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1.
利用1975—2014年安徽省77个观测站的日最高温度、最低温度和平均气温资料,对近40 a极端温度事件的时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明:安徽省冬季极端低温事件的发生频次分布,总体呈北多南少,地区差异较大,极端低温事件发生次数最多的是宿州萧县。近40 a间冬季的极端低温事件发生减少趋势显著,与冬季平均温度的显著上升相对应。年极端最低温度年际变化趋势不明显,且极端低温的发生频次与强度并不对应。夏季极端高温事件发生频次较多区域为江南。1975—2014年,夏季极端高温事件发生呈整体增多趋势,但趋势不显著。年极端最高温度的时间序列,与极端高温事件发生频次的时间序列是相对应的,呈现明显的正相关。从MK突变上看,年极端低温和高温事件发生均存在突变。分析合成环流场发现,冬季极端冷事件发生时,亚洲中高纬度环流的经向度明显增强;夏季极端暖事件的发生与副高的明显西伸增强维持有关。 相似文献
2.
西南地区东部区域性暴雨事件的客观识别及其变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《高原气象》2021,40(4):789-800
利用区域性极端事件客观识别方法(OITREE)和1961-2018年西南地区东部118站逐日降水资料对该区域近58年的区域性暴雨事件进行了识别,确定了相应的OITREE方法的参数组,共识别得出246次区域性暴雨事件,其中25次达到极端强度,2004年9月3-6日发生的区域性暴雨事件是西南地区东部近58年来综合强度最强的一次区域性暴雨事件。进一步分析表明:西南地区东部区域性暴雨事件的持续时间主要为2天,最长为5天;事件的累积强度集中在500～1000 mm之间,累积面积集中在10×10~4～20×10~4km~2。西南地区东部区域性暴雨事件多发于5-9月,其中7月最多,占总发生频次的31.7%。四川东部和重庆西部的平原区是暴雨事件的频发和强度中心地区。近58年西南地区东部持续性区域暴雨事件增多[0.57次·(10a)~(-1)],持续时间延长[1.2 d·(10a)~(-1)],最大影响范围扩大[5.7×104km2·(10a)~(-1)],极端强度也增强[73.4 mm·(10a)~(-1)]。 相似文献
3.
利用乌鲁木齐-昌吉地区3个城市气象站和3个郊区气象站1976-2008年的气温观测资料,分析了乌鲁木齐及周边城市发展的热岛效应。结果表明,33年来乌鲁木齐-昌吉地区城市化对城市地面平均气温具有显著影响,气温随年代递增率城市大于农村,城市和郊区年平均气温递增率分别为0.79和0.38℃.(10a)-1;城市气温的极端性趋于弱化,近33年地面气温递增的最主要表现是城市平均最低气温明显上升,城市和郊区年平均最低气温的递增率分别为1.12和0.41℃.(10a)-1;城市气温日较差呈明显的下降趋势,郊区却略呈上升趋势;城市寒冷日数减少的趋势大于农村,城市采暖季最低气温随年代的递增趋势最为显著,采暖季城市和农村平均最低气温的递增率分别是1.46和0.57℃.(10a)-1;年平均热岛强度递增率为0.71℃.(10a)-1,冬季为1.06℃.(10a)-1,秋、春和夏季分别为0.63,0.57和0.46℃.(10a)-1。热岛强度夜间强、白天弱,02:00,08:00,14:00和20:00的平均热岛强度分别为2.9,2.9,0.0和3.0℃,其中02:00和08:00热岛强度递增率分别是1.17和1.13℃.(10a)-1,20:00为0.70℃.(10a)-1,冬季没有逆温的状况下,市区高温区与繁华区相吻合,城区中心的温度比郊区高3~4℃。 相似文献
4.
利用阿勒泰地区7个测站1961～2011年冬季(11月到翌年3月)逐日最低温度资料,采用百分位定义法给出各站发生冬季极端低温事件的阈值。采用气候趋势系数和气候倾向率、Gumbel分布函数及R/S分析等多种统计方法分析阿勒泰地区各站冬季极端低温事件的气候特征。结果表明:阿勒泰地区各站冬季极端低温事件发生阈值为-26～-36℃。阿勒泰地区冬季极端低温事件频次倾向率均呈减少趋势,强度倾向率均呈减弱趋势。50 a一遇冬季极端低温事件极值东部较低,西部较高。阿勒泰地区西部地区冬季极端低温强度<-50℃的概率较小,东部地区冬季极端低温事件强度<-50℃概率较大。根据R/S分析,阿勒泰地区冬季极端低温事件未来发生频次可能会有所增多,冬季极端低温事件未来发生强度可能会有所增强。 相似文献
5.
全球升温1.5℃与2.0℃情景下中国极端低温事件变化与耕地暴露度研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
基于区域气候模式COSMO-CLM（CCLM）模拟的1960-2100年逐日最低气温数据及2000年中国土地利用数据,采用强度-面积-持续时间（Intensity-Area-Duration,IAD）方法,以全球升温1.5℃（RCP 2.6情景）和2.0℃（RCP 4.5情景）为目标,研究不同持续时间中国极端低温事件变化特征、最强极端低温事件强度与面积关系和最强中心空间分布,分析极端低温事件下耕地面积暴露度的变化规律。研究发现:（1）全球升温1.5℃情景下,持续1至9 d的极端低温事件频次相对于基准期（1986-2005年）下降30%-54%,强度变化-1%-8.8%,影响面积下降7%-21%;升温2.0℃,频次下降48%-80%,强度上升6%-11.5%,影响面积则在-14%-19%变化。（2）全球不同升温情景有可能发生强度和面积超过基准期最强事件的极端低温。全球升温1.5-2.0℃时,同等面积上的最强极端低温事件强度明显下降,但最强极端低温事件中心由西北和西南转移到华中和华南等地。（3）不同升温情景下,暴露于极端低温事件的中国耕地面积明显少于基准期,且升温幅度越高下降程度越大。最强极端低温事件的耕地暴露度则随温度的升高而增大。升温1.5℃时,华东、华北与华中等地暴露在最强极端低温事件的耕地面积相对于基准期有所增大,升温2.0℃时,华东与华北等地有大幅度上升。全球不同升温情景下,极端低温事件频次与影响面积持续下降,但强度上升;随着升温幅度的增大,这种差异变化特征越来越明显;特别应注意的是,随着温度上升,发生强度和面积超过当前记录到的最强极端低温事件的可能性增大;应加强极端事件的预警、预报和监测,减缓经济社会的损失。 相似文献
6.
根据1951-2009年冬季北京观象台逐日最高、最低气温资料,对近59 a冬季北京极端低温事件的发生频次、强度进行了分析.结果表明,近59 a冬季北京极端低温事件呈减少趋势,且在1984年冬季存在气候突变点,1984年后为极端低温事件相对低发期;随着极端低温事件发生频次减少,强度也趋于减弱,20世纪80年代之后极端低温... 相似文献
7.
《气象与环境学报》2017,(4)
利用国家气候中心整编的中国西北地区日最高气温的观测资料,通过对中国西北地区极端高温变化特征进行较全面的分析,揭示了近20 a(1996—2015年)与近55 a(1961—2015年)中国西北地区极端气温变化的新特征。结果表明:除新疆维吾尔自治区部分和陕西省南部部分地区外,1961—2015年西北地区极端高温事件出现频次普遍呈增加的趋势,大值中心集中分布在新疆维吾尔自治区东南部、青海省北部、甘肃省西部和宁夏回族自治区中部地区,线性增加率为3.00次/10 a以上,其中大部地区增加趋势通过了99.5%以上信度的显著性检验,与全球气候变暖的特征较为一致。近20 a来西北地区极端高温事件出现频次呈西部和南部地区增多、东部和北部地区减少的空间变化特征。近20 a西北地区极端高温事件出现频率呈"西南部地区多、北部和东部地区少"的变化趋势,与前20 a(1961—1980年)极端高温事件出现频次的变化趋势相近,与近30 a(1981—2010年)极端高温事件出现频率的"西南部地区少、中东部地区多"的变化趋势相反。近55 a西北地区极端高温事件平均出现频次呈增加的趋势,平均值为1.73次/10 a;主要阶段变化率分别为:前20 a极端高温事件平均出现频次为0.06次/10 a,近30 a极端高温事件平均出现频次为3.90次/10 a,近20 a极端高温事件平均出现频次为-0.46次/10 a。近20 a西北地区极端高温事件出现频次呈弱递减的趋势与全球1998年以后增温的停滞现象较一致,说明西北地区的区域极端高温事件减少的特征对全球气候变暖停滞现象存在响应。由西北地区极端高温事件出现频次异常偏多年和偏少年的典型温度场可知,西北地区夏季异常高温变化对印度洋和太平洋的海温变化具有明显的正响应。西北地区极端最高气温和极端高温事件的温度强度分布主要取决于海拔高度,其次与局地地形和下垫面性质有关。 相似文献
8.
秦秀丽 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2014,8(2):59-64
利用山西省61个气象站点逐日最高温度、最低温度资料,采用百分位值定义法、Mann原Kendall突变检验法和Morlet小波变换等方法,分析了山西省近50 a极端温度事件年均发生频率的时空特征,结果表明：1961年以来,山西省极端高温事件年均发生频率呈显著增加趋势,趋势为6.1 d/10 a,与此同时,极端低温事件年均发生频率呈显著减少趋势,且极端气温事件的变化存在明显的区域差异;极端高温和极端低温年均发生频率均发生了突变现象,变化趋势均在20世纪90年代以来更加显著;极端高温和极端低温事件年均发生频率均呈显著波动变化,在整个研究期间极端高温存在5～6a、4～8a显著周期,极端低温存在4～5a显著周期。 相似文献
9.
ENSO-Modoki与东北三省夏季温度异常事件的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《干旱气象》2016,(2)
利用1960~2013年中国东北三省76个台站夏季逐日气温数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及ENSO-Modoki指数,分析了东北地区夏季温度异常事件的时空变化特征,运用相关分析与合成分析相结合的方法探讨其与ENSO-Modoki之间的关系。结果表明:(1)东北三省夏季极端高温事件的频次波动较为明显,在1980年代初与1990年代中后期有明显峰值,而极端低温事件的频次呈下降趋势,但在1990年代初有1次明显上升;(2)从空间分布来看,极端高温事件的频次在东北三省东部的大部分地区以及大兴安岭北部地区呈上升趋势,而极端低温事件的频次在辽东半岛以及漠河附近有上升趋势,在长白山以北及松江平原以南地区则有下降趋势;(3)前一年冬季发生El Nio-Modoki或春季发生La Nia-Modoki,对黑龙江省与辽宁省的大部地区夏季出现温度异常事件影响较大。其中,前一年冬季发生El Nio-Modoki,当年夏季这些地区极端高温事件的频次可能会减少;春季发生La Nia-Modoki,上述地区夏季极端低温事件的频次会减少,而极端高温事件的频次可能会增多。 相似文献
10.
利用福建省漳州市10个气象站1962—2012年1、2、12月逐日最低气温资料,分析漳州极端最低气温变化特征。结果表明:①漳州多年冬季平均极端最低气温以0.397℃/10 a线性倾向率增加。②各年代际气候倾向率差异明显,20世纪80年代年极端最低气温增加最快(气候倾向率2.715℃/10 a),21世纪以来气候倾向率最小(0.006℃/10 a),20世纪70年代内极端最低气温变化相对稳定(变异系数为0.85),20世纪90年代气温变化剧烈(变异系数为1.72)。③极端最低气温(5℃)日数以-1.6℃/10 a的气候倾向率减少,多年低温日数平均值为7.5 d。④漳州市区、郊区极端最低气温显著增加,漳州市区极端最低气温以0.546℃/10 a气候倾向率增加,郊区以0.381℃/10 a气候倾向率增加。⑤漳州市区与郊区极端最低气温(5℃)日数平均差值5 d,市区低温日数以-2.427 d/10 a的气候倾向率减小,郊区低温日数以-1.509 d/10 a的气候倾向率减少。 相似文献
11.
根据惠州城市和乡村1961-2004年逐月平均气温资料,对比分析了全球变暖背景下惠州城市和乡村的气温变化。结果表明：城市和乡村年平均气温均表现为增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.21和0.13 ℃/10 a,其中冬季变暖最明显。城市气温的增温率和增温幅度都高于乡村,城市化、工业化和人类活动引起的城市热岛效应对城市气温变化有重要影响,年和四季城市热岛效应的增温贡献率为28.9%～56.3%。1990年代中期开始的10 a与前34 a相比,城市年和四季热岛效应增温幅度平均为0.19～0.27 ℃,全球变暖效应增温幅度平均为0.17～0.73 ℃。城市热岛效应对1990年代城市气温突变有重要影响。 相似文献
12.
根据惠州城市和乡村1961-2004年逐月平均气温资料,对比分析了全球变暖背景下惠州城市和乡村的气温变化。结果表明：城市和乡村年平均气温均表现为增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.21和0.13 ℃/10 a,其中冬季变暖最明显。城市气温的增温率和增温幅度都高于乡村,城市化、工业化和人类活动引起的城市热岛效应对城市气温变化有重要影响,年和四季城市热岛效应的增温贡献率为28.9%～56.3%。1990年代中期开始的10 a与前34 a相比,城市年和四季热岛效应增温幅度平均为0.19～0.27 ℃,全球变暖效应增温幅度平均为0.17～0.73 ℃。城市热岛效应对1990年代城市气温突变有重要影响。 相似文献
13.
Temporal characteristics of the Beijing urban heat island 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Summary This paper describes the inter-annual trend, and the seasonal and hourly variation of the near surface urban heat island (UHI)
in Beijing. The surface air temperature data (mean, maximum, and minimum) from one urban (downtown Beijing) and one rural
(70 km from downtown Beijing) station were used for the period 1977 and 2000. It is found that the temperatures in both urban
and rural stations show an increasing tendency. Specifically, minimum temperature shows the greatest tendency at the urban
station whereas maximum temperature shows the greatest increase at the rural station. The UHI intensity obtained by calculating
the difference in temperatures between the two stations identifies that the intensity is greatest and has the greatest increasing
trend for minimum temperature, while the UHI intensity of maximum temperature shows a slow decrease over time. UHI intensity
for minimum temperature has a strong positive correlation with the increase in the urban population and the expansion of the
yearly construction area. Seasonal analyses showed the UHI intensity is strongest in winter. This seasonal UHI variation tends
to be negatively correlated with the seasonal variation of relative humidity and vapor pressure. Hourly variation reveals
that the strongest UHI intensity is observed in the late nighttime or evening, while the weakest is observed during the day. 相似文献
14.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Mesoscale Circulations Forced by Inhomogeneous Urban Heat Island 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The large-eddy simulation mode of the Weather Research and Forecasting model is employed to simulate the planetary boundary-layer characteristics and mesoscale circulations forced by an ideal urban heat island (UHI). In our simulations, the horizontal heterogeneity of the UHI intensity distribution in urban areas is considered and idealized as a cosine function. Results indicate that the UHI heating rate and the UHI intensity heterogeneity affect directly the spatial distribution of the wind field; a stronger UHI intensity produces a maximum horizontal wind speed closer to the urban centre. The strong advection of warm air from the urban area to the rural area in the upper part of the planetary boundary-layer causes a more stable atmospheric stratification over both the urban and rural areas. The mesoscale sensible heat flux caused by the UHI circulation increases with UHI intensity but vanishes when the background wind speed is sufficiently high $(>$ 3.0 $\mathrm{{m\,s}}^{-1})$ . 相似文献
15.
Admir Créso Targino Patricia Krecl Guilherme Conor Coraiola 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,117(1-2):73-87
Air temperature was monitored at 13 sites across the urban perimeter of a Brazilian midsize city in winter 2011. In this study, we show that the urban heat island (UHI) develops only at night and under certain weather conditions, and its intensity depends not only on the site's land cover but also on the meteorological setting. The urban heat island intensity was largest (6.6 °C) under lingering high-pressure conditions, milder (3.0 °C) under cold anticyclones and almost vanished (1.0 °C) during the passage of cold fronts. The cooling rates were calculated to monitor the growth and decay of the UHI over each specific synoptic setting. Over four contiguous days under the effect of a lingering high-pressure event, we observed that the onset of cooling was always at about 2 h before sunset. The reference site attained mean cooling rate of ?2.6 °C h?1 at sunset, whilst the maximum urban rate was ?1.2 °C h?1. Under a 3-day cold anticyclone episode, cooling also started about 2 h before sunset, and the difference between maximum rural (?2.0 °C h?1) and urban (?1.0 °C h?1) cooling rates diminished. Under cold-front conditions, the cooling rate was homogeneous for all sites and swang about zero throughout the day. The air temperature has a memory effect under lingering high-pressure conditions which intensified the UHI, in addition to the larger heat storage in the urban area. Cold anticyclone conditions promoted the development of the UHI; however, the cold air pool and relatively light winds smoothed out its intensity. Under the influence of cold fronts, the urban fabric had little effect on the city's air temperature field, and the UHI was imperceptible. 相似文献
16.
Changes of temperature extremes over China were evaluated using daily
maximum and minimum temperature data from 591 stations for the period
1961--2002. A set of indices of warm extremes, cold extremes and daily
temperature range (DTR) extremes was studied with a focus on trends. The
results showed that the frequency of warm extremes (F_WE) increased
obviously in most parts of China, and the intensity of warm extremes
(I_WE) increased significantly in northern China. The opposite
distribution was found in the frequency and intensity of cold extremes. The
frequency of high DTR extremes was relatively uniform with that of
intensity: an obvious increasing trend was located over western China and
the east coast, while significant decreases occurred in central,
southeastern and northeastern China; the opposite distribution was found for
low DTR extreme days. Seasonal trends illustrated that both F_WE and
I_WE showed significant increasing trends, especially over northeastern
China and along the Yangtze Valley basin in spring and winter. A correlation
technique was used to link extreme temperature anomalies over China with
global temperature anomalies. Three key regions were identified, as follows:
northeastern China and its coastal areas, the high-latitude regions above
40oN, and southwestern China and the equatorial eastern Pacific. 相似文献
17.
Urban Heat Island and Boundary Layer Structures under Hot Weather Synoptic Conditions: A Case Study of Suzhou City, China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A strong urban heat island (UHI) appeared in a hot weather episode in Suzhou City during the period from 25 July to 1 August 2007. This paper analyzes the urban heat island characteristics of Suzhou City under this hot weather episode. Both meteorological station observations and MODIS satellite observations show a strong urban heat island in this area. The maximum UHI intensity in this hot weather episode is 2.2℃, which is much greater than the summer average of 1.0℃ in this year and the 37-year (from 1970 to 2006) average of 0.35℃. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulation results demonstrate that the rapid urbanization processes in this area will enhance the UHI in intensity, horizontal distribution, and vertical extension. The UHI spatial distribution expands as the urban size increases. The vertical extension of UHI in the afternoon increases about 50 m higher under the year 2006 urban land cover than that under the 1986 urban land cover. The conversion from rural land use to urban land type also strengthens the local lake-land breeze circulations in this area and modifies the vertical wind speed field. 相似文献
18.
金丽娜 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2021,15(1):97-102
选取1971—2017年7个国家级气象站的气温资料,分析年代际气温变化特征及城郊温差、城县温差;选取2014—2017年103个国家考核区域气象站及7个国家级气象站逐时气温资料,利用标准化相对气温法,研究西安市城市热岛、冷岛的年、季平均空间分布特征,以及逐日热岛、冷岛变化规律。结果显示:1971—2017年城区、郊区和郊县气温均呈上升趋势,城区增温速率最大,郊县增温速率最小,进入21世纪后,城市热岛效应较为显著。西安市城市热岛、冷岛现象明显,且均呈"多中心"特征,热岛中心多为老城区及旅游中心,建筑物面积和人口密度占绝对优势;冷岛中心多为地势较高、水域绿被覆盖较大、非人口密集区的秦岭坡脚线附近。城区代表站的年、春季、夏季、秋季基本处于平稳状态,年、春季、夏季06—07时热岛强度最大,秋季、冬季23时热岛强度最大;郊区代表站和郊县代表站的年及四季热岛、冷岛强度均有明显的日变化特征,且变化趋势相反;郊区代表站10时热岛转为冷岛,春、夏季16—17时转为热岛,年及秋、冬两季19—20时转为热岛;郊县代表站年、春季、夏季06—07时冷岛强度最大,秋季、冬季2时冷岛强度最大,08时后冷岛开始减弱,12—13时为最弱后开始增强。 相似文献
19.
Richard Leduc Michel Ferland Jacques Gariepy Ghislain Jacques Claude Lelievre Gaston Paulin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1980,19(4):471-480
This paper studies the urban heat island in Quebec City and its suburbs on one summer night. The region under study covers an area of 20 km by 20 km which streches from lake Saint-Charles on the north to Levis on the south and from the western suburb of Cap-Rouge to Beauport on the east. The total population of the region is about 400 000.On August 22, 1979 from 22:00 to 23:30 EDT, 109 measurements of wet- and dry-bulb temperatures were taken at preselected points. On that day, a large high pressure system gave clear skies to central Quebec while Quebec City Airport recorded a maximum temperature of 23 °C. The average wind measured at Duberger meteorological tower between 6 and 121 m above ground was 1.8 m s-1 at 22:00 EDT and 0.9 m s-1 at 23:30 EDT. Additional data were obtained from three thermographs installed at strategic points and five regular climatological stations, which were used to estimate cooling rates.During the period of measurement, the cooling rate averaged over the eight reference points was about 0.7 °C h-1. However, the maximum cooling rate, which occured earlier, ranged from 2.2 °C h-1 at Duberger to 4.4 °C h-1 at Courville-de-Poissy. No relation seems to exist, in our case, between the maximum cooling rate and the heat island spatial structure. Comparison of these results with the ones given by Oke et al. (1972) shows that the eight stations behaved more like rural stations than urban ones.The temperature gradient measured between the center of old Quebec City and the suburbs averaged 6 °C while it was 9 °C for the coldest spot. Clo units were used to characterize the microclimates prevailing on the region for that night; 1 clo would be sufficient for comfort downtown while 1.5 clo is needed in the coldest spot for a slowly walking person. Large open areas like parks or the Laval University campus had a definite effect on temperature.The humidity was calculated for each point using standard psychrometric tables; no significant difference could be found over the area expect at points near or above the St. Laurent river where the average dew point was 1.5 °C higher.Each point was classified into 6 categories according to its predominant land-use as reported by the observers. A multiple regression between temperature on the one hand and altitude and land-use on the other hand was tried; it showed that temperature was significantly correlated with both. Such an equation could be used by town-planners to locate temperature gradients in future urban development over the area; land uses could be planned to enhance or reduce these gradients.This study confirms the idea that urban climate is a mosaic of interacting micro-climates. More measurements, including possibly airborne infra-red thermal imagery, will be taken during winter in order to assess the winter urban climate of Quebec City. 相似文献
20.
Urban heat island diagnosis using ASTER satellite images and ‘in situ’ air temperature 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study demonstrates that thermal satellite images combined with ‘in situ’ ground data can be used to examine models of heat island genesis and thus identify the main causes of urban heat islands (UHIs). The models, although proposed over 30 years ago, have not been thoroughly evaluated due to a combination of inadequate ground data and the low resolution of thermal satellite data. Also there has been limited understanding of the relevance of satellite-derived surface temperatures to local and regional scale air temperatures. A cloud-free ASTER thermal image of urban and rural areas of Hong Kong was obtained on a winter night with a well-developed heat island, accompanied by a 148 km vehicle traverse of air temperatures. Over the whole traverse a high R2 of 0.80 was observed between surface and air temperatures, with the two datasets showing a similar amplitude and general trend, but with the surface exhibiting much higher local variability than air temperature. Gradients in both surface and air temperature could be related to differences in land cover, with little evidence of large scale advection, thus supporting the population/physical structure model of UHI causation, rather than the advection model. However, the much higher surface and air temperatures observed over the largest urban area, Kowloon, than over any smaller urban centre with similar physical structure in the New Territories, would seem more indicative of the advection model. The image and ground data suggest that Kowloon's urban canopy layer climate is mainly influenced by local city structure, but it is also modified by a strongly developed, regional scale urban boundary layer which has developed over the largest urban centre of Kowloon, and reinforces heating from both above and below. 相似文献