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1.
Tide gauge data were used to identify the occurrence, characteristics, and cause of tsunamis of meteorological origin (termed ‘meteotsunamis’) along the Western Australian coast. This is the first study to identify meteotsunamis in this region, and the results indicated that they occur frequently. Although meteotsunamis are not catastrophic to the extent of major seismically induced basin-scale events, the wave heights of meteotsunamis examined at some local stations in this study were higher than those recorded through seismic tsunamis. In June 2012, a meteotsunami contributed to an extreme water-level event at Fremantle, which recorded the highest water level in over 115 years. Meteotsunamis (wave heights >0.4 m, when the mean tidal range in the region is ~0.5 m) were found to coincide with thunderstorms in summer and the passage of low-pressure systems during winter. Spectral analysis of tide gauge time series records showed that existing continental seiche oscillations (periods between 30 min and 5 h) were enhanced during the meteotsunamis, with a high proportion of energy transferred to the continental shelf oscillation period. Three recent meteotsunami events (22 March 2010, 10 June 2012, and 7 January 2013) two due to summer thunderstorms and one due to a winter frontal system were chosen for detailed analysis. The meteotsunami amplitudes were up to a factor 2 larger than the local tidal range and sometimes contributed up to 85 % of the non-tidal water signal. A single meteorological event was found to generate several meteotsunamis along the coast, up to 500 km apart, as the air pressure disturbance propagated over the continental shelf; however, the topography and local bathymetry of the continental shelf defined the local sea-level resonance characteristics at each location. With the available data (sea level and meteorological), the exact mechanisms for the generation of the meteotsunamis could not be isolated. 相似文献
2.
Maitane Olabarrieta Arnoldo Valle-Levinson Christopher J. Martinez Charitha Pattiaratchi Luming Shi 《Natural Hazards》2017,88(3):1325-1346
Analysis of 20-year time series of water levels in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico has revealed that meteotsunamis are ubiquitous in this region. On average, 1–3 meteotsunamis with wave heights >0.5 m occur each year in this area. The probability of meteotsunami occurrence is highest during March–April and June–August. Meteotsunamis in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico can be triggered by winter and summer extra-tropical storms and by tropical cyclones. In northwestern Florida most of the events are triggered by winter storms, while in west and southwest Florida they appear both in winter and summer. Atmospheric pressure and wind anomalies (periods <6 h) associated with the passage of squalls originated the majority of the observed meteotsunami events. The most intense meteotsunamigenic periods took place during El Niño periods (1997–1998, 2009–2010 and 2015–2016). Meteotsunamis were also active in 2005, a year characterized by exceptionally intense tropical cyclone activity. Meteotsunami incidence varied yearly and at periods between 2 and 5 years. Results from cross-wavelet analysis suggested that El Niño and meteotsunami activity are correlated at annual and longer-period bands. 相似文献
3.
Hilkka Pellikka Jenni Rauhala Kimmo K. Kahma Tapani Stipa Hanna Boman Antti Kangas 《Natural Hazards》2014,74(1):197-215
We present four case studies of exceptional wave events of meteorological origin, observed on the Finnish coast in the summers of 2010 and 2011. Eyewitnesses report unusually rapid and strong sea-level variations (up to 1 m in 5–15 min) and strong oscillating currents during these events. High-resolution sea-level measurements confirm the eyewitness observations, but the oscillations recorded by tide gauges mostly have a considerably smaller amplitude. The oscillations coincide with sudden jumps in surface air pressure at coastal observation stations, related to the passage of squall lines or gust fronts. These fronts propagate above the sea at a resonant speed, allowing efficient energy transfer between the atmospheric disturbance and the sea wave that it generates. Thus, we interpret the observed sea-level oscillations as small meteotsunamis, long tsunami-like waves generated by meteorological processes and resonance effects. 相似文献
4.
Heat wave has become a severe problem over China in recent year. Based on daily air temperature data from 719 meteorological stations in China in the period of 1961-2012, the heat wave events were classified into three levels by duration: weak HW, medium heat wave and strong heat wave. This paper describes the spatial and temporal characteristics among three levels of heat wave over China during the period 1961-2013. The results showed that the number of hot days displayed a weakening trend from the 1960s to the early 1990s, followed by a strengthening trend from the late 1990s up to now. Long-term linear trends in hot days had significant regional differences, for instance, the number of hot days in southwest and southern China growing sharply than other regions; three levels heat wave occurred in different regions that weak heat wave usually occurred in the northwest and middle part of China while strong heat wave mainly happened in the southern part of China. When it came to the first day of heat wave, weak heat wave occurred earliest in China, and it happened around July 3rd while medium heat wave and strong heat wave always started on July 13th and July 14th, respectively. In general, the earliest heat wave was always found in southwest China while the last ones usually occurred in southern part and southwest China. Increasing trend of three levels heat wave were found in the entire country, except for southwest China. The trend of the last day of heat waves showed significant difference between northern and southern part of China. The last day of weak and medium heat wave occurred later in the south China, while strong heat wave happened earlier in north China. 相似文献
5.
A probabilistic technique is developed to assess the hazard from meteotsunamis. Meteotsunamis are unusual sea-level events, generated when the speed of an atmospheric pressure or wind disturbance is comparable to the phase speed of long waves in the ocean. A general aggregation equation is proposed for the probabilistic analysis, based on previous frameworks established for both tsunamis and storm surges, incorporating different sources and source parameters of meteotsunamis. Parameterization of atmospheric disturbances and numerical modeling is performed for the computation of maximum meteotsunami wave amplitudes near the coast. A historical record of pressure disturbances is used to establish a continuous analytic distribution of each parameter as well as the overall Poisson rate of occurrence. A demonstration study is presented for the northeast U.S. in which only isolated atmospheric pressure disturbances from squall lines and derechos are considered. For this study, Automated Surface Observing System stations are used to determine the historical parameters of squall lines from 2000 to 2013. The probabilistic equations are implemented using a Monte Carlo scheme, where a synthetic catalog of squall lines is compiled by sampling the parameter distributions. For each entry in the catalog, ocean wave amplitudes are computed using a numerical hydrodynamic model. Aggregation of the results from the Monte Carlo scheme results in a meteotsunami hazard curve that plots the annualized rate of exceedance with respect to maximum event amplitude for a particular location along the coast. Results from using multiple synthetic catalogs, resampled from the parent parameter distributions, yield mean and quantile hazard curves. Further refinements and improvements for probabilistic analysis of meteotsunamis are discussed. 相似文献
6.
1960-2003年新疆山区与平原积雪长期变化的对比分析 总被引：35，自引：17，他引：18
对新疆91个地面站44a(1960—2003年)的>0cm积雪日数、冬季最大积雪厚度、冬季降水量和冬季平均温度统计分析,结果发现:伴随着20世纪80年代以来明显的增温增湿变化,新疆积雪呈轻度增长趋势,90年代增加明显.积雪日数和厚度与冬季降水量呈正相关,但与冬季平均温度没有明显相关关系.将91个地面站分成24个山区站和67个平原站的进一步分析表明,山区积雪增幅大于平原,而平原的冬季温度和降水增幅大于山区.60年代和90年代山区和平原呈两个相反方向的同步变化(60年代少雪、少降水和降温;90年代多雪、多降水和增温),但幅度略有不同.70年代和80年代山区和平原无论积雪还是温度、降水量都呈现明显不同的变化. 相似文献
7.
根据有关水文气象台、站的观测资料,分析了恩索(ENSO)与祁连山区气温、降水的对应关系,研究了祁连山区出山径流对厄尔尼诺(ElNino)现象响应.结果表明:ElNino现象对祁连山区的气温、降水和径流的影响随着发生时间和地段的不同而不同.ElNino现象发生之年,整个祁连山区均出现气温偏高、降水减少及径流偏枯的现象,尤以东段和中段最为明显.ElNino现象次年,祁连山区东段和中段气温偏高、降水减少及径流偏估的程度不如ElNino现象当年那样显著,而西段的气温、降水及径流与ElNino现象则无明显关系. 相似文献
8.
Slavica Matijević Natalia Bojanić Grozdan Kušpilić Živana Ninčević Gladan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2009,59(4):853-866
Phosphorus (P) species concentrations in 0–2 cm surface sediment layer were investigated monthly from November 2001 to December
2002 at the bay, channel and open sea stations in the middle Adriatic. Modified SEDEX method was used for inorganic phosphorus
species determination [P in biogenic (P-FD), authigenic (P-AUT), detrital apatite (P-DET) and P adsorbed on to iron oxides
and hydroxides (P–Fe)], and organic phosphorus (P-ORG). P-FD, P-AUT and P-DET concentration ranges (1.5–5.4, 0–2.7 and 0.4–3.4 μmol g−1, respectively) were similar at all stations, and showed no obvious common trend of seasonal changes. P–Fe ranged from 1.9
to 11.9 μmol g−1 with the highest values at bay station and higher seasonal oscillations than other inorganic P forms. P-ORG ranged from 0.3
to 18.7 μmol g−1 with higher concentrations at stations of fine-sized sediments and showed increased concentrations in warm part of the year
at all stations. Correlation between concentrations of P–Fe in the surface sediment layer and orthophosphate sediment-water
interface concentration gradients at bay and channel stations indicated to P–Fe importance in the orthophosphate benthic flux.
For the bay station, linkage between sediment P-ORG and chlorophyll a concentrations, primary production and microzooplankton abundance was established, indicating a 1 month delay of sediment
response to production fluctuations in the water column. 相似文献
9.
Dr. Rowland Oyegun 《GeoJournal》1986,12(4):417-421
Ibadan experiences violent, tropical convectional storms of small areal extent. Hence, it is common observation that whilst very heavy rainfall can occur in one part of the city, another part can be totally dry. The annual average rainfall among stations in Ibadan do not differ significantly.The characteristics of the storms in Ibadan are not well documented. This study was carried out to evaluate and compute some of the characteristics of the Ibadan storm from the normal conventional rainfall autographs.It was found that there are 30 storms in a year accounting for over 70 % of total annual rainfall. It was also found that whilst rain may fall continuously for one or two hours in Ibadan, most of it is concentrated in only 20 minutes of fall which often coincides with the middle portion of the rain period. 相似文献
10.
11.
研究冰川面积变化对气温变化的响应模式,对于冰川资源的保护和利用具有重要意义。利用Landsat MSS、TM和OLI影像,采用比值阈值法结合目视修正,提取了阿尔金山地区1973—2020年8个时期的冰川边界信息,分析了冰川的时空变化特征,并结合距离阿尔金山较近的且末、若羌、茫崖和冷湖等四个气象站点的气象数据,分析了冰川变化对气温变化的响应规律。主要结论如下：1973—2020年阿尔金山地区冰川整体处于退缩状态,面积减少了（64.89±12.36） km2（19.21%±2.90%）;1973—1990年冰川退缩较快,年均退缩率为（0.49±0.07）%·a-1;1990—1995年和1995—2000年这两个时期冰川退缩最快,年均退缩率分别为（1.07±0.08）%·a-1和（1.08±0.08）%·a-1;2000年后,冰川退缩速率较慢,比较稳定,年均退缩率均低于0.2%·a-1。气温是影响阿尔金山地区1973—2020年冰川变化的主要气候因子。阿尔金山地区冰川对不同气温变化阶段的响应模式为：气温升高阶段,冰川消融,冰川面积减少;气温稳定阶段,冰川逐渐进入新的动态均衡状态,冰川面积也相对稳定;气温降低阶段,因冰川运动的滞后性,冰川面积在短时间内无明显变化。 相似文献
12.
Mira MoroviĆ 《Journal of Earth System Science》2002,111(3):215-225
Spatial and temporal variability of pigments was studied from the CZCS satellite data and fromin situ chlorophyll and transparency for the period 1979-1985. The three Adriatic sites, Northern, Middle, and Southern Adriatic
are differently influenced by meteorological, hydrological and oceanographic parameters. The differences between seasonalin situ chlorophyll and remotely sensed pigment concentrations (from CZCS satellite data) from the Adriatic are large in winter.
Through the correlation analysis, pigments were compared to meteo-oceanographic and hydrological parameters from different
Adriatic sites. The PCA (principal component analysis) was applied to the pigment data series and significant components were
compared. Different correlations are obtained for warm and cold periods of the year pointing to seasonal differences in the
underlying mechanism of pigment variability. The first PC is influenced mainly by temperature. In the warm period more parameters
seem to influence the pigment field, than in the cold period. The pigments in the Adriatic are in good correlation to a number
of hydrologic and meteo-oceanographic factors. 相似文献
13.
14.
珠峰地区天气气候特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用珠穆朗玛峰地区北部定日站和西部聂拉木站1971-2009年的月平均气温、月平均最高、最低气温、月降水量、月蒸发量资料,对珠峰地区1971-2009年近39a来气候变化的时空分布特征进行了分析.同时,利用该区域5个自动气象观测站2009年的资料进行了温、压、湿、风等分析.结果表明:1971-2009年珠峰地区气温呈现出明显的上升趋势,尤其是进入21世纪后,增温更为显著,高于同期全球平均温度变化幅度;定日站增幅较聂拉木站明显,且以冬、春两季的气温增长幅度大.位于珠峰的西边略偏北的聂拉木站,迎向暖湿气流,降水丰富,但季节差异很小;定日站的年降水量不到聂拉木站的一半,且夏季降水占到了全年的85%;定日站的年降水量略微呈上升状态,蒸发量下降,两者的变化趋势都不是太明显;聂拉木站的降水量下降趋势比定日站明显,蒸发量略显上升.2009年资料显示,珠峰地区5个站的气温、气压、相对湿度、风速各异,温度、气压与各站的海拔密切相关. 相似文献
15.
Measurements of the submicron aerosol size distribution made at the Indian Antarctic station, Maitri (70‡45′S, 11‡44′E) from
January 10th to February 24th, 1997, are reported. Total aerosol concentrations normally range from 800 to 1200 particles
cm−3 which are typical values for the coastal stations at Antarctica in summer. Aerosol size distributions are generally trimodal
and open-ended with a peak between 75 and 133 nm and two minima at 42 and 420 nm. Size distributions remain almost similar
for several hours or even days in absence of any meteorological disturbance. Total aerosol concentration increases by approximately
an order of magnitude whenever a low pressure system passes over the station. Based on the evolution of aerosol size-distributions
during such aerosol enhancement periods, three types of cases have been identified. The nucleation mode in all three cases
has been suggested to result from the photochemical conversion of the DMS emissions transported either by the marine air or
by the air from the ice-melt regions around Maitri. Subsidence of midtropospheric air during the weakening of radiative inversion
is suggested as a possible source of the nucleation mode particles in the third case. Growth of the nucleation mode particles
by condensation, coagulation and/or by cloud processes has been suggested to be responsible for other modes in size distributions. 相似文献
16.
Estuarine systems are complex environments where seasonal and spatial variations occur in concentrations of suspended particulate
matter, in primary constituents, and in organic matter content. This study investigated in the laboratory the flocculation
potential of estuarine-suspended particulate matter throughout the year in order to better identify the controlling factors
and their hierarchy. Kinetic experiments were performed in the lab with a “video in lab” device, based on a jar test technique,
using suspended sediments sampled every 2 months over a 14-month period at three stations in the Seine estuary (France). These
sampling stations are representative of (1) the upper estuary, dominated by freshwater, and (2) the middle estuary, characterized
by a strong salinity gradient and the presence of an estuarine turbidity maximum. Experiments were performed at a constant
low turbulent shear stress characteristic of slack water periods (i.e., a Kolmogorov microscale >1,000 μm). Flocculation processes
were estimated using three parameters: flocculation efficiency, flocculation speed, and flocculation time. Results showed
that the flocculation that occurred at the three stations was mainly influenced by the concentration of the suspended particulate
matter: maximum floc size was observed for concentrations above 0.1 g l−1 while no flocculation was observed for concentrations below 0.004 g l−1. Diatom blooms strongly enhanced flocculation speed and, to a lesser extent, flocculation efficiency. During this period,
the maximum flocculation speed of 6 μm min−1 corresponded to a flocculation time of less than 20 min. Salinity did not appear to automatically enhance flocculation, which
depended on the constituents of suspended sediments and on the content and concentration of organic matter. Examination of
the variability of 2D fractal dimension during flocculation experiments revealed restructuring of flocs during aggregation.
This was observed as a rapid decrease in the floc fractal dimension from 2 to 1.4 during the first minutes of the flocculation
stage, followed by a slight increase up to 1.8. Deflocculation experiments enabled determination of the influence of turbulent
structures on flocculation processes and confirmed that turbulent intensity is one of the main determining factors of maximum
floc size. 相似文献
17.
The impact of climatic changes that occurred during the last glacial maximum and the Holocene on vegetation changes in the Amazon Basin and the Guiana Shield are still widely debated. The aim of our study was to investigate whether major changes in vegetation (i.e. transitions between rainforests and C4 savannas) occurred in northern French Guiana during the Holocene. We measured variations in the δ13C of soil organic matter at eight sites now occupied by forest or savannah. The forest sites were selected to cover two regions (forest refugia and peneplains) which are thought to have experienced different intensities of disturbance during the latest Pleistocene and the Holocene. We found that none of the forest sites underwent major disturbances during the Holocene, i.e. they were not replaced by C4 savannahs or C4 forest savannahs for long periods. Our results thus suggest that tropical rainforests in northern French Guiana were resilient to drier climatic conditions during the Holocene. Nevertheless, geographical and vertical variations in the 13C of SOM were compatible with minor changes in vegetation, variations in soil processes or in soil physical properties. 相似文献
18.
The 800 cm long sequence from the Bereket provides the first detailed fire history in the western Taurus Mountains for the last three millennia. The main disturbances occurred during the Bey?ehir Occupation Phase (BO Phase), a period of intensive polyculture and dated at Bereket from ca. 2230 to 1550 cal yr BP. Four phases of local and extra-local fire periods have been recorded at 2320-2240, 1985-1970, 1865-1820 cal yr BP and post-AD 1950. The fire history established for the BO Phase is complex, with fire periods alternating with periods without local fires, as is the case for the late BO Phase from 1820 until 1550 cal yr BP. It is suggested that the past agricultural practices including fires cause a higher soil erodibility than agricultural practices without fires. A climatic shift towards aridity during Roman times may have triggered the observed change in fire regime but local processes, mainly human disturbances, appear to be the proximal cause of all recorded changes. In the Bereket surroundings, fires led to a simplification of the vegetation structure, favouring soil erosion, pastures and intensive cultivation. 相似文献
19.
India experienced a heavy rainfall event in the year 2013 over Uttarakhand and its adjoining areas, which was exceptional as it witnessed the fastest monsoon progression. This study aims to explore the causative factors of this heavy rainfall event leading to flood and landslides which claimed huge loss of lives and property. The catastrophic event occurred from 14th to 17th June, 2013 during which the state received 375% more rainfall than the highest rainfall recorded during a normal monsoon season. Using the high resolution precipitation data and complementary parameters, we found that the mid-latitude westerlies shifted southward from its normal position during the intense flooding event. The southward extension of subtropical jet (STJ) over the northern part of India was observed only during the event days and its intensity was found to be increasing from 14th to 16th June. The classical theory of westward tilt of mid-latitude trough with height, which acts to intensify the system through the transfer of potential energy of the mean flow, is evident from analysis of relative vorticity at multiple pressure levels. On analysing the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), negative values were observed during the event days. Thus, the decrease in pressure gradient resulted in decrease of the intensity of westerlies which caused the cold air to move southward. During the event, as the cold air moved south, it pushed the mid-latitude westerlies south of its normal position during summer monsoon and created a conducive atmosphere for the intensification of the system. 相似文献
20.
Sonia Favaretto Alessandra Asioli Antonella Miola Andrea Piva 《Quaternary International》2008,190(1):89
Core SA03-1 from the southern Adriatic Sea (EC-Eurostrataform project) provides new information about climate changes and palaeocirculation in the Adriatic region during the last deglaciation. The results of an integrated study based on pollen and foraminifera records of the part of the core spanning the late Pleistocene–early Holocene transition (including the late Younger Dryas, the Preboreal and the beginning of the Boreal) are presented. The major vegetation changes and the short-term oscillations occurred during the early Holocene warming in the southern Adriatic basin on the basis of a high-resolution pollen record are documented. Vegetation changes are correlated to short-term oscillations detected in the foraminifera record during the same interval. The two independent terrestrial and marine proxies indicate at least three short-term cold and dry oscillations occurring at 11.2–11, 10.8–10.4 and 10 cal ka BP, according to the age–depth model adopted in this study. Finally, adopting an event-stratigraphy approach, the comparison of these results with two western Mediterranean records of Preboreal short-term oscillations suggest the occurrence of synchronous bio-events in the Mediterranean basin. 相似文献