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1.
WenWen Wang 《寒旱区科学》2013,5(2):0240-0250
Based on daily maximum and minimum surface air temperature and precipitation records at 48 meteorological stations in Xinjiang, the spatial and temporal distributions of climate extreme indices have been analyzed during 1961-2008. Twelve temperature extreme indices and six precipitation extreme indices are studied. Temperature extremes are highly correlated to annual mean temperature, which appears to be significantly increasing by 0.08 °C per year, indicating that changes in temperature extremes reflect consistent warming. The warming tendency is clearer at stations in northern Xinjiang as reflected by mean temperature. The frequencies of cold days and nights have both decreased, respectively by 0.86 and 2.45 d/decade, but the frequencies of warm days and nights have both increased, respectively by +1.62 and +4.85 d/decade. Over the same period, the number of frost days shows a statistically significant decreasing trend of 2.54 d/decade. The growing season length and the number of summer days exhibit significant increasing trends at rates of +2.62 and +2.86 d/decade, respectively. The diurnal temperature range has decreased by 0.28 °C/decade. Both annual extreme low and high temperatures exhibit significant increasing trend, with the former clearly larger than the latter. For precipitation indices, regional annual total precipitation shows an increasing trend and most other precipitation indices are strongly correlated with annual total precipitation. Average wet day precipitation, maximum 1-day and 5-day precipitation, and heavy precipitation days show increasing trends, but only the last is statistically significant. A decreasing trend is found for consecutive dry days. For all precipitation indices, stations in northwestern Xinjiang have the largest positive trend magnitudes, while stations in northern Xinjiang have the largest negative magnitudes. 相似文献
2.
The precipitation regime of the low latitude highlands of Yunnan in Southwest China is subject to the interactions between the East Asian Summer Monsoon and the Indian Summer Monsoon, and the influence of surface orography. An understanding of changes in its spatial and temporal patterns is urgently needed for climate change projection, hydrologi- cal impact modelling, and regional and downstream water resources management. Using daily precipitation records of the low latitude highlands over the last several decades （1950s-2007）, a time series of precipitation indices, including annual precipitation, number of rainy days, mean annual precipitation intensity, the dates of the onset of the rainy season, degree and period of precipitation seasonal concentration, the highest 1-day, 3-day and 7-day precipitation, and precipitation amount and number of rainy days for precipitation above dif- ferent intensities （such as 〉~10 mm, 〉~25 mm and 〉~50 mm of daily precipitation）, was con- structed. The Trend-Free Pre-Whitening Mann-Kendall trend test was then used to detect trends of the time series data. The results show that there is no significant trend in annual precipitation and strong seasonal differentiation of precipitation trends across the low latitude highlands. Springs and winters are getting wetter and summers are getting drier. Autumns are getting drier in the east and wetter in the west. As a consequence, the seasonality of pre- cipitation is weakening slightly. The beginning of the rainy season and the period of the highest precipitation tend to be earlier. In the meantime, the low latitude highlands has also witnessed less rainy days, more intense precipitation, slightly longer moderate and heavy precipitation events, and more frequent extreme precipitation events. Additionally, regional differentiation of precipitation trends is remarkable. These variations may be associated with weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon and strengthening of the South Asian summer monsoon, as well as the ＂corridor-barrier＂ effects of special mountainous terrain. However, the physical mechanisms involved still need to be uncovered in the future. 相似文献
3.
Based on the sand dust storms data and climatic data in 12 meteorological stations around sand dust storm originating areas of the Taklimakan Desert, we analyzed the trends of the number of dust storm days from 1960 to 2005 as well as their correlations with temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s. The results show that the frequency of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region decreased with the elapse of time. Except Ruoqiang and Minfeng, in the other 10 meteorological stations, the frequency of dust storm events reduces, and in 4 meteorological stations of Kuqa, Korla, Kalpin and Hotan, the frequency of dust storm events distinctly decreases. The temperature has an increasing trend, while the average wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have decreasing trends. The correlation analysis between the number of days of dust storms and climatic parameters demonstrates that wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s have strong positive correlation with the number of days of dust storms, with the correlations coefficients being 0.743 and 0.720 （p〈0.01）, respectively, which indicates that strong wind is the direct factor resulting in sand dust storms. Whereas precipitation has significant negative correlation with the number of days of dust storms （p〈0.01）, and the prior annual precipitation has also negative correlation, which indicates that the prior precipitation restrains the occurrence of sand dust storms, but this restraining action is weaker than the same year＇s precipitation. Temperature has negative correlation with the number of dust storm days, with a correlations coefficient of -0.433 （p〈0.01）, which means that temperature change also has impacts on the occurrence of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region. 相似文献
4.
Inter-annual variations in vegetation and their response to climatic factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2010 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To understand the variations in vegetation and their correlation with climate factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River, China, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI） time series data from 2000 to 2010 were collected based on the MOD13Q1 product. The coefficient of variation, Theil–Sen median trend analysis and the Mann–Kendall test were combined to investigate the volatility characteristic and trend characteristic of the vegetation. Climate data sets were then used to analyze the correlation between variations in vegetation and climate change. In terms of the temporal variations, the vegetation in this study area improved slightly from 2000 to 2010, although the volatility characteristic was larger in 2000–2005 than in 2006–2010. In terms of the spatial variation, vegetation which is relatively stable and has a significantly increasing trend accounts for the largest part of the study area. Its spatial distribution is highly correlated with altitude, which ranges from about 2000 to 3000 m in this area. Highly fluctuating vegetation and vegetation which showed a significantly decreasing trend were mostly distributed around the reservoirs and in the reaches of the river with hydropower developments. Vegetation with a relatively stable and significantly decreasing trend and vegetation with a highly fluctuating and significantly increasing trend are widely dispersed. With respect to the response of vegetation to climate change, about 20–30% of the vegetation has a significant correlation with climatic factors and the correlations in most areas are positive： regions with precipitation as the key influencing factor account for more than 10% of the area; regions with temperature as the key influencing factor account for less than 10% of the area; and regions with precipitation and temperature as the key influencing factors together account for about 5% of the total area. More than 70% of the vegetation has an insignificant correlation with climatic factors. 相似文献
5.
A total of 12 indices of temperature extremes and 11 indices of precipitation ex-tremes at 111 stations in southwestern China at altitudes of 285-4700 m were examined for the period 1961-2008. Significant correlations of temperature extremes and elevation in-cluded the trends of diurnal temperature range, frost days, ice days, cold night frequency and cold day frequency. Regional trends of growing season length, warm night frequency, coldest night and warmest night displayed a statistically significant positive correlation with altitude. These characteristics indicated the obvious warming with altitude. For precipitation extreme indices, only the trends of consecutive dry days, consecutive wet days, wet day precipitation and the number of heavy precipitation days had significant correlations with increasing alti-tude owing to the complex influence of atmospheric circulation. It also indicated the increased precipitation mainly at higher altitude areas, whereas the increase of extreme precipitation events mainly at lowers altitude. In addition, the clearly local influences are also crucial on climate extremes. The analysis revealed an enhanced sensitivity of climate extremes to ele-vation in southwestern China in the context of recent warming. 相似文献
6.
中国近代北方极端干湿事件的演变规律 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Using monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature, a surface humid index was proposed. According to the index, the distributed characteristics of extreme dryness has been fully analyzed. The results indicated that there is an obvious increasing trend of extreme dryness in the central part of northern China and northeastern China in the last 10 years, which shows a high frequency period of extreme dryness; while a low frequency period in the regions during the last 100 years. Compared with variation trend of the temperature in these regions, the region of high frequent extreme dryness is consistent with the warming trend in the same region. 相似文献
7.
The Yarlung Zangbo River (YR) is the highest great river in the world, and its basin is one of the centers of human economic activity in Tibet. Using 10 meteorological stations over the YR basin in 1961–2005, the spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature and precipitation as well as potential evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) The annual and four seasonal mean air temperature shows statistically significant increasing trend, the tendency is more significant in winter and fall. The warming in Lhasa river basin is most significant. (2) The precipitation is decreasing from the 1960s to the 1980s and increasing since the 1980s. From 1961 to 2005, the annual and four seasonal mean precipitation is increasing but not statistically significant, especially in fall and spring. The increasing precipitation rates are more pronounced in Niyangqu and Palong Zangbo river basins, the closer to the upper YR is, the less precipitation increasing rate would be. (3) The annual and four seasonal mean potential evapotranspiration has decreased, especially after the 1980s, and most of it happens in winter and spring. The decreasing trend is most significant in the middle YR and Nianchu river basin. (4) Compared with the Mt. Qomolangma region, Tibetan Plateau, China and global average, the magnitudes of warming trend over the YR basin since the 1970s exceed those areas in the same period, and compared with the Tibetan Plateau, the magnitudes of precipitation increasing and potential evapotranspiration decreasing are larger, suggesting that the YR basin is one of the most sensitive areas to global warming. 相似文献
8.
Daily average temperature data from 48 meteorological stations in Chinese oases that are within the distribution area of Populus euphratica were analyzed to determine the spatiotemporal responses of this tree to climate change. Specifically, the start and end date as well as the number of days that comprised the growing season were analyzed with a multi-year trend line and using the Mann-Kendall mutation test, inverse distance weighted interpolation(IDW) in the software Arc GIS, a Morlet wavelet power spectrum, and correlation analysis. The results of this study show that, over the last 56 years, the start date of the P. euphratica growing season has advanced, while the end date has been postponed, and the number of days that comprise the growing season have gradually increased. The changing trend rates recovered in this analysis for these three time slices are –1.34 d/10 a, 1.33 d/10 a, and 2.66 d/10 a(α≥ 0.001), respectively. Data show that while spatial disparity is extremely significant, it is nevertheless the case that along a southwest-to-northeast transect of Chinese oases, the later the start date of the P. euphratica season, the sooner the end data and the shorter the growing season. Mutations points in start and end date, as well as for the growing season overall were observed in 2001, 1989, and 1996, respectively, and the data presented in this paper show that, in particular, the date of this end of this period is most sensitive to climate warming. Growing season cycles for P. euphratica are between 3.56 years and 7.14 years, consistent with the periodicity of El Ni?o events, while a start date cycle between 3.56 years and 4.28 years is consistent with atmospheric circulation cyclicity. The causal analysis presented in this paper shows that the Asian polar vortex area index(APVAI), the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau index(TPI), the westerly circulation index(WCI), and carbon dioxide emissions(CDE) are the main factors influencing spatiotemporal changes in the growth of P. euphratica, the effect of latitude during the growing season is more significant than altitude, and the start date of the growing season is more significantly influenced by these factors than end date. In addition, data show that the start date, end date, and length of the growing season are all significantly correlated with their average corresponding monthly temperature(corre-lation coefficients are –0.875, 0.770, and 0.897; α≥0.001). Thus, if the average temperature in March increases by 1℃, the start date of the growing season will advance by 2.21 days, while if the average temperature in October increases by the same margin then the seasonal end date will be delayed by 2.76 days. Similarly, if the average temperature between March and October increases by 1℃, the growing season will be extended by 7.78 days. The results of this study corroborate the fact that changes in the P. euphratica growing are sensitive to regional warming and are thus of considerable theoretical significance to our understanding of the responses of Chinese vegetation to climate change as well as to ecological restoration. 相似文献
9.
Study on hydroclimatological changes in the mountainous river basins has attracted great interest in recent years. Changes in temperature, precipitation and river discharge pattern could be considered as indicators of hydroclimatological changes of the river basins. In this study, the temperatures （maximum and minimum）, precipitation, and discharge data from 1980 to 2009 were used to detect the hydroclimatological changes in the Bagmati River Basin, Nepal. Simple linear regression and Mann-Kendall test statistic were used to examine the significant trend of temperature, precipitation, and discharge. Increasing trend of temperature was found in all seasons, although the change rate was different in different seasons for both minimum and maximum temperatures. However, stronger warming trend was found in maximum temperature in comparison to the minimum in the whole basin. Both precipitation and discharge trend were increasing in the pre-monsoon season, but decreasing in the post-monsoon season. The significant trend of precipitation could not be observed in winter, although discharge trend was decreasing. Furthermore, the intensity of peak discharge was increasing, though there was not an obvious change in the intensity of maximum precipitation events. It is expected that all these changes have effects on agriculture, hydropower plant, and natural biodiversity in the mountainous river basin of Nepal. 相似文献
10.
Global climate change has been evident in many places worldwide. This study provides a better understanding of the variability and changes in frequency, intensity, and duration of temperature, precipitation, and climate extremes in the Extensive Hexi Region, based on meteorological data from 26 stations. The analysis of average, maximum, and minimum temperatures revealed that statistically significant warming occurred from 1960 to 2011. All temperature extremes displayed trends consistent with warming, with the exception of coldest-night temperature(TNn) and coldest-day temperature(TXn), which were particularly evident in high-altitude areas and at night. Amount of precipitation and number of rainy days slowly increased with no significant regional trends, mainly occurring in the Qilian Mountains and Hexi Corridor. The significance of changes in precipitation extremes during 1960–2011 was high, but the regional trends of maximum 5-day precipitation(RX5day), the average precipitation on wet days(SDII), and consecutive wet days(CWD) were not significant. The variations in the studied parameters indicate an increase in both the extremity and strength of precipitation events, particularly in higher-altitude regions. Furthermore, the contribution from very wet precipitation(R95) and extremely wet precipitation(R99) to total precipitation also increased between 1960 and 2011. The assessment of these changes in temperature and precipitation may help in developing better management practices for water resources. Future studies in the region should focus on the impact of these changes on runoffs and glaciers. 相似文献
11.
Climate extremes for agriculture-pasture transitional zone, northern China, are analyzed on the basis of daily mean temperature and precipitation observations for 31 stations in the period 1956-2001. Analysis season for precipitation is May-September, i.e., the rainy season. For temperature is the hottest three months, i.e., June through August. Heavy rain events, defined as those with daily precipitation equal to or larger than 50 mm, show no significant secular trend. A jump-like change, however, is found occurring in about 1980. For the period 1980-1993, the frequency of heavy rain events is significantly lower than the previous periods. Simultaneously, the occurring time of heavy rains expanded, commencing about one month early and ending one month later. Long dry spells are defined as those with longer than 10 days without rainfall. The frequency of long dry spells displays a significant (at the 99% confidence level) trend at the value of +8.3%/10a. That may be one of the major causes of the frequent droughts emerging over northern China during the last decades. Extremely hot and low temperature events are defined as the uppermost 10% daily temperatures and the lowest 10% daily temperatures, respectively. There is a weak and non-significant upward trend in frequency of extremely high temperatures from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. But the number of hot events increases as much as twice since 1997. That coincides well with the sudden rise in mean summer temperature for the same period. Contrary to that, the frequency of low temperature events have been decreasing steadily since the 1950s, with a significant linear trend of -15%/10a. 相似文献
12.
华北农牧交错带夏季极端气候的趋势分析 总被引：63，自引：0，他引：63
利用1956~2001年日降水量及日平均气温资料,分析华北农牧交错带极端气候事件的长期变化趋势。对降水极端事件的分析季节为5~9月,温度为6~8月。结果发现暴雨 (日降水 ≥50 mm) 频数没有显著的线性变化趋势,但1980年前后发生了明显的年代际尺度变化,1980年代到1990年代初,频次显著减少,此期间暴雨发生的时间更加分散。定义连续无雨的天数为干燥事件。发现虽然降水量没有显著的变化,但是严重干燥事件 (连续0降水日 ≥10天) 的频数却呈显著增加趋势 (+8.3%/10a), 超过99%信度水平。最高和最低的10%温度分别定义异常高温和异常低温,则异常高温的频数有显著增加趋势 (+20.9%/10a),特别是1990年代后期以来增加非常突出。异常低温频次有减少的趋势 (-15.1%/10a),超过99%信度水平。严重干燥事件及异常高温事件的强烈增加,可能是造成近来北方干旱频繁发生的重要原因。 相似文献
13.
利用丽江地区常规观测资料,对丽江地区近51年来暴雨事件发生的频次及强度进行分析,研究结果表明：（1）丽江地区暴雨事件全部发生在汛期内（5～10月）,呈单峰型分布,7月、8月为暴雨集中发生时期,连续性暴雨事件在丽江地区属于极小概率事件.（2）暴雨事件发生频次与降水量均呈现一致上升趋势,在年际尺度上具有3～5年的周期性.（3）丽江地区小雨发生频次最多,占总降水频次比率超过63％.暴雨频次所占比率较小,最高发生在7月,仅为2.69％.大雨与暴雨的频次占总降水频次不足9％,但由极端降水事件产生的降水量却占总降水量超过35％.（4）小雨、中雨的降水量年际变化稍小,呈下降的趋势;大雨、暴雨的降水量年际变化明显,有明显的上升趋势. 相似文献
14.
本文利用1961—2010年北疆地区20个气象台站的逐日降水量、最高气温、最低气温及平均气温资料,采用国际气候诊断与指数小组(ETCDDMI)所提供极端降水和气温事件的各种指标,对极端气候事件时空变化规律进行分析。结果表明:近50年,北疆地区极端降水和气温事件有显著的增加趋势;在北疆不同气候区极端降水指标变化趋势表现不同,其中准噶尔盆地地区增长趋势最慢;冷夜(日) 指数呈现下降趋势,为-4.05 d/10a(-1.51 d/10a),暖夜(日)指数呈现增加趋势,为4.36 d/10a (1.64 d/10a)。线性趋势分析发现,在20世纪80年代后极端降水事件有明显的增加趋势;应用M-K检测年最高气温和年最低气温,发现大多数站点在20世纪80年代后年最高气温和年最低气温也呈现显著增加。这表明在20世纪80年代后,北疆地区的极端气候事件增加趋势更加显著。 相似文献
15.
西藏高原汛期降水日数和强度的时空演变特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用西藏高原38个气象站自建站以来至2007年的逐日降水资料,分析了西藏高原汛期不同等级降水日数和降水强度的时空演变特征及其对旱涝的影响。结果表明：西藏降水日数和小雨日数呈现北增南减的趋势,中雨日数在雅鲁藏布江中下游、昌都地区东南部一线增加。1961-2007年总降水日数的减少主要体现在小雨日数下降和贡献率减少,而中雨的日数和贡献率增加;降水强度表现出一定的增加趋势,体现为小雨和大雨强度的增加。20世纪80年代前多小雨,80年代至90年代多中雨以上强度的降水,21世纪前7年多小雨,而大雨主要在90年代对降水量的贡献率较大。西藏高原降水有向不均衡、极端化发展的趋势,这对西藏高原旱涝灾害的发生具有重要的影响。 相似文献
16.
黑河流域日降水格局及其时间变化 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
利用10个气象站1950—2000年日降水资料,对黑河流域的降水及其时空格局进行了研究。结果表明:①降水事件以≤5 mm的降水为主,占全年降水事件的82%,0～10 d间隔期占全年无降水期的40.7％,＞10 d间隔期占59.3％;②年降水日数与降水量之间存在显著的正相关性(r=0.78,P<0.01),＞10 mm降水总量与年降水量呈显著正相关,而≤5 mm降水总量与年降水量的相关性差;③＞10 mm和≤5 mm的降水总量变化范围分别为:0～262.6 mm,20.3～172.7 mm ,变异系数分别为0.25～0.92,0.17～0.25;④近50 d来,黑河流域近50 d降水量的变化总体上呈平稳上升趋势,≤5 mm的降水日呈现小幅下降的趋势,≥10 mm的降水日呈小幅上升的趋势。0～10 d的降水间隔期出现的频率总体保持不变,＞10 d间隔期出现的频率出现明显的下降趋势,年内总降水日数保持不变。 相似文献
17.
The semi-arid area in northern China is an agro-pastoral transition zone. The environment there is sensitive to climate variation, particularly to precipitation change. Daily precipitation records of 30-gauge stations from May to September during 1956–2000 are analysed in this study. The precipitation amounts show only slightly decreasing trends; however, some aspects of the rainfall characteristics display significant changes. Compared to the 1950s, rainy days have been reduced by about 8 days in the 1990s. Significant change is observed in the number of days when there is light rain (<10 mm day−1). The days with light rain also show a significant tendency toward a stronger intensity, whereas those days with moderate and above moderate rains do not. At the same time, the long duration precipitation (3days) event is found to decrease remarkably with a linear trend of −5.6% per 10 years. In contrast, the frequency of long dry spells (10 consecutive days without rainfall) is becoming more frequent at a rate of 7.2% per 10 years. Taking 30 stations as a whole the maximum daily rainfall displays no evident trend. But the median of the maximums shows a step-like drop beginning in 1979 and the low values are notable until the early 1990s. This is coincident with the large-scale climate regime shift over East Asia, probably suggesting a response of regional daily precipitation extremes due to the change of the East Asian summer monsoon system. 相似文献
18.
1960~2013年京津冀地区干旱-暴雨-热浪灾害时空聚类特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于京津冀及周边34个气象站点逐日气温、相对湿度和降水数据,辅以Mann-Kendall趋势分析、SatScan时空重排扫描等数理统计方法,对1960~2013年京津冀地区干旱-暴雨-热浪灾害时空聚类特征进行分析。结果表明：① 1960~2013年京津冀地区干旱-暴雨-热浪变化具有阶段性,2000年之前干旱-热浪频次多为负距平,暴雨频次相对较多;2000年后干旱和热浪频次呈上升趋势,暴雨频次呈下降趋势;② 综合考虑多种致灾因子,京津冀地区高致灾因子区集中于东部沿海区和西部太行山地区,低致灾因子区分布于中部平原区;③ 1960~2013年京津冀地区干旱和热浪空间分布具有明显的重叠性,两者空间叠加区主要分布于5个区域：北部沿海区、北部燕山山区、西部太行山区、南部平原区。对于北京、天津、保定等中部平原区的城市而言,其为多灾种叠加的“平静区”,干旱-暴雨-热浪灾害时空群集事件相对较少。 相似文献
19.