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基于前人大量工作积累和国际类似经验,同时结合中国地震应急管理的特点,构建了一个由34个指标构成的县市地震应急救援能力评价指标体系。然后以该指标体系为研究对象,基于层次分析法和问卷调查法,调查并分析了地方地震科研工作者、地震系统地方领导和基层地震工作者3类人群,对这一指标体系中各具体指标重要与否的认识。结果表明：对于不同的指标而言,3类人群均认为其影响地震应急救援的程度是不同的,影响较大的因素依次为：建筑物抗震能力、居民点集聚程度、危险源控制水平、疏散场地面积等。而对于不同的被调查人群而言,其对某项指标重要与否的认识也存在差异。其中,对“基础环境背景”的影响程度的认识存在显著性差异。 相似文献
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地震发生后利用已有的基础地理数据和评估模型快速准确地获得埋压人员空间分布，是地震应急救援的科学问题之一。以云南鲁甸6.5级地震为例，基于高精度公里格网人口数据，分析震区的具体特征和多种可能造成人员埋压的影响因素，并引入次生灾害埋压参数对原模型内容进行补充和改进，对现有的地震埋压人员评估模型进行优化。研究结果表明：改进后的评估模型能够快速给出地震后人员埋压空间分布，其计算结果精度较前人模型有较大提高，且考虑了次生灾害造成的埋压，能够有效增强评估模型的适用性，提升人员埋压评估精度，为地震应急指挥和应急救援提供科技支撑。 相似文献
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地震防灾减灾能力是国家的重点需求,针对当前城市抗震应急存在的灵活性差问题,在过去研究的基础上,将GIS系统应用至城市抗震救灾应急响应中,建立的GIS系统利用地震灾害评估模块、数据库管理模块、地震应急响应和指挥决策模块构成城市抗震救灾应急响应框架,完成城市GIS系统的应用分析。地震灾害评估模块中计算震害总体损失、经济损失和生命损失,实现地震灾害评估信息数据的精确性采集;数据库管理模块中的抗灾救灾应急响应数据库主要利用矢量数据、数字正射影像数据和其他专题数据构成,完成一致性访问各种类型数据,提高城市抗震救灾应急响应灵活性;在响应与决策模块中利用核心服务器实现数据信息的上传下达,实现快速救援响应。研究中对这套GIS系统与当前方法做对比,进行抗震救灾过程灵活性、救援数据精准性的比较实验。实验对比结果表明,所提研究成果提供的救援数据精确性强,且运行过程中灵活系数等部分指标高于当前研究。 相似文献
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Guo-Fang Li Xin-Yi Xiang Yi-Yi Tong Hui-Min Wang 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2013,27(7):1683-1693
The Yangtze River Delta region is the region with highest urbanization speed in China. In this study, 6 typical urbanization areas in Yangtze River Delta were selected as the objectives of study. Flood risk assessment index system was established based on the flood disaster formation mechanism, and analytic hierarchy process was utilized to define the weight of indices. The flood hazard, the exposure of disaster bearing body, the vulnerability of disaster bearing body and the comprehensive flood risk corresponding to three typical years in different urbanization stages, 1991, 2001 and 2006 were assessed. The results show that the flood hazard and the exposure of disaster bearing body in the 6 areas are all with an increasing trend in the process of urbanization, among which, the increasing trend of the exposure of disaster bearing body is especially obvious. Though the vulnerabilities of disaster bearing body in the 6 areas are all with decreasing trend owe to the enhancement of flood control and disaster mitigation capability, the comprehensive flood risks in the 6 areas increased as a whole, which would pose a serious threat to urban sustainable development. Finally, effective countermeasures for flood risk management of urbanization areas in Yangtze River Delta were put forward based on the assessment results. 相似文献
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空间格网数据相比于矢量数据具有运算速度快、处理简单的特点,适合地震灾害损失震前预测或震后快速评估。但地震损失评估涉及地震危险性及人口、房屋建筑及其地震易损性等不同类型数据在全国范围内的千米格网分布,数据量大,数据变化时形成新的格网数据的工作量较大,使用常规震害预测算法会影响评估效率。依据地震损失评估原理,采取前置确定性损失评估策略和算法优化,结合GIS功能设计并编程实现了具有风险评估相关数据千米格网化处理、地震损失预测与震后快速评估等核心功能的软件系统。利用该系统进行了2016～2025年中国大陆千米格网地震损失预测,结果表明评估效率显著提高,该系统为我国新一代地震重点监视防御区的确定提供了实用化的震害损失预测工具,同时,在地震损失快速评估中亦得到较好应用。 相似文献
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承灾体基础数据是地震灾害评估的核心数据,是制定防灾减灾政策的基础,具有十分重要的地位。数据获取主要靠野外调查,费时费力,研究承灾体数据的快速获取方法刻不容缓。本文以新疆维吾尔自治区吐鲁番市主城区为例,对三维影像技术在承灾体基础数据调查中的应用进行了研究,以无人机倾斜摄影测量数据为基础,运用三维模型构建、遥感信息提取与地理信息系统空间分析方法,进行区域房屋基础数据信息提取,获取了研究区真实房屋空间分布、结构类型、建筑面积及层数等数据,为该地区地震预测预防、地震应急、震时救灾以及震后恢复等防震减灾工作服务。 相似文献
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ASSESSMENT ON INDIRECT ECONOMIC LOSS OF WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER BASED ON INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS 
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下载免费PDF全文 The scientific and reasonable assessment of disaster loss is the basic work for disaster relief and post-disaster reconstruction.Indirect economic loss is also an important part of scientific assessment for disaster influence.Taking the stricken area of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan as an example,this paper preliminarily analyzed the sections-related indirect economic loss resulting from Wenchuan earthquake by the methods of input-output analysis.The results show that,1) the sections-related indirect economic loss of Wenchuan earthquake reached up to 2 545.32 billion Yuan,which is as much as 3 times the direct economic loss in Sichuan Province.The direct economic loss does not evaluate the effects of Wenchuan earthquake disaster completely,and the indirect economic loss is an inseparable part for the systematic assessment of disaster influence.2) The characteristics of economic losses are not the same among different sectors in Sichuan.The indirect economic losses of industry and other services are the biggest in all sectors of Sichuan.However,the ratios of indirect and direct economic loss in industry,agriculture,construction are the highest,which is over 14.60,8.70 and 7.11,respectively.3) Although the uncertainty exists in the assessment result due to the limitation of input-output model,input-output analysis is still the most wildly used method to assess the indirect economic loss of natural hazard.Furthermore,the data accuracy is also an important factor influencing the economic loss assessment of natural hazard. 相似文献
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我国东北和华北地区中强地震潜在震源区的划分原则和方法 总被引：18，自引：5，他引：18
中强地震潜在震源区的不确定性，对弱地震活动区地震危险性分析结果的影响较大。因此，正确二划分中强地震潜在震源区，是地震区划加和工程场地地震安全性评价的基础。本文以东北和华北地区为例，较为系统地整理了大量基础资料，从众多典型震例分析结果中提出了该地区中强地震潜在震源区的划分原则和方法，对长春，吉林等地区进行了实验划分结果表明，本文所提出了划分原则和方法具有较好的适应性。与此同时，还对本文取得的进展和有 相似文献
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地震是一种突发性较强的自然灾害,一次地震持续时间往往只有几十秒钟,在如此短暂的时间内造成大量房屋倒塌、人员伤亡,这是其它自然灾害难以相比的。地震应急成果的快速产出在地震应急救援过程中起着至关重要的作用,借助XSLT可以快速转换地震应急计算模型所需的XML文档,从而提高地震应急成果的生成效率。详细描述了XSLT的概念及其工作原理,并阐述了XSLT在多个地震计算模型中的具体应用,说明XSLT在地震应急成果生成中具有快捷、方便等特点。 相似文献
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DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY DISASTER INFORMATION PRE-EVALUATION DATA BASED ON KM GRID 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 After an earthquake, earthquake emergency response and rescue is one of the effective ways to reduce casualties from the earthquake. Earthquake emergency disaster information is one of crucial factors to effectively guide the rescue work. However, there is a "black box effect" on the emergency disaster information acquisition after an earthquake, which means real-time earthquake disaster information is insufficient. Hazard estimates are usually used as a substitute for the real-time disaster information in the "black box" period. However, it is subject to the accuracy and speed of the estimation.
The development of the km grid technology provides good prospect to solve this problem. The paper suggests to develop earthquake disaster information pre-estimation data with the support of the km grid technology. The definition and source of the pre-estimation data are introduced and its possibility in improving the estimation speed and accuracy are analyzed theoretically.
Then, we elaborate the calculation model of the pre-estimation data. The framework of the model includes disaster-bearing body data, disaster-causing factors used in calculation and calculation formula. The disaster-bearing body data in km grid format are introduced, including population data in km grid format and building data in km grid format. Then the four elements of the earthquake(earthquake occurrence time, earthquake location, earthquake magnitude and focal depth)are selected as disaster-causing factors for calculation. Map algebra method is used to realize the calculation model in which calculation parameters are associated with base map in the km grid format. So the pre-estimation data are developed by python and ArcGIS, which includes building damage dataset(100 layers), death toll dataset(10 layers)and direct economic loss dataset(5 layers).
Finally, the pre-estimation data based method for earthquake emergency disaster information estimation is presented. With the support of this method, two real earthquake cases are used to validate the effect of the pre-estimation data. The validation results show the pre-estimation data can not only significantly improve the speed of the estimation but also greatly improve the accuracy of the estimation. Another good result is found in the validation process that with the support of the pre-estimation data, the estimated result can display the spatial distribution of the disaster information, which will effectively aid earthquake emergency response and rescues. 相似文献
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人员伤亡评估是实际地震应急工作中最重要的内容之一,而不同精度的人口数据对震后快速评估人员伤亡影响很大。以汶川地震为例,研究甘肃陇南地区不同精度的人口数据,基于GIS平台以高精度的居民地单元人口数据为参考,比较居民点单元、行政村单元、乡镇单元、区县单元四种空间化方法人口数据,对各种人口数据进行精度评价。研究结果表明:随着烈度区面积的减小,不同空间化方法获得的人口数据误差有变大的趋势,人口数据中行政单元越大,误差越大;区县单元人口空间化与居民地人口空间化数据误差最大,相对误差约为144.78%;居民点密度空间化人口数据误差最小,相对误差为15.38%。汶川地震甘肃陇南地区万人死亡率计算结果中,区县单元人口空间化数据计算得到的万人死亡率与居民地人口数据误差最大,绝对误差为5.31,居民点单元人口空间化数据计算得到的万人死亡率与居民地人口数据误差最小,绝对误差为0.70。 相似文献
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介绍了甘肃省地震应急指挥系统建设的必要性和意义、建设目的和原则、建设内容和系统构成,并对应急指挥技术系统7个方面的具体内容做了详细介绍. 相似文献
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1989年至1999年10a间在山西大同一阳高连续发生了3次中强地震，这是地震预报实用化攻关后，我国大陆地区发生的几次较大地震。叙述了大同一阳高地震的震害评估、应急救灾及其对我国防震减灾工作的贡献。指出，大同一阳高地震为我国开展震害损失评估、地震应急救灾、重建家园及有关法规法律的制订等工作积累了经验、打下了基础。 相似文献
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进行地震灾害快速评估时,地震发生时刻、震级、极震区烈度评估、宏观震中与微观震中偏离、烈度衰减关系模型、人员伤亡评估模型、房屋震害矩阵等是影响地震灾害损失计算的主要因素,各因素存在不确定性,所以评估结果与实际结果存在一定差距。本文探讨了2020年1月19日新疆伽师6.4级地震灾害评估中极震区烈度评估、地震影响场、宏观震中与微观震中偏离、烈度衰减关系模型、人员伤亡评估模型、房屋震害矩阵与真实结果的偏差。研究结果表明,造成本次地震损失快速评估结果存在偏差的主要因素包括地震影响场分布、人口与房屋建筑（对应抗震能力）数量评估的偏差;提高地震影响场评估、人口、房屋建筑等数据空间分布精准性,是提高地震灾害损失快速评估系统精准性的基础和前提。 相似文献
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XU Chong TIAN Ying-ying SHEN Ling-ling MA Si-yuan XU Xi-wei ZHOU Ben-gang HUANG Xue-qiang MA Jun-xue CHEN Xi 《地震地质》2018,40(5):1115-1128
In this study, a detailed database of landslides triggered by the 25 April 2015 Gorkha (Nepal)MW7.8 earthquake is constructed based on visual interpretation of pre- and post-earthquake high-resolution satellite images and field reconnaissance. Results show the earthquake triggered at least 47 200 landslides, which have a NWW direction spatial distribution, similar with the location and strike of the seismogenic fault. The landslides are of a total area about 110km2 and an oval distribution area about 35 700km2. On the basis of a scale relationship between landslide area (A)and volume (V), V=1.314 7×A1.208 5, the total volume of the coseismic landslides is estimated to be about 9.64×108m3. In the oval landslide distribution area, the landslide number density, area density, and volume density were calculated and the results are 1.32km-2, 0.31%, and 0.027m, respectively. This study provides a detailed and objective inventory of landslides triggered by the Gorkha earthquake, which provides very important and essential basic data for study of mechanics of coseismic landslides, spatial pattern, distribution law, and hazard assessment. In addition, the landslide database related to an individual earthquake also provides an important earthquake case in a subduction zone for studying landslides related to multiple earthquakes from a global perspective. 相似文献
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地震应急预案作为地震应急的核心文件之一,存在操作性不强,针对性不足等问题。在分析地震应急预案特点的基础上提出一种地震应急处置方案技术。地震应急处置方案是地震发生后,为指导地震应急救援,针对具体应急事件的应急处置工作方案。阐述了地震应急处置方案的特点及其与地震应急预案的关系。论述了地震应急处置方案的组成,包括:处置方案框架、应急决策知识和信息技术支撑平台。介绍了地震应急处置方案的工作原理,在信息技术支撑平台上应用地震应急决策知识修正应急处置方案框架并动态生成处置方案。以地市级为例论述了地震应急处置方案框架,并介绍地震应急决策知识的组成。从而为地震应急处置方案的生成与应用奠定基础,该方案试图在一定程度上改进地震应急预案的不足。 相似文献
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利用9个国际纬度观测站的平纬长期变化序列,重新讨论并估计了平极的长期漂移,得到漂移的平均速率为(3.356“±0.142”)×l0-3/a,方向为西经78.7°±2.5°.进一步基于最新的ICE-4G冰期后地壳反弹模型,采用地球上8个冰盖的冰融参数,估计了理论的平极长期漂移方向为西经74.8°.由观测的平极长期漂移速率为约束,基于1066B地球模型,估计得到地球平均下地幔的黏性为vLM=(0.5-1.7)×1022Pa.s,表明vLM应具有近1022Pa.s量级,并认为地球平极的长期漂移很可能是由最近的21000年以来冰期后的地壳反弹所致. 相似文献
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根据镇江地震地质情况及防震减灾工作实际,通过需求分析及系统整体设计,建立基于WebGIS的地震信息数据库管理系统。系统采用Oracle数据库、JavaScript语言、Tomcat网站服务器,开发了具有地方特色的地震应急处置快速反应系统,系统可实现震后快速评估、辅助决策、震后趋势分析、震后应急资料产出等功能。实际应用表明,该系统达到了低成本、高效率的预期目标。 相似文献