedent wind conditions and are not an invariant property of the dune, as is widely assumed. The wide range of particle sizes on the surface, as well as its change through time, also has important implications for modeling sediment transport on dunes. Transport thresholds may vary by as much as 30% on the stoss slope of the study dune. 相似文献
15.
古尔班通古特沙漠半固定沙垄表面风的脉动特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用DETI可移动测风系统,对古尔班通古特沙漠半固定沙垄进行实地观测,获取了主要风季沙垄表面7个典型部位200 cm高度的风向及距离地表20 cm、40 cm、60 cm、100 cm和200 cm 5个高度的风速系列数据。对风速和风向的脉动特征进行分析研究,发现凸起的沙垄不仅影响平均风速在沙垄表面的变化,亦对风速及风向脉动产生显著影响。结果表明,平均风速沿迎风坡逐渐增大,至垄顶达到最大,在背风坡中上部剧烈降低,随后又缓慢恢复。随着入射角的增大,平均风速在沙垄表面的变化幅度也在增大;绝对风速脉动具有与平均风速相同的变化趋势,且随距地表高度的增加绝对风速脉动值亦在增大;就相对风速脉动（阵性度值）而言,背风坡阵性度值要高于迎风坡,其中背风坡中上部是整个沙垄表面阵性度最高的部位,这与背风侧涡流的存在密切相关;沙垄背风坡风向脉动强度远比迎风坡大,随着入射角的减小,背风坡风向的偏转作用也在加强,而涡旋作用相对减弱。 相似文献
16.
巴丹吉林沙漠沙丘形态与风动力关系的初步研究 总被引：19，自引：10，他引：9
通过气象资料分析、遥感解译、野外地貌调查、沙丘形态测量和沙丘表沙粒度沉积学分析,对巴丹吉林沙漠不同沙丘的形态特征及其动力机制进行了系统研究。研究结果显示,巴丹吉林沙漠近40 a来的输沙势有高频变率、多向变化的特点,并在沙漠东南缘更为显著。宏观尺度上,在特征输沙场作用下,绝大部分沙山的走向很规则,且在沙丘形态上既表现出横向沙丘的部分特征,也有高大沙山独有的特点。不同走向沙丘的表沙粒度沉积学对比分析表明,表沙的平均粒径和分选系数与规则走向沙山的沙丘形态具有较好的相关性,这种相关性与沙漠东南缘的气流场总体对应。不规则走向沙山的表沙粒度分布特征较为复杂,可能是沙丘发育过程中受下伏地形起伏影响,其形态反作用局部气流场所致。沙山尾部和丘间带表沙常有多峰态的粒度分布特征,各峰指示了不同的风沙运移方式。 相似文献
17.
Ripples and transverse dunes in areas of abundant sand supply increase in height and spacing as a function of time, grain size, and excess shear velocity. How and why each of these factors influence ripple and transverse dune size, however, is not precisely known. In this paper, the controls on the height and spacing of ripples and transverse dunes in areas of abundant sand supply are investigated using a numerical model for the formation of eolian bedforms from an initially flat surface. This bedform evolution model combines the basic elements of Werner's [Werner, B.T., 1995. Eolian dunes: Computer simulations and attractor interpretation. Geology 23, 1107–1110.] cellular automaton model of dune formation with a model for boundary layer flow over complex topography. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between bed shear stress and slope on the windward (stoss) side of evolving bedforms. Nonlinear boundary layer model results indicate that bed shear stresses on stoss slopes increase with increasing slope angle up to approximately 20°, then decrease with increasing slope angle as backpressure effects become limiting. In the bedform evolution model, the linear boundary layer flow model of Jackson and Hunt [Jackson, P.S., Hunt, J.C.R., 1975. Turbulent wind flow over a low hill. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 101, 929–955.], generalized to 3D, is modified to include the nonlinear relationship between bed shear stress and slope. Bed shear stresses predicted by the modified Jackson and Hunt flow model are then used to predict rates of erosion and deposition iteratively through time within a mass-conservative framework similar to Werner [Werner, B.T., 1995. Eolian dunes: Computer simulations and attractor interpretation. Geology 23, 1107–1110.]. Beginning with a flat bed, the model forms ripples that grow in height and spacing until a dynamic steady-state condition is achieved in which bedforms migrate downwind without further growth. The steady-state ripple spacing predicted by this model is approximately 3000 times greater than the aerodynamic roughness length of the initially flat surface, which is a function of grain size and excess shear velocity. Once steady-state ripples form, they become the dominant roughness element of the surface. The increase in roughness associated with ripple formation triggers the same bedform instability that created ripples, causing dunes to form at a larger scale. In this way, the numerical model of this paper suggests that ripples and dunes are genetically linked. Transverse dunes in this model have a steady-state height and spacing that is controlled by the effective roughness length of the rippled surface, which is shown to be on the order of 500 times greater than the original roughness length, but varies significantly with the details of ripple morphology. The model predictions for ripple and dune spacing and their controlling variables are consistent with field measurements from the published literature. The model of this paper provides a preliminary process-based understanding of the granulometric control of ripples and dunes in areas of abundant sand supply and unidirectional prevailing winds, and it argues for a genetic linkage between ripples and dunes via a scaling relationship between eolian bedform size and the aerodynamic roughness length. 相似文献
18.
影响生物土壤结皮在沙丘不同地貌部位分布的风因子讨论 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
生物土壤结皮广泛分布于干旱和半干旱区,它的形成和发育对荒漠生态系统修复过程产生重要的影响。采用野外观测的方法,测定了固定沙丘纵断面表面气流和生物土壤结皮的发育特征。结果发现,近地表气流在迎风坡坡脚部位最低,丘顶最高,从坡脚到丘顶呈增加的趋势。近地表气流在背风坡中上部急剧下降,中下部位有所增加,到坡脚部位又呈减少的趋势,但后者均远低于丘顶的风速。各观测点不同高度风速放大率不尽相同。生物土壤结皮发育特征的测定结果显示,其厚度、抗剪强度和细颗粒物含量均从沙丘底部向中上部呈减少的趋势,表现出风速较高区域生物土壤结皮的发育程度较低,风速较低区域生物土壤结皮的发育程度较高的特点,说明生物土壤结皮在沙丘不同地貌部位的分布与由地形差异导致的气流变化之间具有密切的关系。 相似文献
19.
Soil moisture is a critical state affecting a variety of land surface and subsurface processes. We report investigation results of the factors controlling vertical variation of soil moisture and sand transport rate of three types of dunes on the southeastern margin of the Mu Us Sandy Land. Samples were taken from holes drilled to a depth of 4 m at different topographic sites on the dunes, and were analyzed for soil moisture, grain-size distribution and surface sediment discharge. The results show that: (1) The average soil moisture varies in different types of dunes, with the following sequences ordered from highest to lowest: in the shrubs-covered dunes and the trees-covered dunes the sequence is from inter-dunes lowland to windward slope to leeward slope. The average moisture in the bare-migratory sand dunes is sequenced from inter-dunes lowland to leeward slope to windward slope. (2) Vegetation form and surface coverage affect the range of soil moisture of different types of dunes in the same topographic position. The coefficient of variation of soil moisture for shrubs-covered dunes is higher than that of other types of dune. (3) The effect of shrubs on dune soil moisture is explained in terms of the greater ability of shrubs to trap fine-grained atmospheric dust and hold moisture. (4) The estimated sand transport rates over sand dunes with sparse shrubs are less than those over bare-migratory dunes or sand dunes with sparse trees, indicating that shrubs are more effective in inhibiting wind erosion in the sandy land area. 相似文献
20.
通过测定科尔沁沙地沙丘生境单元凋落物的运移量,分析了沙丘类型和生境变化对凋落物运移的影响,并探讨了是否可以通过凋落物运移量的变化来判断营养物质的迁移。结果表明:科尔沁沙地沙丘凋落物的运移过程主要发生在非生长季,呈明显的单峰型季节波动。凋落物运移量在不同沙丘的丘间地、迎风坡、丘顶和背风坡均表现出明显的空间差异性,丘顶的凋落物运移量最大,迎风坡次之,丘间地和背风坡相对较小。凋落物运移量有随距地表高度增加而下降的趋势,距地表高度为0~25 cm时,凋落物运移量最大,显著高于25~50、50~75、75~100 cm 3个高度区间。凋落物运移量与风速在流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘均呈显著的二次曲线正相关,显示风速是影响凋落物运移量动态变化的重要因素。 相似文献