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1.
合成分析了20世纪80年代以来5次主要的ENSO事件，发现外热带大气扰动通过经向风异常不仅对ENSO的发生起到重要的触发作用，而且影响到ENSO的发展和衰减. 因此，尽管ENSO对外热带大气扰动有影响，但同时外热带大气扰动又与ENSO有相互作用. 在ENSO发生前，南印度洋中纬度为反气旋异常，并通过Rossby波的频散作用加强了澳大利亚附近的反气旋异常；同时，澳大利亚东部沿海的南风异常与菲律宾附近的北风异常在赤道辐合，促进了赤道西太平洋西风异常的爆发和其后ENSO的发生. 在ENSO发生之后，东南太平洋上的气旋异常及相关的南风异常进一步增强了赤道中东太平洋的西风异常和ENSO的发展. 当ENSO达到成熟时，澳大利亚东部的反气旋异常东移，使东南太平洋的气旋异常减弱，南方涛动型环流异常亦随之减弱；同时，阿留申气旋异常加强，尤其是副热带北太平洋的风场异常可加强赤道中东太平洋海水的涌升，使该地区海表温度降低，加速ENSO的消亡. 相似文献
2.
亚洲-太平洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数的关系 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对观测资料的分析, 初步探讨了夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacific Oscillation, APO)和西北太平洋热带气旋频数的关系, 发现APO强弱的年际变化与西北太平洋热带气旋频数多寡之间具有显著的正相关关系, 夏季APO偏强(弱)时, 西北太平洋热带气旋偏多(少). 研究进一步揭示, APO变化可导致西北太平洋区域主要大气环流系统出现异常, 而大气环流的这种异常变化正是APO与西北太平洋热带气旋频数相联系的原因. 当APO处于正位相时, 西太平洋副热带高压减弱, 位置偏东偏北; 西北太平洋地区高层大气异常辐散, 低层大气异常辐合; 纬向风垂直切变减弱. 这些变化均为西北太平洋热带气旋的形成提供了有利的大气环流条件, 因此, 西北太平洋热带气旋频数偏多. 反之亦然. 相似文献
3.
从绝热、无摩擦、无环境场作用条件下的原始方程组出发,讨论了热带气旋的动力平衡特征,并分别导出了正、斜压大气中综合描述热带气旋中心强度变化的物理量(dI/dt)及其动力平衡关系式,进而分析了正、斜压大气中的热带气旋强度变化及移动的特征.结果表明:热带气旋的定常运动具有"相当地转风平衡”的特征,其等"压能”线和等位涡线均与流线重合;"β涡旋对”及由高(低)层水平风正(负)垂直切变产生的"切变涡旋对”之间的"通风气流”均使热带气旋的强度减弱,高(低)层涡度的负(正)垂直平流则增强热带气旋的强度;热带气旋的中心有向极、向高(低)层涡度垂直平流的梯(升)度方向移动的趋势,垂直运动及高、低层水平风速垂直切变的非对称结构对热带气旋的移动有影响;"γ效应”则是"通风气流”牵引热带气旋移动的动力机制之一. 相似文献
4.
2018年是西北太平洋热带气旋异常活跃的一年,该年台风季(6~11月)共有26个热带气旋生成,远超气候平均的22个,是近20年来第二活跃的台风季.2018年,热带气旋多形成于西北太平洋东部和南海北部,台风活动区域偏东北,移动路径多由西北行转为偏北行登陆,造成了中国大陆重大经济损失(约697.3亿元).这一年,多尺度气候变异共同作用引起了西北太平洋季风槽的增强和副热带高压减弱,从而导致了热带气旋异常活跃.在此过程中,年际气候背景条件起了主导作用,而年代际气候变异仅起到了弱的抑制作用.在年际尺度上,一个发展的中太平洋厄尔尼诺事件和正相位的太平洋经向模态(PMM)共同作用形成了2018年有利于热带气旋活动的大尺度环流背景条件.进一步研究表明,中太平洋海温强迫在西北太平洋热带气旋活动中起到了关键调节作用,而PMM通过中太平洋海温间接影响西北太平洋热带气旋活动.在中太平洋厄尔尼诺年,中太平洋海温增暖引起的对流异常通过大气的Gill型-罗斯贝波响应导致了西北太平洋上异常气旋性环流,这使得西北太平洋上副热带高压减弱、季风槽增强东北移,有利于热带气旋在此形成和发展.短期气候及天气变化,如季节内振荡(ISO)和天气尺度扰动(SSD)的活动,与增强的季风槽相互作用,加剧了2018年异常的西北太平洋热带气旋的活动. 相似文献
5.
观测事实揭示出春季Hadley环流与夏季西北太平洋热带气旋频数之间存在显著的负相关关系.由春季Hadley环流异常引起的西北太平洋地区夏季纬向风垂直切变、大气辐合辐散等的异常变化是这一关系存在的内在原因.本文通过数值试验对这一关系的真实性进行了验证,即利用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的9层大气环流模式（IAP9L-AGCM）模拟了春季Hadley环流异常偏强情景,并分析了该情景下影响西北太平洋热带气旋生成的环境场的响应.结果表明,在春季Hadley环流偏强情景下,夏季西北太平洋地区纬向风垂直切变幅度加大,低空大气异常辐散,高空大气异常辐合,东亚夏季风减弱,这种环流背景不利于热带气旋生成和发展,因此,西北太平洋热带气旋频数异常偏少.数值模拟结果与已有的诊断结果相吻合,进而证实了春季Hadley环流与夏季西北太平洋热带气旋频数负相关关系的存在.因此,春季Hadley环流信号可以用于西北太平洋热带气旋活动的气候预测. 相似文献
6.
本文将夏季气候平均的基本气流分解为正压和斜压分量,使用一个线性斜压模式,研究了不同斜压基本气流对热带西北太平洋地区初始气旋性环流扰动低频发展演变的重要作用.其中,控制试验较好地模拟出初始气旋扰动向西北方向传播、在西北太平洋季风槽附近停滞增强、在东亚地区出现经向波列和在南海到海洋大陆地区形成西北—东南向波列等特征.改变斜压分量的敏感性试验结果表明,正压基流不能为西传的初始扰动供给足够的能量;海陆热力差异引起东亚地区的纬向温度梯度和北风垂直切变,是东亚太平洋型经向波列形成和维持的重要因素;当基本气流中的斜压纬向偏差部分线性增大时,扰动的能量会呈e指数迅速增强,提示在气候变化的背景下,基本气流微小的改变可能带来天气或季节内扰动强度的剧烈响应. 相似文献
7.
本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF,分别采用YSU和MYJ两种边界层参数化方案对2010年超强台风Megi的移动路径进行了模拟,研究了热带气旋(TC)路径模拟对边界层方案的敏感性,并从模拟TC尺度差异所造成的影响角度揭示了模式边界层方案影响TC路径的机理.结果表明:由于两种方案对边界层垂直混合作用过程的描述不同,两个试验模拟的低层水汽垂直输送存在差异.相对于能很好模拟出Megi路径的MYJ方案,YSU方案模拟的TC外围螺旋雨带更活跃,造成TC尺度增大,引起TC中心北侧外围气压梯度和径向风速增加,使得由副高向TC中心输送更多的质量,造成副高异常减弱,从而导致由副高主导的引导气流发生改变,最终使得采用YSU方案模拟的Megi路径出现提前转向. 相似文献
8.
江南春雨的气候成因机制研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
春季位于长江中下游以南(中国东南部, 以下简称江南)的江南春雨是东亚独特的天气气候现象, 通过气候平均资料分析和敏感性数值模式试验揭示了其可能的气候成因机制. 江南处于青藏高原(以下简称高原)东南侧的强劲西南风风速中心的下游, 具有强烈的风速和水汽辐合, 这正是形成江南春雨的直接原因. 该西南风风速春季的季节演变与高原东南部的感热加热的季节演变趋势一致, 表明江南春雨不仅与高原机械强迫绕流西南风有关, 还与其热力作用形成的气旋性低压环流西南风有关. 敏感性数值试验表明, 无高原时西南风风速中心消失, 江南春雨雨带亦随之消失; 当高原隆升时, 高原东南侧低层西南风速几乎线性地随高原主体总非绝热加热的增强而增大, 说明该西南风风速中心的出现正是高原的机械强迫作用和热力作用的结果. 资料分析和模式试验充分表明, 青藏高原在江南春雨的气候形成中起到了根本性的作用. 相似文献
9.
基于观测资料分析,研究了夏季北大西洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数之间的关系,发现两者的联系呈现由弱转强的年代际变化特征.1948~1977年,北大西洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数的联系较弱;但1980~2009年,两者转为显著的正相关,北大西洋涛动偏强(弱)对应西北太平洋热带气旋数偏多(少).本文进一步从大气环流变化角度,探讨了北大西洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数的关系在前后两个时段出现不同的可能原因.结果表明,在后一时段,当北大西洋涛动偏强时,西北太平洋低层为异常气旋型环流,季风槽加强,西太平洋副热带高压偏东,西北太平洋地区高层大气异常辐散,低层大气异常辐合,这些条件均有利于热带气旋的生成和发展,西北太平洋热带气旋因此偏多.然而,在前一时段,北大西洋涛动对上述环流系统的影响不明显,因而减弱了北大西洋涛动与西北太平洋热带气旋频数的联系.研究进一步揭示,与北大西洋涛动异常相关联的波活动通量的变化可以解释北大西洋涛动与西北太平热带气旋频数联系的这种年代际变化. 相似文献
10.
热带气旋背景条件下的城市效应与广州夏季雷暴 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用广州地区中尺度自动气象站观测网资料、广州雷达回波资料以及卫星TBB资料等, 分析了2005年8月初受热带气旋外围气流影响条件下广州地区“城市热岛”(UHI)的演变特征, 并主要对期间8月4日夜间和7日午后发生在广州城区的两次雷暴过程及其与UHI等城市效应的关系进行了研究. 结果发现两次雷暴的形成均与UHI相关, UHI引起局地气流发生辐合并引发对流发展, 对流降水发生的时间和位置均与UHI的演变及其相应的辐合区有良好对应关系, 对流易于在UHI发展较强的时段和位置上发生. 而且受城市的影响, 两次雷暴在移动经过广州城区时均得到了进一步发展, 最强的对流回波出现在中心城区上空, 降水也集中落在中心城区. 所有这些特征表明两次雷暴的形成和发展均与城市的影响有关. 相似文献
11.
An analysis of temperature changes in warm and cold air masses of extratropical cyclones in both hemispheres with their movement during geomagnetic disturbances at the minimum of solar activity was performed. The location and movement of air masses of cyclones was determined by thermobaric maps at the 500 hPa level. In the conditions of a classical cyclogenesis, a warm air mass cools from day to day, while the cold air mass warms up. During geomagnetic disturbances, favorable conditions for increasing intensity and cyclone lifetime are formed, i.e., in a warm air mass, the temperature increases at heights lower than 300 hPa, while a cold air mass warms up more slowly. The distributions of the temperature of air masses of extratropical cyclones were shown to change due to the changes in geomagnetic activity. 相似文献
12.
利用1979年1月至2016年12月ERA-interim月平均再分析资料和CAMP全球月降水资料,分析夏季（6—8月）南亚高压下方500 hPa到100 hPa暖中心的时空分布,从三维结构来揭示夏季南亚高压暖心特征.回归分析进一步探讨青藏高原上空暖中心对全球大气环流产生的可能影响.结果表明：南亚高压在150 hPa达到最强,这一层也是异常冷暖中心分界面,150 hPa以下有一强大异常暖中心,异常暖中心位于300 hPa附近,150 hPa以上为异常冷中心,中心位置位于70 hPa附近.异常暖中心从500 hPa向上逐渐向西向北倾斜,异常暖中心面积200 hPa达最大,150 hPa异常暖中心消失,100 hPa以上转变为异常冷中心.500~200 hPa异常暖中心表现出不断增暖的长期趋势（1979—2016）,100 hPa异常冷中心则表现出不断变冷的长期趋势（1979—2016）.去掉长期趋势的时间序列表现出明显的"准两年振荡"特征,异常暖中心位置在纬向上较稳定,在经向上表现出年际的"东西振荡".300 hPa异常暖中心是整个南亚高压的关键层.300 hPa异常暖中心对全球其他变量场进行回归分析.高度回归场表明,青藏高原上空异常暖中心在北半球中高纬度高度场上激发出3波的行星波,波特征在对流层中上层表现明显,波振幅随高度增高不断加强,在对流层中下层逐渐减弱并消失.纬向风回归场在对流层中上层表现出横跨南北半球的波列,这个波列在200 hPa振幅最大.经向风回归场在北半球中纬度（30°N—60°N）表现出7波型,说明南北能量交换频繁.降水回归场表明,东亚地区长江中下游至日本降水偏少,而其南北两侧降水偏多. 相似文献
13.
The seasonal cycle of redistribution of atmospheric mass between continent and ocean in the Northern Hemisphere 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Using NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40 reanalyses,we studied the seasonal cycle of redistribution of air mass between continents and oceans over the Northern Hemisphere.Our results demonstrate that air mass in the Northern Hemisphere shifts clearly between continents and oceans when the season cycles.In July,the air mass reaches its lowest over Eurasia and its highest over the Pacific,and the opposite occurs in January.However,a different scenario is observed over the north Atlantic;the accumulated air mass reaches its maximum there in May.The maintenance of the accumulation or loss of air mass in a region is found to be related to the areal mean air mass flux divergence and the difference between precipitation and evaporation in an air column.The zonal-vertical circulations change with season,with the air ascent and decent reversed between land and sea.Besides,there also exists a noticeable difference of water vapor content of the air between continents and oceans,and this difference is season-dependent.Physically,the vapor content is able to significantly affect the atmosphere in absorbing solar short-and earth’s long-wave radiations,hence influencing atmospheric thermal conditions.The land-sea thermal contrasts inclusive of the diabatic heating rate changes their signs with season going on,resulting in the reversal of orientations of the temperature gradient.These thermal forcings not only facilitate the formation of the monsoons but also indirectly induce the seasonal cycle of the air mass exchanging over regions between continents and oceans. 相似文献
14.
The development of ocean waves under explosive cyclones (ECs) is investigated in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean using a hindcast wave simulation around Japan during the period 1994 through 2014. A composite analysis of the ocean wave fields under ECs is used to investigate how the spatial patterns of the spectral wave parameters develop over time. Using dual criteria of a drop in sea level pressure below 980 hPa at the center of a cyclone and a decrease of at least 12 hPa over a 12-h period, ECs are identified in atmospheric reanalysis data. Two areas under an EC were identified with narrow directional spectra: the cold side of a warm front and the right-hand side of an EC (relative to the propagating direction). Because ECs are associated with atmospheric fronts, ocean waves develop very differently under ECs than they do under tropical cyclones. Moreover, ECs evolve very rapidly such that the development of the ocean wave field lags behind the peak wind speed by hours. In a case study of an EC that occurred in January 2013, the wave spectrum indicates that a warm front played a critical role in generating distinct ocean wave systems in the warm and cold zones along the warm front. Both the warm and cold zones have narrow directional and frequency spectra. In contrast, the ocean wave field in the third quadrant (rear left area relative to the propagation direction) of the EC is composed of swell and wind sea systems propagating in different directions. 相似文献
15.
In early 2008, cold water in the Taiwan Strait (TWS) was moved sequentially by a cross-strait flow and a southward flow to the Penghu Island, causing a cold-related fish kill disaster. Except for the local wind forcing, the coastal-trapped waves (CTWs), intermittently propagating toward the TWS from north in winter, are an additional factor that could impact the flow patterns by changing cross-strait sea-level gradient during the disaster. In the first stage (January 28–February 7), the reach of a large CTW trough induced an additional northward flow, which formed a cyclone after turning around the Zhangyun Ridge. Then, the cyclone led to an additional cross flow, which enhanced an eastward (offshore) movement of cold water. In the second stage (February 7–14), the arrival of a large CTW crest triggered an additional southward flow, which intensified a southward movement of the cold water. Due to the additional eastward and southward movements caused by the CTWs, the cold water could reach Penghu Island inducing a cold disaster. 相似文献
16.
Relationship between the Asian-Pacific oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency in the western North Pacific 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
The relationship between the Asian-Pacific oscillation (APO) and the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific (WNP) in summer is preliminarily investigated through an analysis of ob- served data. The result has shown clearly that APO is significantly and positively correlated to the tropical cyclone frequency in the WNP. If APO is above (below) the normal in summer, more (less) tropical cyclones will tend to appear in the WNP. The present study also addresses the large-scale at- mospheric general circulation changes underlying the linkage between APO and the WNP tropical cy- clone frequency. It follows that a positive phase of summer APO is concurrent with weakened as well as northward and eastward located western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), low-level convergence and high-level divergence, and reduced vertical zonal wind shear in the WNP, providing favorable envi- ronment for the tropical cyclone genesis, and thus more tropical cyclones will come into being, and vice versa. 相似文献
17.
ZHOU Xuan YANG XiaoFeng LI ZiWei YU Yang BI HaiBo MA Sheng LI XiaoFeng 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2013,56(11):1977-1987
The traditional method of Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)wind field retrieval is based on an empirical relation between the near surface winds and the normalized radar backscatter cross section to estimate wind speeds,where this relation is called the geophysical model function(GMF).However,the accuracy rapidly decreases due to the impact of rainfall on the measurement of SAR and the saturation of backscattered intensity under the condition of tropical cyclone.Because of no available instrument synchronously monitoring rain rate on the satellite platform of SAR,we have to derive the precipitation of the SAR observation time from non-simultaneous passive microwave observations of rain in combination with geostationary IR images,and then use the model of rain correction to remove the impact of rain on SAR wind field measurements.For the saturation of radar backscatter cross section in high wind speed conditions,we develop an approach to estimate tropical cyclone parameters and wind fields based on the improved Holland model and the SAR image features of tropical cyclone.To retrieve the low-to-moderate wind speed,the wind direction of tropical cyclone is estimated from the SAR image using wavelet analysis.And then the maximum wind speed and the central pressure of tropical cyclone are calculated by a least square minimization of the difference between the improved Holland model and the low-to-moderate wind speed retrieved from SAR.In addition,wind fields are estimated from the improved Holland model using the above-mentioned parameters of tropical cyclone as input.To evaluate the accuracy of our approach,the SAR images of typhoon Aere,typhoon Khanun,and hurricane Ophelia are used to estimate tropical cyclone parameters and wind fields,which are compared with the best track data and reanalyzed wind fields of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)and the Hurricane Research Division(HRD).The results indicate that the tropical cyclone center,maximum wind speed,and central pressure are generally consistent with the best track data,and wind fields agree well with reanalyzed data from HRD. 相似文献
18.
M. Čadež 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1960,45(1):227-237
Summary One can find that over the continent the cold fronts becomes stationary after the sunrise. In the present paper this phenomen is explaned by heating of cold air what causes the increase of the slope of the boundary surface. Because of surface heating of the cold air the horizontal pressure gradient in direction toward the front increases with time, and so increases the transport of the cold air in this direction too. The increasing of the slope of boundary surface that is in connection with the mentioned increased trasport of cold air, causes the convergence of air mass and the ascent of it at the same front (Fig. 2).As the consequence of the heating from the surface and the liberation of latent heat of vaporisation, the volume of cold air increases. In connection with this the divergence of mass occures in the high levels and later one can find at the surface the corresponding fall of pressure. This effects can cause in suitable cases the development of cyclon, similarily as shown on Fig. 4. When the cold air comes from the cold continent over a relatively warm sea surface, the strong heating of cold air occurs and as consequence of this, the cyclogenesis. 相似文献
19.
利用中等复杂程度热带大气和海洋模式研究了热带太平洋和大西洋SST通过风应力桥梁的相互作用.利用1958～1998年NCEP分析的海表面温度场（SST）强迫大气模式得到的表面风应力与NCEP分析的同期热通量共同驱动海洋模式，作为控制试验；和控制试验平行，但强迫大气模式的SST在某一海盆取为多年气候平均值的试验作为敏感性试验；比较控制试验与敏感性试验模拟，则可反映风应力桥梁作用下热带某海盆SST异常对其他海盆的影响.结果表明，热带某一海盆SST暖（冷）异常总是引起局地海盆表面西部西（东）风异常和东部东（西）风异常；热带太平洋SST暖（冷）异常导致的该海盆东部表面东（西）风异常可以扩展到热带大西洋，从而导致热带大西洋SST冷（暖）异常；热带大西洋SST暖（冷）异常导致的该海盆西部表面西（东）风异常可以扩展到热带太平洋，从而导致热带太平洋SST暖（冷）异常. 相似文献