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1.
梁虹 《中国岩溶》1997,16(2):121-129
本文根据贵州省境内70多个水文测站多年观测资料,研究对比了喀斯特流域和非喀斯特流域因流域空间尺度差异引起的洪、枯水流量特征值的变化,并指出喀斯特流域结构产生的特殊水文效应将随着流域面积的增大而逐渐减弱   相似文献   

2.
区域土地利用变化驱动力研究前景展望   总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29  
区域土地利用变化驱动力研究旨在从典型区域角度揭示土地利用变化背后的真正动因及其作用机理,进而动态模拟、预测区域土地利用变化过程。土地利用系统的自组织性及其内驱动因子作用的复杂性,决定了其研究必须与某一特定区域相联系,以便确定合适的可定量指标来体现外生驱动因子的驱动效果。系统地识别土地利用系统在不同控制状态下的驱动因子及其多种时空尺度效应,建立具有综合模拟的区域土地利用变化动态模型,能减少土地利用系统通常受临界值域和突变所左右的局面。区域土地利用变化驱动因子识别、区域土地利用变化驱动机制分析、区域土地利用变化驱动过程模拟等的研究现状表明,为更好地理解区域土地利用变化的机制和原因,测度现有及未来土地利用变化的速率、过程和地点,支持政府相关决策的制定与实施,促使区域土地利用变化向有利于人类的方向发展,区域土地利用变化驱动力分析应优先考虑以下研究领域:①驱动力因子识别及其作用效应的尺度依赖性;②驱动力因子的贡献量化及其在具体区域的非均一分布;③驱动力因子作用过程的自然反馈机制模型化。 [HT5H]关〓键〓词:[HT5K]  相似文献   

3.
景观指数的粒度变化效应   总被引:66,自引:0,他引:66  
本文以延河流域的1:250000和1:500000土地利用图为对象,以景观格局分析程序Fragstats3.3为分析工具,探讨了不同比例尺条件下景观指数随粒度增加的变化特征.研究结果表明,随着粒度值由25m到400m的逐渐增加,除斑块丰富度外的景观指数均具有明显的尺度效应,其中聚集度和集合度没有尺度转折点,其他指数具有明显或不明显的尺度转折点.对比分析1:250000和1:500000土地利用格局指数的计算结果可以发现:1)尺度转折点不是一个值,而是一个相对较小的区间;2)尺度转折点与研究图件的比例尺有关,比例尺越大,所发生的第一次尺度转折点的粒度就越小;3)第一尺度域是选择适宜粒度的较好取值范围.对延河流域1:250000土地利用图进行景观指数计算的适宜粒度范围是70~90m,1:500000土地利用图的适宜粒度范围是90~120m.  相似文献   

4.
西南喀斯特区土层浅薄、成土速率低等特点决定了其允许土壤流失量小,土壤一旦流失,极难恢复,土壤侵蚀及其造成的石漠化现象已成为制约该区可持续发展最严重的生态环境问题。文章首先明晰西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀特征,从坡面、小流域和区域三个尺度上系统概括西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀的相关研究进展。针对当前喀斯特区土壤侵蚀研究野外径流小区、小流域及区域空间尺度数据缺少和相关研究模型限制性强等不足,建议从不同尺度深入研究喀斯特区土壤侵蚀发生发展规律及时空演化格局,并结合高新遥感、地球物理探测技术及模型,同步监测坡面—小流域—区域土壤流失,对土壤侵蚀进行定量评估,结合不同空间尺度土壤侵蚀特征构建系统性水土保持生态恢复治理模式和监测系统评价体系。   相似文献   

5.
黄土高原土壤侵蚀(水蚀)多尺度过程与水土保持研究进展   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
韩晓燕  钱鞠  王磊  刘芬  毛泽秦 《冰川冻土》2012,34(6):1487-1498
从产生土壤侵蚀机理出发, 分别阐述了黄土高原地区的坡面、 沟谷、 小流域、 流域尺度上的土壤侵蚀(水蚀)研究现状与取得的进展.结合平凉城南侧泾河一级支沟的纸坊沟小流域治理实践和调查, 总结黄土高原地区水土流失治理和水保措施实施的经验及其存在的不足. 建议未来的研究向着"规划性"、 "综合性"、 "量化尺度性"、 "弱化尺度性"模型的研究方向发展, 这对提高地区水土保持质量、 改善水土流失治理现状、 实现水保效益最大化目标具有重要意义.  相似文献   

6.
含水层水力参数的尺度效应研究现状   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
主要论述了国内外目前对弥散率尺度效应以及渗透系数等参数的空间变异性研究的现状和今后的研究趋势。文中提出了含水层水力参数的尺度效应问题,并指出应重视地下水驱动力场变化对参数的影响研究。  相似文献   

7.
主要论述了国内外目前对弥散率尺度效应以及渗透系数等夺数的空间变异性研究的现状和今后的研究趋势。文中提出了含水层水力参数的尺度效应问题,并指出庄重视地下水驱动力场变化对参数的影响研究。  相似文献   

8.
不同尺度喀斯特地区土地利用变化研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
以贵州典型喀斯特地区贞丰县、北盘江镇、花江示范区作为研究样区,讨论了不同尺度喀斯特地区土地利用动态变化过程。结果发现: 研究样区土地利用的数量变化主要表现在农用地与未利用地之间的增减变化, 而且1997— 2000年的土地利用变化速度比2001- 2003年的快。在土地利用的结构变化上,北盘江镇园地所占比例增长、未利用地所占比例减少和贞丰县林地面积所占比例变化最大,花江示范区同北盘江镇的结构变化相似。在土地利用的程度变化上,三个研究区土地利用程度综合指数都有所提高,整体趋于平衡。县级尺度的土地利用程度综合指数大于镇级尺度,村级尺度的土地利用综合指数最小。三个研究区的景观偏离度呈有规律的缓慢增长趋势,表明人类活动对土地利用的影响逐渐加强。   相似文献   

9.
近30年巢湖流域土地利用变化及其驱动力研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
土地利用与覆被变化(LUCC)是全球变化的重要内容和主要表现之一,LUCC研究已成为全球变化研究的前沿和热点问题。基于多时相的TM影像数据,从流域尺度研究了巢湖流域的土地利用变化,分析探讨了土地利用变化的社会经济驱动力。研究结果表明,1979~2008年间巢湖流域的土地利用发生了比较明显的变化,主要表现在耕地锐减和建设用地激增;经济发展、城镇化、工业化、人口增加是造成巢湖流域土地利用变化的主要驱动力。  相似文献   

10.
王飞龙  唐川  常鸣  杨宇  王毅 《水文》2018,38(2):30-34
选取典型喀斯特区域为研究区,根据数字高程模型(DEM)并结合遥感影像和野外实地调查,将研究区进行小流域的划分。针对喀斯特地区有其特定的环境和对地质灾害的特殊成灾机理,分析了土壤侵蚀对喀斯特地区泥石流灾害的贡献作用,并提出了研究区泥石流物源量的计算方法。从泥石流形成条件出发,基于流域单元,选取土壤侵蚀、侵蚀物源量、相对高差、纵坡降、沟壑密度、形成区平均坡度、沟道弯曲系数等7个评价因子,采用层次分析法确定各个评价指标的权重,对研究区二塘河流域17条泥石流沟做了敏感性评价。结果表明,评价结果能够反映研究区二塘河流域泥石流灾害的空间分布与区域活动特征,为小流域泥石流灾害的防治和土地合理利用提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

11.
The relationship between nitrogen (N) and phytoplankton chlorophyll a (Chl) establishes a basis for understanding eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems. A substantial literature exists on cross-ecosystem analysis of this relationship, but there is little information on cross-scale patterns. A collection of observational records in Bedford Basin (Canada) was used to construct the N–Chl relationship at four time scales: intra-day, intra-annual, interannual, and interdecadal. Additionally, a dataset of contingent observations from 16 biogeochemical ocean provinces was used to construct the N–Chl relationship at large spatial scale. In Bedford Basin, N statistically predicts Chl at time scales that are short (intra-day, intra-annual) and long (interdecadal) but not intermediate (interannual). There is an apparent stoichiometric regularity in the dependence of Chl on N that crosses time scales. Further, an apparent similitude exists between the local pattern at long time scale and the global pattern at large space scale.  相似文献   

12.
Two models of the relationship between complexity and scale of geomorphic lines are compared, one based on statistical self-similarity (in which complexity is invariant for some range of scale), and the other on the concept of characteristic scales (in which complexity changes continuously with scale). Two corresponding techniques are used in the comparison, fractal analysis utilizing the divider method, and an angle measure technique. These techniques are applied to three types of coastlines: fiord, volcanic, and tectonic, in order to ascertain which model, statistical self-similarity or characteristic scales, is more useful in understanding variations in coastline complexity for scale. Apparently linear log-log plots of number of steps against steplength produced by fractal analysis display slight but significant curvature. Upon closer examination, it is determined that using fractal dimension to compare even the same types of features is unreliable because of the dependency of fractal dimension on scale of measurement, even if the same steplengths are used throughout the study. These results are corroborated by the use of the angle measure technique, a method based on measuring angles between points along a digitized line. It is concluded that the coastlines examined display no evidence of statistical self-similarity and that the characteristic scales model is more useful in investigating complexity and scale in geomorphology.  相似文献   

13.
土地利用结构与生态过程   总被引:56,自引:0,他引:56  
本文从土地利用与土壤水分、土地利用与土壤养分、土地利用与水土流失3个方面系统讨论了土地利用结构与生态过程研究的现状和特征,指出:1)土地利用结构对土壤水分的影响涉及生态系统、坡面、小流域和区域等系列尺度,土地利用的分布及景观特点影响土壤水分的时空变异;2)土地利用对土壤养分的影响表现在土地利用的镶嵌格局影响土壤养分的分布和迁移,土地利用的变化可以引起土壤养分的变化;3)土地利用与水土流失关系密切,土地利用的改变能够减少或增加径流和土壤侵蚀.尺度不同,土地利用与水土流失的机制也不尽相同.土地利用结构与生态过程的研究,还需要注重大尺度和多尺度上的综合研究.  相似文献   

14.
An adequate understanding of soil spatial variation as a function of space and scale is necessary in ecological modeling, environmental prediction, precision agriculture, soil quality assessment and natural resources management. Soil spatial variation can be partitioned into frequencies (scale) and positions (location) by the wavelet transform. This review focuses mainly on different applications of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) for the identification of the scale and location dependence of soil attributes. We discussed both wavelet spectra and wavelet coherence in our analysis of soil spatial variation. Global wavelet spectra, being the sum of wavelet spectra over all spatial locations at a scale, can be used to examine the dominant scale of variation. Furthermore, some variations at a particular scale persist over all locations (termed global features), whereas others are present at only a few locations (localized features). Wavelet spectra can be used to identify both localized and global features. The combination of localized and global features provides a complete picture of the scale-location information of different processes in the field and may provide better guidance in designing efficient management practices. Wavelet coherency partitions the total correlation between two variables into correlations at different scales and locations, while also revealing the scale- and location-specific relationship between those two variables. This relationship may be helpful in developing predictive links between one property and another.  相似文献   

15.
Indian monsoon variability in relation to Regional Pressure Index   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In this paper Regional Pressure Index (RPI) over the Indian region (20‡N—40‡N and 70‡0E—85‡E) has been constructed for 101 years (1899-1999) on a monthly scale. The relationship of these indices was carried out with the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (June–September) (ISMR) over the various homogeneous regions, for all the time scales. From the analysis it has been seen that RPI in the month of May is significantly associated with ISMR over various regions on all the scales. The relationship is statistically significant at 1% level. The study reveals that RPI in the month of May and January will be a new precursor for the long range forecasting of ISMR on the smaller spatial scale. On the decadal and climatological scale, winter and spring time RPI show a significant inverse relationship with the rainfall over the regions Peninsular India (PI) and North West India (NWI), while the association is direct with Central North East India (CNEI) and North East India (NEI). The relationship is significant at 0.1 and 1% level respectively.  相似文献   

16.
A new method for characterizing the complexity of geomorphic phenomena is presented. This method, termed the angle measure technique, involves measuring the angularity of a digitized line for a wide range of scales. In this manner, the technique is capable of delineating changes in the complexity of geomorphic lines with scale, from which the characteristic scale(s) of the lines can be identified. Unlike fractal analysis, values produced by the angle measure technique correspond to single scales. Therefore, no assumptions are made concerning the relationship between complexity and scale, and the technique can resolve variations in complexity over small ranges of scale. The technique is illustrated using both computer-generated curves and natural lines, including the trace of a river channel, and is compared to fractal analysis on a contour line crossing two lava flows.  相似文献   

17.
关于构造—流体—成矿作用研究的几个问题   总被引:35,自引:1,他引:34  
在成矿过程中,构造和流体是重要的控矿因素。构造、流体和矿石堆积可以作为一个系统加以研究。按成矿作用的规模,构造—流体—成矿系统有不同的尺度:①全球的;②区域的;③矿田(床)的;④微观的。文章分别阐述了矿床的和区域的构造—流体—成矿系统,结合矿床和区域实例讨论了它们的研究目的、内容和方法。具体总结了古老区域流体系统的示踪标志。论文最后讨论了关于古老成矿流体和现代成矿流体、深部成矿流体与浅部成矿流体等的研究任务。  相似文献   

18.
年代际气候低频变率诊断研究进展   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
对近十年年代际气候低为率的诊断研究作了综合评述,指出年代际及以上尺度的变率可能就是气候系统数十年尺度低频振荡或气候基本态的自然表征,控制着更小时间尺度ENSO变率,对这一问题的深入研究不公有助于提高气候变率的认识,而且对检测人为因素在全球变暖中的相对贡献也具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

19.
地质科学研究要以人为本,从可持续发展出发,开拓地质多样性,有所为有所不为.中国黄土研究经历了发现研究、比较研究和目的研究3个层次阶段,今后需要加强目的研究.中国已有条件从黄土所保存的各种信息,以揭示新生代以来全球干旱化的机制、规律和人类活动影响为目的,从区域性走向全球性研究,提出黄土"地质生态系统”研究的概念.基础研究方面,讨论了1)黄土序列连续性和间断性的间断平衡(PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM)问题;2)黄土全球分布形成机制一元论问题;3)黄土地貌形态与地壳运动表现问题.应用研究方面,讨论了1)健康与黄土区域地球化学与地质生理学(GEOPHYSIOLOGY)问题;2)建设城乡与黄土地质生态结构问题;3)农业与黄土区域生态系统管理评价(REGIONAL ECOSYSTEM ASSESMENT).认为在黄土研究中会遇到社会和技术发展方面的挑战,但关键是科学工作者自己的挑战.  相似文献   

20.
Previous studies showed that the climatic processes drive the streamflow of the inland river in Northwest China. However, it is difficult to quantitatively assess the climatic-hydrological processes in the ungauged mountainous basins because of the scarce data. This research developed an integrated approach for multi-temporal scale modeling the climatic-hydrological processes in data-scarce mountain basins of Northwest China by combining downscaling method (DM), backpropagation artificial neural network (BPANN), and wavelet regression (WR). To validate the approach, we also simulated the climatic-hydrological processes at different temporal scales in a typical data-scarce mountain basin, the Kaidu River Basin in Northwest China. The main results are as follows: (i) the streamflow is related with regional climatic change as well as atmosphere-ocean variability, (ii) the BPANN model well simulated the nonlinear relationship between the streamflow and temperature and precipitation at the monthly temporal scale, and (iii) although the annual runoff (AR) appears to have fluctuations, there are significant correlations among AR, annual average temperature (AAT), annual precipitation (AP), and oscillation indices, which can be simulated by equations of WR at different temporal scales of years.  相似文献   

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