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1.
大气准定常行星波异常传播及其在平流层影响东亚冬季气候中的作用 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
东亚季风区同时受世界上最广阔的大洋和陆地的影响,这种行星尺度的海陆热力对比以及青藏高原大地形的作用,从而产生很强的行星尺度扰动,并且这种扰动具有准定常的性质。利用再分析资料研究了准定常行星波活动的变化对东亚地区冬季气候异常的影响,主要侧重于年际和季节内时间尺度上的变化。在年际时间尺度上,冬季行星波两支波导的变化存在反相关的振荡关系,这种年际振荡一方面影响了北半球环状模的位相,另外一方面导致了东亚地区的气候异常。当有异常强的低纬波导时,一般对应有西伯利亚高压的减弱和我国东北、华北地区的增温;反之当有异常弱的低纬波导时,我国东北和华北温度则普遍偏低。研究还表明,行星波传播的年际振荡与东亚地区气候异常的关系显著地受到热带平流层准两年周期振荡（QBO）的调制,只是当QBO处于东风位相时,行星波传播的年际振荡才与东亚气候异常有显著的关系。在季节内时间尺度上,准定常行星波的变化与平流层极涡的低频变化密切相关,并且这种平流层极涡的异常通过和行星波的相互作用,可以自上而下影响到对流层的短期气候;平流层极涡异常下传对对流层大气环流有明显的影响,并且这种影响在东亚地区非常显著。由于平流层变化通常维持时间长,并且平流层极涡异常下传领先于对流层,因此这为东亚冬季短期气候异常的预报提供了一个新的预报依据。 相似文献
2.
利用美国NCAR CAM3大气环流模式,分析了末次盛冰期（LGM）两个不同的热带海表温度重建方案中,北半球冬季热带中、西太平洋对流活动及大气环流对暖池外（赤道东太平洋和热带大西洋）热带SST异常的敏感性。结果表明： 1）SST异常首先引起大气环流的改变。 赤道东太平洋对流层下沉增强,而作为经向补偿,副热带东太平洋上升运动增强,其中南半球尤为明显,同时南半球热带中、西太平洋上升运动增强,加剧了该区纬向逆时针环流,说明冰期热带海气耦合过程受气候背景场（如SST）影响很大; 2）大气环流格局改变引起热带中西太平洋的大气加热、对流活动、表层风场及降雨的巨大变化。 140°E以西的婆罗洲和菲律宾区域,总的大气加热减少是由于对流与辐射加热减少所致,对应于该区风场辐散和降雨减少; 而140°E以东的南半球热带中、西太平洋,大气吸收热量增加,对流与辐射加热均增强,总降雨量也随之增加,反映该区赤道辐合带南移并增强。该项研究为探索热带太平洋在冰期/间冰期旋回中的古海洋学变化提供了新的数据支撑。此外,不同重建SST对赤道辐合带的影响比较大,因此利用重建SST进行数值模拟或者利用耦合模式研究LGM热带海气相互作用时,应该十分重视全球热带SST分布特征。 相似文献
3.
提出了确定东亚夏季风活动区域、划分热带季风和副热带季风活动区域的指标,利用大气对流层风速、位势高度、湿度、温度、OLR以及TBB等NCEP/NCAR资料,从月、候和过程平均多种时间尺度,诊断分析了2005年6月(简称“0506”)华南持续性暴雨的季风环流活动变化特征.结果表明:副热带高压强度偏强,西脊点位置偏西偏南,热带西太平洋(130°～140°E)区域越赤道气流偏强,华南处于气旋性低压异常区,无论是月时间尺度还是暴雨过程时间尺度都表现出这些明显特征;暴雨过程水汽除了来源于孟加拉湾和南海外,水汽通量异常部分主要来自南海和热带西太平洋,热带西太平洋水汽随着副高边缘气流经过南海向华南输送,从而为暴雨过程提供了丰富的水汽来源;2005年6月热带季风前沿在华南沿海地区停滞时间比气候平均偏长(2候),该特征是华南暴雨预报值得参考的信号;6月整个南海地区平均季风偏强,主要体现于经向风明显偏强,但华南持续性暴雨过程开始于南海地区夏季风非活跃期,这与热带季风季节内振荡向北传播到华南有关.以上季风活动变化特征为华南强降水提供了有利的动力条件和丰富的水汽来源. 相似文献
4.
上对流层/下平流层大气垂直结构研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
大气上对流层与下平流层区域是对流层与平流层之间的过渡区域,热带对流层顸确定了全球整个平流层的化学边界条件,该区域大气的垂直结构及变化对于平流层一对流层交换和上对流层/下平流层大气成分收支有重要影响;该区域也是大气动力、热力和大气成分结构发生巨大转换的区域,辐射过程、多尺度动力学过程、化学过程和微物理学过程等都起着同样重要的作用,对流层顶变化也是人类活动引起气候变化的一个敏感指示因子,因此关于对流层顶的研究(尤其是其精细结构和过程)重新唤起了人们的关注.针对对流层顶的各种定义(包括热力学、动力学和化学成分)以及它们相互之间的关系、对流层顶是一个面还是层以及对流层与平流层之间的转换特征、对流层顶强逆温层的特征及形成原因等基本科学问题,回顾了近年来的一些重要研究进展. 相似文献
5.
西北太平洋热带气旋和台风活动若干气候问题的研究 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
热带气旋和台风是严重的突发性自然灾害之一。近20年来,对热带气旋和台风活动的气候学研究成为台风领域的一个重要研究方向,并取得了显著的研究进展。通过对西北太平洋热带气旋和台风活动的季节、年际和年代际时间尺度变化的研究回顾,揭示了造成热带气旋和台风活动不同时间尺度变化的主要影响机制,其中包括低频振荡、季风槽和西传赤道波动、ENSO和QBO现象等,这些系统主要通过改变西北太平洋上空的环流,而影响到西北太平洋热带气旋活动以及登陆我国台风的不同时间尺度变化。还在西北太平洋海域热带气旋和台风活动的气候学研究进展和作者最新的研究成果的基础上,展望了该领域的研究前景,并提出当前此研究领域中一些亟需研究的科学问题,主要包括了季风槽区能量交换、不同海域动力过程、赤道波动演变,以及热带气旋的季节和更长时间尺度的预测。 相似文献
6.
《地球科学进展》2017,(10)
海洋中尺度涡广泛分布于全球海洋且能对大气造成显著影响。在全面陈述大气边界层和局地环流对中尺度涡响应的基础上,论述了与其相应的物理机制,并系统介绍了有关中尺度涡对天气系统影响的最新研究进展。(1)中尺度涡引起的海表温度异常通过改变湍流热通量来引起洋面风速、散度以及云量和降水的异常,并在垂直方向上产生异常的次级环流。并且,大气对中尺度涡的响应有明显的区域和季节差异。(2)在南海、黑潮延伸区和南大洋,中尺度涡可分别通过改变海表面气压或大气边界层稳定度来影响其上的洋面风速。通过分析大气异常中心与中尺度涡的位相关系并配合动力诊断可区分这2种机制。(3)中尺度涡能改变大气中的能量转换从而影响风暴路径和急流位置,并能通过遥相关影响下游地区的天气型。此外,中尺度涡所造成的海洋上层温度变化还将对热带气旋的增强和维持起重要作用。 相似文献
7.
平流层爆发性增温中平流层环流及化学成分变化过程研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）气象分析场、欧洲空间局ENVISAT/MIPAS卫星观测资料以及平/对流层大气化学输送模式MOZART 3综合分析了2003—2004年冬季北半球爆发性增温事件对于平流层大气环流、物质输送以及对流层顶附近臭氧通量等多方面的影响。结果表明：①本次增温过程持续时间长、强度大,平流层极涡从高层向下逐层分裂,增温效应作用到大气较低层,当纬向东风形成并维持后极涡又自上向下逐层恢复;②SSW过程前后行星波活动频繁,有长时间多次的上传,且以1波作用为主,2波对其进行补充;③在θ PVLAT坐标中分析发现SSW扰动过程中平流层中存在一对向极、向下的传播模态,相应的对流层中有一向赤道的传播模态,不同符号的纬向风、温度异常信号沿这两个模态传播,且上、下层传播模态在时间上存在着一定的联系;④增温过程中行星波活动引起的向极输送以及极区垂直运动的变化,共同影响了平流层的物质输送过程,从而导致北半球平流层N2O、O3、CH4、H2O等微量气体成分的垂直、水平分布发生显著变化;⑤增温过程中活跃的行星波可以造成平流层Brewer Dobson环流增强,同时导致高纬度地区（60~90°N）穿越对流层顶的臭氧通量（Cross Tropopause Ozone Flux, CTOF）显著增强,与行星波相联系的等熵物质运动引起“middleworld”区域内向赤道的臭氧通量也有所增强。 相似文献
8.
平流层-对流层交换研究进展 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
平流层与对流层之间的物质输送和混合（STE）是控制自然和人为排放的化学痕量物质对大气成分影响的一个重要过程。STE可以影响温室气体在上对流层和下平流层中的垂直分布，进而影响气候。要预报全球气候变化就必须了解平流层与对流层之间动力、化学及辐射的耦合。从 STE研究的尺度问题，热带和中纬度地区STE研究以及我国STE研究现状进行了评述。STE具有多种尺度和形式，热带外平流层由波强迫驱动的全球尺度环流，可以诊断长时间尺度的STE，它不能充分描述短时间尺度过程。热带外低平流层环流不能简单地描述为纬向平均，要正确描述痕量气体的分布必须包含纬向非对称的天气尺度过程。热带地区的滴漏管理论提供了一个新的诊断 STE框架。目前对中纬度地区对流层顶折叠和切断低压的研究是比较充分的。 相似文献
9.
《地学前缘》2017,(4):124-133
热带气旋是全球最具破坏性的天气系统之一。随着全球气候变暖,热带气旋的异常活动受到了各国政府、民众和学术界广泛的关注。本文分析了热带气旋对海洋沉积物"从源到汇"过程中的作用及其机制,表明热带气旋是陆源沉积物、有机碳和污染物通过河流向海洋输送的重要控制因素;热带气旋产生的波浪、强流和内波可造成河口和陆架沉积物再悬浮、侵蚀、液化甚至剪切破坏,对陆架沉积物向深海输送起重要作用。虽然热带气旋有随全球变暖而增强的趋势,但热带气旋发生频率与全球变暖之间的关系尚不明确,对未来热带气旋发生频率的预测结果也存在较大分歧,对该问题的研究需要长期、高分辨率的热带气旋记录,使用热带气旋沉积记录研究热带气旋活动规律具有必要性和可行性。 相似文献
10.
汤泉位于河北省遵化市西北部,为山前丘陵地貌,地热资源丰富。本文对汤泉地热田内分布的诸多基岩热水井进行了钻孔测温,利用测温结果对该地热田地温场分布特征及控制因素进行了研究。研究发现:钻孔温度明显受地下水流的影响,绝大部分测温井表现为对流传热特征,个别表现为传导为主的传热特征;地温异常区域位于汤泉福泉宫和疗养院一带,异常中心呈两极分布,地热异常中心50 m埋深水温为51~54℃,100 m埋深水温可达60~67℃;该地热系统中地热水系地下水在深循环过程中,在正常的大地热流背景下被围岩逐渐加热所致;由花岗岩隔水底板构造形态所形成的隐伏盆地,构成了福泉宫至疗养院一带的蓄水构造;由于断裂构造切割花岗岩体,造成深部的热流沿断裂上升,混合并加热赋存于福泉宫至疗养院一带蓄水构造中的片麻岩裂隙水,形成该地段的地热异常现象;福泉宫地区和疗养院地区片麻岩含水层裂隙发育,使得深部热量能够快速到达浅部地层,并在浅部出现局部异常高温;汤泉地热田片麻岩热储层地热流体属于含岩盐地层溶滤的陆相沉积水,主要来源于大气降水。 相似文献
11.
R SAPRA S K DHAKA V PANWAR R BHATNAGAR K PRAVEEN KUMAR Y SHIBAGAKI M VENKAT RATNAM M TAKAHASHI 《Journal of Earth System Science》2011,120(5):807-823
Relationship of outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) with convective available potential energy (CAPE) and temperature at the 100-hPa pressure level is examined using daily radiosonde data for a period 1980–2006 over Delhi (28.3°N, 77.1°E) and Kolkata (22.3°N, 88.2°E), and during 1989–2005 over Cochin (10°N, 77°E) and Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77.0°E), India. Correlation coefficient (R xy) between monthly OLR and CAPE shows a significant (~???0.45) anti-correlation at Delhi and Kolkata suggesting low OLR associated with high convective activity during summer (seasonal variation). Though, no significant correlation was found between OLR and CAPE at Cochin and Trivandrum (low latitude region); analysis of OLR and temperature (at 100-hPa) association suggests that low OLR peaks appear corresponding to low temperature at Delhi (R xy~ 0.30) and Kolkata (R xy ~ 0.25) during summer. However, R xy between OLR and temperature becomes opposite as we move towards low latitudes (~8°–10°N) due to strong solar cycle influence. Large scale components mainly ENSO and quasi-biennial oscillaton (QBO) that contributed to the 100-hPa temperature variability were also analyzed, which showed that ENSO variance is larger by a factor of two in comparison to QBO over Indian region. ENSO warm conditions cause warming at 100-hPa over Delhi and Darwin. However, due to strong QBO and solar signals in the equatorial region, ENSO signal seems less effective. QBO, ENSO, and solar cycle contribution in temperature are found location-dependent (latitudinal variability) responding in consonance with shifting in convective activity regime during El Niño, seasonal variability in the tropical easterly jet, and the solar irradiance. 相似文献
12.
Wavenumber-frequency spectral analysis of different atmospheric variables has been carried out using 25 years of data. The
area considered is the tropical belt 25°S–25°N. A combined FFT-wavelet analysis method has been used for this purpose. Variables
considered are outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), 850 hPa divergence, zonal and meridional winds at 850, 500 and 200 hPa
levels, sea level pressure and 850 hPa geopotential height. It is shown that the spectra of different variables have some
common properties, but each variable also has few features different from the rest. While Kelvin mode is prominent in OLR
and zonal winds, it is not clearly observed in pressure and geopotential height fields; the latter two have a dominant wavenumber
zero mode not seen in other variables except in meridional wind at 200 hPa and 850 hPa divergences. Different dominant modes
in the tropics show significant variations on sub-seasonal time scales. 相似文献
13.
Idealized experiments using linear (LM) and nonlinear (NM) multilevel global spectral models have been carried out to investigate
and understand the impact of nonlinearities on the stationary wave response in the tropical atmosphere and its sensitivity
to the vertical profile of heating. It is found that nonlinearities exert a dominant influence on the low-latitude stationary
Kelvin and Rossby waves particularly in the vicinity of the forcing region. Our study shows that nonlinear effects on the
upper tropospheric response produce prominent eastward displacement of the anticyclonic vorticity and horizontal shifts of
the maximum equilibrium divergence relative to the prescribed heating. These changes due to nonlinear terms are found to be
quite sensitive to the vertical structure of diabatic heating. The strongest nonlinear effects are found to occur when the
vertical level under consideration is strongly forced from below. Detailed vorticity budget calculations indicate that stronger
nonlinear contributions from stretching and horizontal advection of relative vorticity favour the generation of upper tropospheric
anticyclonic circulation and its eastward displacement. Larger vertical advection and twisting terms appear to oppose the
generation of upper tropospheric anticyclonic vorticity. It is found that the nonlinear terms which affect the vorticity generation
in the upper levels are crucially controlled by the vertical profile of heating.
The mid-tropospheric response due to deep convective heating in the NM is characterized by anomalous equatorial westerlies
in the low-latitude Rossby regime and exhibits prominent ageostrophic motions. Such nonlinear effects appear probably because
of a vertical shift of the low level circulation anomalies in the NM. In the case of shallow convective heating the occurrence
of anomalous zonal flows and ageostrophic motions in the low latitude regions of the NM takes place near the level of the
maximum heating. Our study shows that large heating amplitudes and small vertical gradient of heating at a given vertical
level together favour generation of anomalous zonal flows and ageostrophic motions in the near equatorial regions. These anomalous
basic flows in the low-latitudes have implications on the propagation of transients from the tropics to midlatitudes. Non-linear
effects on the lower tropospheric stationary waves are prominently seen in the case of strong low level heating which produces
a large strengthening of the lower tropospheric cyclonic anomalies that exhibit distinct eastward shifts in the NM relative
to the LM. 相似文献
14.
U. C. Mohanty N. V. Sam S. Das A. N. V. Satyanarayana 《Journal of Earth System Science》2003,112(2):147-163
Convective activity is one of the major processes in the atmosphere influencing the local and large-scale weather in the tropics.
The latent heat released by the cumulus cloud is known to drive monsoon circulation, which on the other hand supplies the
moisture that maintains the cumulus clouds. An investigation is carried out on the convective structure of the atmosphere
during active and suppressed periods of convection using data sets obtained from the Bay of Bengal and Monsoon Experiment
(BOBMEX). The cumulus convection though being a small-scale phenomenon, still influences its embedding environment by interaction
through various scales. This study shows the variation in the kinematic and convective parameters during the transition from
suppressed to active periods of convection. Convergence in the lower levels and strong upward vertical velocity, significant
during active convection are associated with the formation of monsoon depressions. The apparent heat source due to latent
heat release and the vertical transport of the eddy heat by cumulus convection, and the apparent moisture sink due to net
condensation and vertical divergence of the eddy transport of moisture, are estimated through residuals of the thermodynamic
equation and examined in relation to monsoon activity during BOBMEX. 相似文献
15.
Andrew Tupper Christiane Textor Michael Herzog Hans-F. Graf Michael S. Richards 《Natural Hazards》2009,51(2):375-401
A critical factor in successfully monitoring and forecasting volcanic ash dispersion for aviation safety is the height reached by eruption clouds, which is affected by environmental factors, such as wind shear and atmospheric instability. Following earlier work using the Active Tracer High Resolution Atmospheric Model for strong Plinian eruptions, this study considered a range of eruption strengths in different atmospheres. The results suggest that relatively weak volcanic eruptions in the moist tropics can trigger deep convection that transports volcanic material to 15–20 km. For the same volcanic strength there can be ~9 km difference between eruption heights in moist tropical and dry subpolar environments (a larger height difference than previously suggested), which appears consistent with observations. These results suggest that eruption intensity should not be estimated from eruption height alone for tropospheric eruptions and also that the average height of volcanic eruptions may increase if the tropical atmospheric belt widens in a changing climate. Ash aggregation is promoted by hydrometeors (particularly liquid water), so the smaller modelled eruptions in moist atmospheres, which have a relatively small ash content for their height and water content, result in a relatively small proportion of fine ash in the dispersing cloud when compared to a dry atmosphere. This in turn makes the ash clouds much more difficult to detect using remote sensing than those in dry atmospheres. Overall, a weak eruption in the tropics is more likely to produce a plume above cruising levels for civil aviation, harder to detect and track, but with a lower concentration of fine ash than a mid-latitude or polar equivalent. There is currently no defined ‘acceptable’ concentration of ash for aircraft, but as these results suggest low-grade encounters in the tropics from undetected clouds are likely, it would be desirable to explore that issue. 相似文献
16.
The tropopause height and tropopause temperature are sensitive to temperature changes in troposphere and stratosphere. These
are the measures of global climatic variability. Atmospheric profiles of temperature, refractivity and water vapour are always
needed for communication, navigation and atmospheric modeling studies. The tropopause characteristics over the Indian region
have been studied using radio occultation measurements (CHAMP) on the basis of cold point criterion. Tropopause height shows
large variation in the latitude range ∼30°–40°N during winter. Tropopause temperature less than −82°C, assumed to facilitate
troposphere to stratosphere air transport, is observed at a number of tropical Indian locations and no seasonal pattern is
observed in its occurrence. The bias in temperature and refractivity deduced from radiosonde and radio occultation measurements
is also presented. 相似文献
17.
以2001—2011年美国NOAA长波辐射数据为背景数据,利用涡度背景场法研究2010年9月3日新西兰南岛M7.1级地震前后卫星长波辐射数据变化特征。结果表明,地震当月在震中西南侧出现显著的长波辐射异常变化,这种变化在全年各月及2001—2011年11年历年同月变化中都是最为显著的,认为其是本次地震的1次映震表现。用同样方法对区内2001—2011年11年间发生6次7.0级以上地震的长波辐射数据进行分析,结果在3次陆地地震发震前都检测到了长波辐射异常变化,而海域地震前则未发现这种现象。检索前人的相关研究结果,发现仅有2次海域地震(2004年12月26日印度尼西亚苏门答腊西北海域8.7级地震和2010年1月12日海地7.0级地震)前有长波辐射异常变化的报道,而根据全球云量分布资料显示,这2个地震所发生的区域是全球洋面云量分布最少的2个区域,而新西兰地震发生的区域位于全球洋面云量分布最多的区域。因此,认为由于水汽和云层对地表红外辐射的强吸收作用,长波辐射捕捉陆地地震红外辐射异常变化更加灵敏,对陆地地震的映震效能要强于海洋地震。 相似文献
18.
Muhammad Mubashar Dogar Fred Kucharski Syed Azharuddin 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(2):30
ENSO is considered as a strong atmospheric teleconnection that has pronounced global and regional circulation effects. It modifies global monsoon system, especially, Asian and African monsoons. Previous studies suggest that both the frequency and magnitude of ENSO events have increased over the last few decades resulting in a need to study climatic impacts of ENSO magnitude both at global and regional scales. Hence, to better understand the impact of ENSO amplitude over the tropical and extratropical regions focussing on the Asian and African domains, ENSO sensitivity experiments are conducted using ICTPAGCM (‘SPEEDY’). It is anticipated that the tropical Pacific SST forcing will be enough to produce ENSO-induced teleconnection patterns; therefore, the model is forced using NINO3.4 regressed SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific only. SPEEDY reproduces the impact of ENSO over the Pacific, North and South America and African regions very well. However, it underestimates ENSO teleconnection patterns and associated changes over South Asia, particularly in the Indian region, which suggests that the tropical Pacific SST forcing is not sufficient to represent ENSO-induced teleconnection patterns over South Asia. Therefore, SST forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean together with air–sea coupling is also required for better representation of ENSO-induced changes in these regions. Moreover, results obtained by this pacemaker experiment show that ENSO impacts are relatively stronger over the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) compared to extratropics and high latitude regions. The positive phase of ENSO causes weakening in rainfall activity over African tropical rain belt, parts of South and Southeast Asia, whereas, the La Niña phase produces more rain over these regions during the summer season. Model results further reveal that ENSO magnitude has a stronger impact over African Sahel and South Asia, especially over the Indian region because of its significant impact over the tropical Atlantic and the Indian Ocean through Walker circulation. ENSO-induced negative (positive) NAO-like response and associated changes over Southern Europe and North Africa get significantly strong following increased intensity of El Niño (La Niña) in the northern (southern) hemisphere in the boreal winter (summer) season. We further find that ENSO magnitude significantly impacts Hadley and Walker circulations. The positive phase of ENSO (El Niño) overall strengthens Hadley cell and a reverse is true for the La Niña phase. ENSO-induced strengthening and weakening of Hadley cell induces significant impact over South Asian and African ITCZ convective regions through modification of ITCZ/monsoon circulation system. 相似文献
19.
The pre-monsoon convective atmosphere over Kolkata (22.52°N, 88.37°E) during STORM field phase 2006–2008 is investigated using
12 UTC radiosonde data and thermodynamic indices. In the present study, an attempt has been made to assess the skill of various
indices and parameters and to propose suitable threshold values in forecasting the occurrence of thunderstorm activity at
Kolkata. The thermodynamic indices and parameters used in the present study are lifted index (LI), K index (KI), severe weather
threat index (SWEAT), total totals index (TTI), convective available potential energy (CAPE), deep convection index (DCI),
humidity index (HI), Boyden index (BI), dew point temperature at 850 hpa (DEW), relative humidity at 700 hpa (RH), and bulk
Richardson number (BRN). Validation of the suggested threshold values of indices was conducted on the days of thunderstorm
activity. It was found that one index alone cannot predict the occurrence of thunderstorm over Kolkata region. The present
study suggests that the indices with highest skill for thunderstorm prediction are KI, DCI, SWEAT, DEW, HI, RH, LI, TTI, while
the prediction efficiency is poor for CAPE, BRN, and BI. Observed values of these indices also reveal that scattered, multi-cellular
thunderstorms are possible over Kolkata during pre-monsoon months. 相似文献