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1.
This study develops a mathematical model for describing the steady-state head response to fluid injection into a fully penetrating well in a heterogeneous and anisotropic anticline reservoir. In the model, the upper boundary of the anticline reservoir is approximated by a form of step change in reservoir thickness and the domain of the reservoir is divided into two regions with different hydraulic conductivities. By virtue of the properties of Fourier series, the method of separation of variables is employed to develop the analytical solution of the model. 相似文献
2.
呼图壁地下储气库部分区域地表垂直形变机理研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用在呼图壁地下储气库开展的2013~2015年7期二等水准测量获得的高差数据,对由于地表气井压力变化影响而发生的地下储气库地表垂直变形进行了分析。研究表明,呼图壁地下储气库区的地表变形除了构造成因引起的盆地下沉以外,其他主要形变成因来源有2个方面：一个是呼图壁地区的地下水超采影响着该地区的地表垂直变化;另一个是储气库集采气期间井口压力变化影响下的地表沉降,根据计算,储气库每MPa气井压力变化影响到的地表变化约为0.625~1.125mm。 相似文献
3.
工业开采注水能导致现存断层活化,从而诱发大量的破坏型地震。因此,研究注水作用下断层的动力学响应对探索诱发地震的力学机理具有重要的意义。本文基于孔弹性弹簧-滑块模型,采用多孔介质弹性耦合数值模拟,计算分析了三类典型注水方式（上升型、迅速上升/下降型和间歇型）对断层稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:随着流体的不断注入,断层内部流体压力会经过缓慢上升、迅速上升和稳定上升三个阶段。针对于不同的注水方式,这三个阶段并不完全相同,体现形式存在差异;在注水方式相同的条件下,储层的渗透率越小,井口附近流体压力越大,断层处流体压力越小,两者间的流体压力差值越大;注水过程中断层临界刚度的变化与是否发生滑移并引发地震密切相关,数值越大越易诱发地震,其数值与注入储层流体的流体压力呈负相关,与流体压力变化率呈正相关;临界刚度由于流体压力变化率的增加在前期呈现快速增长趋势,后期则是由于流体压力的影响开始减小。迅速上升/下降型注水方式极大增加了注水前期诱发地震的可能性,间歇性注水方式在注水后期引起的临界刚度变化值较大,增大了诱发地震的可能性。该研究可以为注水诱发地震的危险性评价提供定量的科学依据。 相似文献
4.
Yipeng Zhang Mark Person John Rupp Kevin Ellett Michael A. Celia Carl W. Gable Brenda Bowen James Evans Karl Bandilla Peter Mozley Thomas Dewers Thomas Elliot 《Ground water》2013,51(4):525-538
A series of Mb 3.8–5.5 induced seismic events in the midcontinent region, United States, resulted from injection of fluid either into a basal sedimentary reservoir with no underlying confining unit or directly into the underlying crystalline basement complex. The earthquakes probably occurred along faults that were likely critically stressed within the crystalline basement. These faults were located at a considerable distance (up to 10 km) from the injection wells and head increases at the hypocenters were likely relatively small (～70–150 m). We present a suite of simulations that use a simple hydrogeologic‐geomechanical model to assess what hydrogeologic conditions promote or deter induced seismic events within the crystalline basement across the midcontinent. The presence of a confining unit beneath the injection reservoir horizon had the single largest effect in preventing induced seismicity within the underlying crystalline basement. For a crystalline basement having a permeability of 2 × 10?17 m2 and specific storage coefficient of 10?7/m, injection at a rate of 5455 m3/d into the basal aquifer with no underlying basal seal over 10 years resulted in probable brittle failure to depths of about 0.6 km below the injection reservoir. Including a permeable (kz = 10?13 m2) Precambrian normal fault, located 20 m from the injection well, increased the depth of the failure region below the reservoir to 3 km. For a large permeability contrast between a Precambrian thrust fault (10?12 m2) and the surrounding crystalline basement (10?18 m2), the failure region can extend laterally 10 km away from the injection well. 相似文献
5.
The geological model about volcanism of the Green Tuff geosyncline deduced from the field observations consists of the following processes:
- Dome-shaped uplift with a mean diameter of 30 km.
- Collapse of the central part of the domes forming basins with a mean diameter of 10 km.
- Volcanic activity inside the collapse basins. It is considered that these consecutive processes resulted from the magmatic uplift from a deep part of the crust.
6.
Study of the Reservoir Damage during Cyclic Injection and Extraction Process in the Hutubi Gas Storage 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Wang Jianbo Ge Hongkui Wang Xiaoqiong Liu Tongyuan Liu Dunqing Zhang Yanjun Wu Shan 《中国地震研究》2018,32(2):288-300
During the injection and extraction process in gas storage,cyclic loading stress is applied to the reservoir pore structure,affecting the capacity and service life of gas storage. To study the influence of cyclic injection and extraction on reservoir physical property,a finite-element model of reservoir elastoplastic damage under the effect of pore pressure is established based on elastoplastic mechanics and fatigue-damage mechanics. Considering the mechanical property of the Hutubi reservoir and the injection-extraction mode of gas storage,the finite-element model is used to study the pore pressure and porosity change,fault safety,and ground surface deformation. The results show that the change in pore pressure and porosity,the deformation of the Hutubi fault,as well as the uplift and sink of the grounds surface are controlled by the fatigue damage of the reservoir pore structure during the injection-extraction process. After a 6-year service life, the cumulative deformation of the reservoir pore reaches its limit,causing pore structure collapse and porosity decrease. As a result,storage capacity declines and the ground surface starts to sink. Through this study,the safety of the Hutubi gas storage is evaluated,and some suggestions for field operations are offered. 相似文献
7.
Daniel J. Goode 《Ground water》1992,30(2):257-261
Abstract. During unsteady or transient ground-water flow, the fluid mass per unit volume of aquifer changes as the potentiometric head changes, and solute transport is affected by this change in fluid storage. Three widely applied numerical models of two-dimensional transport partially account for the effects of transient flow by removing terms corresponding to the fluid continuity equation from the transport equation, resulting in a simpler governing equation. However, fluid-storage terms remaining in the transport equation that change during transient flow are, in certain cases, held constant in time in these models. For the case of increasing heads, this approximation, which is unacknowledged in these models'documentation, leads to transport velocities that are too high, and increased concentration at fluid and solute sources. If heads are dropping in time, computed transport velocities are too low. Using parameters that somewhat exaggerate the effects of this approximation, an example numerical simulation indicates solute travel time error of about 14 percent but only minor errors due to incorrect dilution volume. For horizontal flow and transport models that assume fluid density is constant, the product of porosity and aquifer thickness changes in time: initial porosity times initial thickness plus the change in head times the storage coefficient. This formula reduces to the saturated thickness in unconfined aquifers if porosity is assumed to be constant and equal to specific yield. The computational cost of this more accurate representation is insignificant and is easily incorporated in numerical models of solute transport. 相似文献
8.
对比于桥水库库容变化与蓟县地震台DSQ型水管仪观测数据表明,水库容量对水管仪长周期趋势性变化影响不大,蓄水和泄水过程中库容量变化与水管仪观测数据不存在相关关系。根据近场三维不规则形状荷载模型,对于于桥水库3次蓄水和3次泄水过程,定量计算库容变化对蓟县地震台DSQ型水管倾斜仪观测影响的理论值,结果表明,库容变化引起的水管仪倾斜值与实际观测数据变化幅度相比小得多,库容改变不足以对水管仪倾斜观测造成显著干扰。该分析结果可在观测资料异常判定中提供参考。 相似文献
9.
传统方法计算同震静态库仑应力变化一般都是基于Okada的解析解,模型中不考虑流体对固体骨架力学行为的影响.但实际上,流体对固体变形有着非常重要的作用.为此,本文基于孔隙弹性理论,考虑流-固之间的完全耦合效应,针对三种典型的断层错动模型(走滑型、逆冲型以及正断型),分别计算静态库仑应力变化与传统算法之间的差别.计算结果表明:三种地震模型得到的介质孔隙压变化在空间的分布格局完全不同,走滑型地震产生的孔隙压变化图案在空间中呈正负相间的四象限分布,近场的静态库仑应力明显下降,流-固耦合作用对静态库仑应力变化影响较大.逆冲型和正断层型地震产生的介质孔隙压变化在空间的分布图案类似,但正负区域正好相反,孔隙压在逆冲型地震的震源区域上升,而在正断型地震的震源区域下降.同传统方法计算的库仑应力相比,逆冲型地震产生的介质孔隙压变化使得震源区的应力影区面积减小,这会触发更多的余震;而正断型地震产生的孔隙压变化则正好相反,增大了震源附近的应力影区范围,这样会降低该区域余震发生的概率.可见,介质的流-固耦合作用对计算库仑应力变化的影响不可忽视.因此,在利用库仑应力变化研究地震触发时,应考虑流-固耦合作用,使得库仑模型的预测结果更符合实际. 相似文献
10.
A three-dimensional prognostic hydrodynamic model in cross sectional form is used to examine the influence of bottom friction,
mixing and topography upon the spin-down and steady-state circulation in a cold water bottom-dome. Parameters characteristic
of the Irish Sea or Yellow Sea cold water domes are used. In all calculations, motion is induced by specifying an initial
temperature distribution characteristic of the dome, and an associated along frontal flow. The spin-down of the dome is found
to be influenced by the coefficient of bottom friction, with a typical time scale of order 10 days, and in general to be independent
of the chosen initial vertical profile of along frontal flow. However, in the case in which the along frontal flow is such
that the near bed velocity is zero, then bottom stress is also zero, and there is no appreciable spin-down. Calculations showed
that the formulation of viscosity and diffusivity had a greater effect upon the steady-state circulation than topography,
suggesting that background mixing of tidal origin is important. The lack of topographic influence was due mainly to the formulation
of the initial conditions which were taken to be independent of topography. The steady-state circulation was characterized
by a cyclonic flow in the surface region, with an anti-cyclonic current near the bed, where frictional effects produced a
bottom Ekman layer and an across frontal flow. This gave rise to vertical circulation cells in the frontal region of the dome
with prevailing downwelling motion inside the dome. A detailed analysis of the dynamic balance of the various terms in the
hydrodynamic equations yielded insight into the processes controlling the steady-state circulation in cold water domes.
Responsible Editor: Phil Dyke 相似文献
11.
Steven M. Wondzell 《水文研究》2006,20(2):267-287
Stream‐tracer injections were used to examine the effect of channel morphology and changing stream discharge on hyporheic exchange flows. Direct observations were made from well networks to follow tracer movement through the hyporheic zone. The reach‐integrated influence of hyporheic exchange was evaluated using the transient storage model (TSM) OTIS‐P. Transient storage modelling results were compared with direct observations to evaluate the reliability of the TSM. Results from the tracer injection in the bedrock reach supported the assumption that most transient storage in headwater mountain streams results from hyporheic exchange. Direct observations from the well networks in colluvial reaches showed that subsurface flow paths tended to parallel the valley axis. Cross‐valley gradients were weak except near steps, where vertical and cross‐valley hydraulic gradients indicated a strong potential for stream water to downwell into the hyporheic zone. The TSM parameters showed that both size and residence time of transient storage were greater in reaches with a few large log‐jam‐formed steps than in reaches with more frequent, but smaller steps. Direct observations showed that residence times in the unconstrained stream were longer than in the constrained stream and that little change occurred in the location and extent of the hyporheic zone between low‐ and high‐baseflow discharges in any of the colluvial reaches. The transient storage modelling results did not agree with these observations, suggesting that the TSM was insensitive to long residence‐time exchange flows and was very sensitive to changes in discharge. Disagreements between direct observations and the transient storage modelling results highlight fundamental problems with the TSM that confound comparisons between the transient storage modelling results for tracer injections conducted under differing flow conditions. Overall, the results showed that hyporheic exchange was little affected by stream discharge (at least over the range of baseflow discharges examined in this study). The results did show that channel morphology controlled development of the hyporheic zone in these steep mountain stream channels. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
Deep saline aquifers are commonly used for disposal and storage of various surface fluids. The target injection zone must be hydraulically isolated from overlying zones in order to ensure containment of the injected fluids. Improperly plugged nonoperational abandoned wells that penetrate the injection zone are the main potential leakage pathways. Leakage through such wells may cause an observable pressure signal in a zone overlying the injection zone; such a signal can be used to detect the leakage. In this paper we develop an analytical model to evaluate the pressure change induced by leakage through a well in a multilayer system. Unlike previous analytical models on the topic, our model uses a closed system, which may significantly affect the strength and behavior of the pressure signal induced by leakage. The analytical model is first presented for a two-layer system centered at the leaky well location. We evaluate the leakage-induced pressure change using the Laplace transform of Duhamel’s superposition integral, yielding the solution in the Laplace domain. We then derive a late-time asymptotic solution using the final value theorem, which suggests that the leakage rate becomes constant after sufficient time. We then obtain the multilayer solution by extending the two-layer solution and presenting it in matrix form in the Laplace domain. We apply the solution to three examples. In the first example, we apply the analytical model to a two-layer system, investigating its behavior and comparing the results with a numerical solution. In order to demonstrate behavior and potential applications of the multilayer analytical model, we present two multilayer examples: one with identical layers and another, replicating a CO2 storage site, with dissimilar layers. The leakage-induced pressure change does not necessarily decrease as the distance increases from the injection zone toward the surface. 相似文献
13.
14.
Carbonate reservoir is one of the important reservoirs in the world. Because of the characteristics of carbonate reservoir, horizontal well has become a key technology for efficiently developing carbonate reservoir. Establishing corresponding mathematical models and analyzing transient pressure behaviors of this type of well-reservoir configuration can provide a better understanding of fluid flow patterns in formation as well as estimations of important parameters. A mathematical model for a oil–water two-phase flow horizontal well in triple media carbonate reservoir by conceptualizing vugs as spherical shapes are presented in this article. A semi-analytical solution is obtained in the Laplace domain using source function theory, Laplace transformation, and superposition principle. Analysis of transient pressure responses indicates that seven characteristic flow periods of horizontal well in triple media carbonate reservoir can be identified. Parametric analysis shows that water saturation of matrix, vug and fracture system, horizontal section length, and horizontal well position can significantly influence the transient pressure responses of horizontal well in triple media carbonate reservoir. The model presented in this article can be applied to obtain important parameters pertinent to reservoir by type curve matching. 相似文献
15.
Utilizing spectral decomposition to determine the distribution of injected CO2 at the Snøhvit Field 
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下载免费PDF全文 Time‐lapse 3D seismic reflection data, covering the CO2 storage operation at the Snøhvit gas field in the Barents Sea, show clear amplitude and time‐delay differences following injection. The nature and extent of these changes suggest that increased pore fluid pressure contributes to the observed seismic response, in addition to a saturation effect. Spectral decomposition using the smoothed pseudo‐Wigner–Ville distribution has been used to derive discrete‐frequency reflection amplitudes from around the base of the CO2 storage reservoir. These are utilized to determine the lateral variation in peak tuning frequency across the seismic anomaly as this provides a direct proxy for the thickness of the causative feature. Under the assumption that the lateral and vertical extents of the respective saturation and pressure changes following CO2 injection will be significantly different, discrete spectral amplitudes are used to distinguish between the two effects. A clear spatial separation is observed in the distribution of low‐ and high‐frequency tuning. This is used to discriminate between direct fluid substitution of CO2, as a thin layer, and pressure changes that are distributed across a greater thickness of the storage reservoir. The results reveal a striking correlation with findings derived from pressure and saturation discrimination algorithms based on amplitude versus offset analysis. 相似文献
16.
Birgitta van der Wateren-de Hoog 《水文研究》1998,12(1):43-56
Catchment storage capacity is an important factor in the determination of catchment sensitivity to climate variability. Quantification of catchment sensitivity is in turn important in the regional assessment of the effects of possible climate change. In the present paper, an empirical regional model is proposed that quantifies catchment sensitivity as the ratio of present maximum reservoir storage to catchment storage capacity. Catchment storage capacity is defined theoretically using readily available catchment variables. Present maximum reservoir storage in a catchment, as determined from recession analysis, is expressed as a fraction of catchment storage capacity; the fraction defines catchment sensitivity and depends on storage capacity and annual net precipitation. Average annual conditions for present maximum reservoir storage and average annual net precipitation are used to test the developed model. Although the study used data from only 15 catchments in the Upper Loire region in France, the model proved statistically valid. Storage capacity calculated with the model compares favourably with the baseflow index and a storage index defined in previous research. Values of storage capacity are probable with respect to reported water resources in the area. With the model catchment sensitivity can easily be assessed. Flood or drought prone catchments can be identified as well as a catchment's sensitivity to a catchment-type transition (baseflow versus direct flow dominated catchments). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Liang-Jun Yan Xiao-Xiong Chen Hao Tang Xing-Bing Xie Lei Zhou Wen-Bao Hu Zhong-Xin Wang 《应用地球物理》2018,15(1):26-34
Monitoring and delineating the spatial distribution of shale fracturing is fundamentally important to shale gas production. Standard monitoring methods, such as time-lapse seismic, cross-well seismic and micro-seismic methods, are expensive, timeconsuming, and do not show the changes in the formation with time. The resistivities of hydraulic fracturing fluid and reservoir rocks were measured. The results suggest that the injection fluid and consequently the injected reservoir are characterized by very low resistivity and high chargeability. This allows using of the controlled-source electromagnetic method (CSEM) to monitor shale gas hydraulic fracturing. Based on the geoelectrical model which was proposed according to the well-log and seismic data in the test area the change rule of the reacted electrical field was studied to account for the change of shale resistivity, and then the normalized residual resistivity method for time lapse processing was given. The time-domain electromagnetic method (TDEM) was used to continuously monitor the shale gas fracturing at the Fulin shale gas field in southern China. A high-power transmitter and multi-channel transient electromagnetic receiver array were adopted. 9 h time series of Ex component of 224 sites which were laid out on the surface and over three fracturing stages of a horizontal well at 2800 m depth was recorded. After data processing and calculation of the normalized resistivity residuals, the changes in the Ex signal were determined and a dynamic 3D image of the change in resistivity was constructed. This allows modeling the spatial distribution of the fracturing fluid. The model results suggest that TDEM is promising for monitoring hydraulic fracturing of shale. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2001,105(3):183-206
Long Valley Caldera is an active volcanic region in east central California. Surface deformation on the resurgent dome within the caldera was an order of magnitude higher for the five-month period September 1997 through January 1998 compared to the previous three-year average. However, the location of the immediate (shallow) source of deformation remained essentially constant, 5–7 km beneath the dome, near the top of a region of probable magma accumulation defined by seismic data. Similarly, although the rate of seismic moment release increased dramatically, earthquake locations remained similar to earlier periods. The rate of deformation increased exponentially between April–May 1997 and late November 1997 with a time constant of ∼55–65 days, after which it decreased exponentially with about the same time constant. We develop a model consistent with these observations and also consistent with independent constraints on sub-surface rheology from thermal, geochemical and laboratory data. Deformation at sites on the resurgent dome most sensitive to the shallow deformation source are well fit by a model with a single pressure source at 6 km depth which experienced a pressure pulse that began in late 1996, peaked in November 1997, close to the time of major seismic moment release, and essentially ended in mid-1999. The pressure source in our model is surrounded by a 1 km thick “shell” of Maxwell viscoelastic material (shell viscosity 1016 Pa s) within an elastic half space, and has peak values that are much lower than corresponding purely elastic half space models. The shell viscosity is characteristic of a weak, deformable solid, e.g. quartz-bearing country rock surrounding the magma chamber at temperatures in the range 500–600°C, i.e. above the brittle–ductile transition, and/or largely crystallized rhyolite near its solidus temperature of ∼670°C, material that probably exists near the top of the zoned magma chamber at Long Valley. 相似文献
19.
Experiments on internal strain in lava dome cross sections 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Simple experiments have been conducted to study the strain evolution in lava dome cross sections. A viscous fluid is injected vertically from a reservoir into a feeding conduit. Silicone putty is used as analogue magma. Two-dimensional experiments allow the assessment of the internal strain within the dome. Particle paths are symmetrical on either side of a central line passing through the feeding conduit and display parabolic trajectories. The highest strain zone is located above the extrusion zone. In cross sections, stretch trajectories show a remarkable concentric pattern, wrapping around the extrusion zone of the analogue magma. To the lateral margins, a triple junction of stretch trajectories defines an isotropic point in the strain field. In the main central part of the dome, an intermediate zone of reversed sense of shearing is caused by a change in the sign of the velocity gradient with respect to that in the upper and lower zones. Knowledge of this evolving strain pattern can provide a better understanding of the evolution of natural domes. Also, it can help to unravel the kinematic history of ancient domes partly removed by erosion. 相似文献
20.
This paper considered the tide-induced head fluctuations in two coastal multi-layered aquifer systems. Model I comprises two semi-permeable layers and a confined aquifer between them. Model II is a four-layered aquifer system including an unconfined aquifer, an upper semi-permeable layer, a confined aquifer and a lower semi-permeable layer. In each model, the submarine outlet of the confined aquifer is covered with a skin layer (“outlet-capping”). Analytical solutions of the two models are derived. In both models, leakages of the semi-permeable layers decrease the tidal head fluctuations. The outlet-capping reduces the aquifer’s head fluctuation by a constant factor and shifts the phase by a positive constant. The solution to Model II explains the inconsistency between the relatively small lag time and the strong amplitude damping effect of the tidal head fluctuations reported by Trefry and Johnston [Ground Water 1998;36:427–33] near the Port Adelaide River, Australia. 相似文献