共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 953 毫秒
1.
The size and variation of the urban increase of atmospheric downward radiation have been observed in the Tokyo area. Downward radiation flux, air temperature and humidity were observed by automobile traverses along the expressways across the greater Tokyo area from the Kanagawa (southwest) to the Chiba (east) sides. The observations were carried out on clear and rather calm nights in the winters of 1975–1978. The results show that Tokyo receives increased downward radiation in comparison with the amount received in the surrounding rural areas. The area of increased downward flux extends about 40 km at its widest along the observation route when the winds are weak, and the rural-urban increase of downward radiation becomes about 8% on the Kanagawa side and about 10% on the Chiba side. The area of increased downward flux is close to that of the urban heat island, where an urban decrease of water vapour content is also observed. The present analysis shows that the large urban increase of radiation flux is due to the difference between the vertical temperature profiles over the urban and rural regions. The development of a surface temperature inversion over the rural area and the urban decrease in water vapour content provide a rather smaller rural-urban difference in downward radiation compared with the development of a heat island. 相似文献
2.
Comparison of urban/rural counter and net radiation at night 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Comparison of incoming long-wave radiation at night in urban and rural locations has been achieved via direct measurements. Counter radiation and air temperature were continuously monitored during automobile traverses across the Island of Montreal on clear nights. Results show that urban counter radiation values are consistently slightly higher than rural values. The cross-Montreal radiation profiles closely parallel the form of the urban heat island.Comparison of measured counter radiation with that computed from empirical equations shows a fair absolute agreement, but important urban/rural differences. Analysis of these differences suggests that the urban counter radiation anomaly is explainable on the basis of the vertical temperature structure of the city alone, without need to consider emissivity changes brought about by air pollution. This suggests that the increased counter radiation is a result, not a cause of the urban heat island.Estimates of net long-wave radiation show only small urban/rural differences. Thus the increased counter radiation appears to be nullified by an increased emission from the warmer city surface. The study indicates that radiative exchanges probably play a minor role in nocturnal urban/rural surface energy balance differences. 相似文献
3.
根据惠州城市和乡村1961-2004年逐月平均气温资料,对比分析了全球变暖背景下惠州城市和乡村的气温变化。结果表明：城市和乡村年平均气温均表现为增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.21和0.13 ℃/10 a,其中冬季变暖最明显。城市气温的增温率和增温幅度都高于乡村,城市化、工业化和人类活动引起的城市热岛效应对城市气温变化有重要影响,年和四季城市热岛效应的增温贡献率为28.9%～56.3%。1990年代中期开始的10 a与前34 a相比,城市年和四季热岛效应增温幅度平均为0.19～0.27 ℃,全球变暖效应增温幅度平均为0.17～0.73 ℃。城市热岛效应对1990年代城市气温突变有重要影响。 相似文献
4.
根据惠州城市和乡村1961-2004年逐月平均气温资料,对比分析了全球变暖背景下惠州城市和乡村的气温变化。结果表明：城市和乡村年平均气温均表现为增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.21和0.13 ℃/10 a,其中冬季变暖最明显。城市气温的增温率和增温幅度都高于乡村,城市化、工业化和人类活动引起的城市热岛效应对城市气温变化有重要影响,年和四季城市热岛效应的增温贡献率为28.9%～56.3%。1990年代中期开始的10 a与前34 a相比,城市年和四季热岛效应增温幅度平均为0.19～0.27 ℃,全球变暖效应增温幅度平均为0.17～0.73 ℃。城市热岛效应对1990年代城市气温突变有重要影响。 相似文献
5.
北京地区城郊极端温度事件的变化趋势及差异分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用北京地区城郊16个气象观测站1979～2008年逐日平均、最高和最低温度的均一化资料,分析了近30年北京地区城、郊区极端温度事件发生频次(强度)的变化趋势,并对比了城郊差异以及城市热岛强度对城郊差异的影响.研究结果显示:从发生频次来看,近30年城区极端低温事件的减小幅度[5.94 d (10 a)-1]高于郊区的减小幅度[-5.28 d (10 a)-1],而极端高温事件的增加幅度在城区[4.33 d (10 a)-1]和郊区[4.42 d (10 a)-1]之间差别不大,定量化的诊断结果进一步证明了城区和郊区在极端温度事件发生频次上的差别很小.从发生强度来看,近30年城区极端温度事件的年平均发生强度明显高于郊区,但在变化趋势上,城区极端低温事件的减弱幅度略高于极端高温事件的增强幅度,相差0.042℃(10 a)-1,而在郊区极端低温事件的减弱幅度却略低于极端高温事件的增强幅度,相差0.052℃(10 a)-1.城郊差异的定量化分析结果表明,极端温度事件在城区强度一般大于郊区强度,城区与郊区强度差值均为正值(除1982年和1985年极端高温事件强度差值为负).热岛强度与极端温度事件城郊差异的相关性统计发现,极端温度事件发生频次和发生强度在城郊之间的差别与热岛强度均没有明显的相关特征,该结果说明城市热岛效应对北京超大城市市区和郊区影响基本一致,其差异性是有限的. 相似文献
6.
An investigation of urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urban heating 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the reliability of urban heat island intensity (UHII) as an indicator of urban heating. The diurnal patterns of air and surface-temperature based UHII and variations in urban and rural area heating were analyzed and discussed. The detailed air-temperature based UHII patterns were determined in one urban and four suburban areas of Hong Kong. UHII was determined as spatially-averaged air-temperature difference between an urban/suburban area and its surrounding rural area. Additionally, reported air and surface-temperature based UHII patterns were integrated in the discussion to carry out a comprehensive analysis. The urban and rural area heating variations (i.e., the diurnal variations in net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and heat stored by an area) were examined in the light of UHII patterns to validate UHII as an indicator for urban heating. It is noted that the air-temperature based UHIIs were higher and positive in the night-time but lower and negative during the daytime. On the other hand, most of the surface-temperature based UHIIs, investigated through satellite data were positive during both the daytime and night-time. It is revealed that UHII can well reflect urban heating during night-time and early morning. However, the lower and negative UHII during solar peak time (daytime when solar radiation is the dominant source of heating) has seemingly not been representing urban heating. 相似文献
7.
在当前中国城市化进程愈演愈烈的情形下,城市热岛冷却效应的研究对于确立城市生态环境可持续化发展的正确途径等有重要意义。采用离线城市冠层模型分析了城市冠层中街区形态和屋顶材料的变化对辐射热量、表面温度及冠层内气温的影响。研究发现:建筑物高度、宽度以及街道宽度等参数的改变对冠层各表面温度的影响较大,当街道宽度增加3 m时,地面温度升高约3.5 K。但是街道宽度增加,多重反射导致的辐射截陷效应减弱,墙面上更多的热量释放出去,各墙面温度降低约1.5 K;冠层气温先增加,日出后降低约0.4 K。屋顶材料的改变对辐射及热通量和表面温度也有较大影响,与灰色水泥屋顶相比,采用高反照率白色涂料冷却屋顶后,屋顶净辐射热量损失约380 W m-2,屋顶表面温度降低约10 K。冠层内街区形态和屋顶材料对城市辐射热环境产生直接的影响。 相似文献
8.
利用2000-2010年MODIS地表温度产品影像,结合DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,分析了成都地区夏季城市温度场及其城市热岛变化的分布特征及其演变规律。结果表明：随着城市化加快,成都地区夏季热环境发生了较大变化,整个区域以中温区向次高温区转换为主。成都地区热岛效应昼夜变化较大：白天热岛面积不断增大,与周围卫星城热岛连成一体,2000年和2010年城市热岛对区域的增温贡献分别为0.13℃和0.29℃,变化量达0.16℃,夜间并不存在大面积强热岛区。旧城区内城市热岛面积有所增加,但不显著,城市扩展区内热岛的规模显著增大,2010年较2000年新增强热岛区域面积166.43 km2,变化幅度达54%。高城市化水平的成都市地区的日较差相对于周边低城市化水平地区明显减少。同时,城市热岛还与人口的平方根具有很好的正相关关系,成都地区非农业人口规模每增长100万人,热岛效应强度增加0.4℃。 相似文献
9.
In this paper, urban-rural temperature, relative humidity and vapour pressure differences at fixed hours in Beijing area were analyzed and compared. The data from one station with different observation surroundings and one rural station (0200, 0800, 1400 and 2000 hours local standard time (LST)) for the period 1971–2003 were used. The effect of urban on local temperature, relative humidity and vapour pressure were discussed. Results showed that the urban environment caused great increase in local temperature at 0200, 0800 and 2000 hours and small increase at 1400 hours. Also, the urban effect on humidity suggested that the urban environment can decrease relative humidity and vapour pressure at all fixed hours, while the urban-rural relative humidity differences are great at 2000 and 0200 hours and the urban-rural vapour pressure differences are great at 1400 and 2000 hours. The annual average temperature, relative humidity and vapour pressure difference between urban and rural are about 1.76°C, 6.3% and 1.5475 hpa during the period from 1981 to 1997, respectively. Results indicated that the urban effect on local temperature and humidity is significant in Beijing area. 相似文献
10.
应用城市冠层模式研究建筑物形态对城市边界层的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
文中将城市冠层模式耦合到南京大学城市尺度边界层模式中,通过模拟对比发现,耦合模式对城市地区气温模拟结果更接近于观测值,尤其是对城市地区夜间气温模拟的改进.运用改进耦合模式通过多个敏感性试验的模拟,从城市面积扩张、建筑物高度增加、建筑物分布密度变化等角度研究城市建筑物三维几何形态变化对城市边界层及城市气象环境的影响,试验结果表明:(1)城市面积扩张使得城市下垫面的热通量增大,热力湍流活动增强,动量通量输送增强,城市湍能增大,湍流扩散系数变大,城市气温升高,且对不同时刻城市区域大气层结稳定度均有不同程度的影响.(2)建筑物高度增加增大了城市下垫面的粗糙度和零平面位移.同时也增大了城市街渠高宽比.城市建筑物越高,白天城市地区地表热通量越小,城市上空大气温度越低,平均风速减小,湍能减小;夜间由于高大建筑物释放储热比低矮建筑物要多,其热力湍流相对活跃,地表热通量增大,使得城市区域气温较高.(3)建筑物密度增大,会减小城市下垫面的粗糙度同时增强街渠对辐射的影响.建筑物密度增大在白天会减小地表热通量和动量通量,使城市气温降低,平均风速增大,城市湍流活动能力减弱;夜间城市释放较多储热使得气温较高. 相似文献
11.
A two-dimensional time-dependent Earth-atmosphere model is developed which can be applied to the study of a class of atmospheric boundary-layer flows which owe their origin to horizontal inhomogeneities with respect to surface roughness and temperature. Our main application of the model is to explore the governing physical mechanisms of nocturnal urban atmospheric boundarylayer flow.A case study is presented in which a stable temperature stratification is assumed to exist in the rural upwind area. It is shown through integration of the numerical model that as this air passes over a city, the heat is redistributed due to increased surface friction (and hence increased turbulent mixing). This redistribution of heat results in the formation of an urban heat island.Additional numerical integrations of the model are conducted to examine the dependence of induced perturbations on: (1) the upwind temperature inversion; (2) the geostrophic wind speed; and (3) urbanization. The results show a linear relationship between heat-island intensity and the rural temperature inversion with the heat island increasing in intensity as the upwind inversion becomes stronger; that the heat-island intensity close to the surface is inversely proportional to the geostrophic wind; and that the effects of anthropogenic heat cause an increase in the perturbation temperature with the perturbation extending to higher altitudes. From this study, we conclude that with an upwind temperature inversion, a city of any size should generate a heat island as a result of increased surface roughness. The heat-island intensity should increase with city size because of two factors: larger cities are usually aerodynamically rougher; and larger cities have a larger anthropogenic heat output.Research supported in part by NSF Grant GA-16822. 相似文献
12.
苏州夏季城市热岛现状及影响因子分析研究 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
利用2007年夏季常规和自动站气象观测资料,分析研究苏州城市热岛及其与影响因子关系.气温分布表明,市中心干将桥气温相对较高,而靠近太湖的新区镇湖镇、东山等郊区气温相对较低.苏州城市热岛强度日变化呈现双峰分布,两个峰值分别出现在10时和20时左右,最低值出现在16时左右.热岛强度与气象条件关系分析表明:(1)热岛强度受云量的影响较大;(2)与城区气温分布关系密切,相关系数为0.62;(3)与风向有关,城区风向为西风时的热岛强度大于东风时热岛强度;而城区热岛强度与风速关系不明显.另外相关站点的合理选取对城市热岛研究也十分重要. 相似文献
13.
Summary In the study, urban-suburban/rural vapour pressure and relative humidity differences at fixed hours in the Belgrade area
were analysed and compared. The data from one urban, two suburban and one rural stations (0700, 1400 and 2100 hours LTC),
for the period 1976–1980 were used. It has been found, on the basis of the vapour pressure differences that the atmosphere
in urban areas is more humid than that in the suburban and rural areas at 0700 and 2100 hours, in the period from September
to February, while from February to September the urban atmosphere is drier. At 1400 hours, urban atmosphere is drier throughout
the year. However, relative humidity differences indicate that urban air is less humid than the air in suburban and rural
areas throughout the year. Relationships between urban-suburban/rural vapour pressure differences and heat island intensity
revealed that the local effects could be significant.
Received December 23, 1999 Revised September 27, 2000 相似文献
14.
Study on Effects of Building Morphology on Urban Boundary Layer Using an Urban Canopy Model 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 An urban canopy model is incorporated into the Nanjing University Regional Boundary Layer Model. Temperature simulated by the urban canopy model is in better agreement with the observation, especially in the night time, than that simulated by the traditional slab model. The coupled model is used to study the effects of building morphology on urban boundary layer and meteorological environment by changing urban area, building height, and building density.It is found that when the urban area is expanded, the urban boundary layer heat flux, thermal turbulence, and the turbulent momentum flux and kinetic energy all increase or enhance, causing the surface air temperature to rise up. The stability of urban atmospheric stratification is affected to different extent at different times of the day.When the building height goes up, the aerodynamic roughness height, zero plane displacement height of urban area, and ratio of building height to street width all increase. Therefore, the increase in building height results in the decrease of the surface heat flux, urban surface temperature, mean wind speed, and turbulent kinetic energy in daytime. While at night, as more heat storage is released by higher buildings, thermal turbulence is more active and surface heat flux increases, leading to a higher urban temperature.As the building density increases, the aerodynamic roughness height of urban area decreases, and the effect of urban canopy on radiation strengthens. The increase of building density results in the decrease in urban surface heat flux, momentum flux, and air temperature, the increase in mean wind speed, and the weakening of turbulence in the daytime. While at night, the urban temperature increases due to the release of more heat storage. 相似文献
15.
应用基于多层城市冠层方案BEP(Building Environment Parameterization)增加室内空调系统影响的建筑物能量模式BEM(Building Energy Model)方案的WRF模式,模拟研究重庆热岛的特征、成因以及局地环流对热岛形成的影响。文中共有两个算例,一为重庆真实下垫面算例,称之为URBAN算例,二为将城市下垫面替换为耕地下垫面的对比算例,称之为NOURBAN算例。结果表明:1)WRF方案模拟结果与观测2 m气温的对比吻合较好,误差主要出现在正午温度峰值和凌晨温度谷值处,由城市下垫面特性及城市内建筑分布误差引起。2)BEP+BEM方案较好地模拟出了重庆地区的热岛分布的空间和时间特征。重庆市温度的分布受地形和城市下垫面的双重影响,越靠近城区,温度的分布受城市化影响就越大,在海拔低处,温度就越高。3)城区立体三维表面对辐射的陷阱作用导致城市表面总体反射率小,向上短波辐射小于郊区约20 W/m~2。城市表面以感热排放为主,而郊区则表现为潜热的作用占主导。夜间城市地表储热以及空调废热向大气释放,是城市热岛形成的重要原因。4)模拟区域背景风场主要为东南风,局地环流呈现出越靠近山区风速越大、城市区域风速较小的特性,体现了城市密集的建筑群对低层大气流场的空气动力学效应,以及复杂山谷地形的山谷风环流特性。在市区的西侧和东南侧均有高大山脉阻挡,山脉对城市出流的阻碍作用、气流越山与绕流运动对城市热岛的形成有一定影响。 相似文献
16.
17.
The formation mechanism of a cold sea-fog case observed over the Yellow Sea near the western coastal area of the Korean Peninsula is investigated using numerical simulation with a one-dimensional turbulence model coupled with a three-dimensional regional model. The simulation was carried out using both Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches; both approaches produced sea fog in a manner consistent with observation. For the selected cold sea-fog case, the model results suggested the following: as warm and moist air flows over a cold sea surface, the lower part of the air column is modified by the turbulent exchange of heat and moisture and the diurnal variation in radiation. The modified boundary-layer structure represents a typical stable thermally internal boundary layer. Within the stable thermally internal boundary layer, the air temperature is decreased by radiative cooling and turbulent heat exchange but the moisture loss due to the downward vapour flux in the lowest part of the air column is compensated by moisture advection and therefore the dewpoint temperature does not decrease as rapidly as does the air temperature. Eventually water vapour saturation is achieved and the cold sea fog forms in the thermal internal boundary layer. 相似文献
18.
19.
20.
The spatial variation of the nocturnal urban boundary-layer structure is described and the time variation of the mixing height, and the nocturnal inversion top and strength after sunrise is presented for urban sites located upwind, downwind, and near the center of the heat island, and at an upwind rural site. Observations were derived from high resolution temperature profiles obtained by a helicopter during 35 intensive morning experiments in St. Louis, Missouri.The nocturnal urban boundary layer increased in depth from the upwind edge of the urban area. Far downwind, in suburban and rural areas, a remnant of the urban boundary layer existed between a stable surface-based layer and an upper inversion that resembled the upwind rural inversion.The mixing height (base of the inversion) evolved in a parabolic manner after sunrise at the urban locations. A rise in the inversion top after sunrise at the urban locations is believed to be due to low-level convergence which caused the entire inversion layer to be lifted. Due to large horizontal temperature gradients associated with the urban heat island, cold air advection tended to counteract the urban-induced lifting effect by inhibiting mixing-height growth at urban locations upwind of the heat-island center. Advection also caused the maximum height and fastest growth rate of the urban mixed layer to be shifted downwind of the urban area with time. However, mean mixing-height growth rates at various urban locations did not differ significantly. The rural mixing-height growth rate was about twice as large as urban values for up to 3 hr after sunrise. Spatial differences in the mixing height became small near the time of inversion dissipation, which appeared to occur at about the same time at all locations.On assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 相似文献