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BALLOON-BORNE MEASUREMENTS OF AEROSOL VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OVER BEIJING DURING THE SUMMER AND AUTUMN OF 1993 
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下载免费PDF全文 Zhou Jun Tan Kun Shao Shisheng Gong Zhiben Shi Guangyu Guo Jiandong Wang Biao Zhang Baowu Sun Baolai Yasunobu Iwasak Masahiko Hayashi Masahiro Hase 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1994,8(4):478-487
The results of two balloon soundings during the summer and autumn of 1993 from the Xianghe Observation Station are being utilized in a study of the temporal and spatial distribution of the atmospheric aerosols.The balloon,gondola,instrumentation and atmospheric conditions during the observation period are described.The temporal and spatial characteristics of aerosol concentration,size ratio,mixing ratio,and size distribution for both troposphere and strato-sphere are presented and analyzed. 相似文献
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基于1950-2019年费尔干纳盆地降水格点数据,利用线性回归法和经验正交函数（EOF）分析等方法,探究了费尔干纳盆地降水年际变化的影响因素及其空间分布模态,并研究了降水时空变化后的大尺度环流影响因素。结果显示：（1）1950-2019年,费尔干纳盆地降水总体呈下降趋势,为-2.20mm/10a,但并未通过显著性检验,同时对单个月份的降水进行检验也都未发现明显趋势。（2）费尔干纳盆地降水的主要模态有两个,解释了全区降水变化的70.52%,第一模态解释了全区降水变化的59.90%,空间向量场呈现全区一致型,表征研究区整体的降水变化情况,受到ENSO和西风带的影响;第二模态解释了全区降水变化的10.62%,空间向量场表现出从西北到东南的空间反相模态,表征研究区降水空间异质性,受到欧亚大陆北部输送的水汽影响。（3）厄尔尼诺/南方涛动（ENSO）事件通过调整水汽输送路径和季风环流模式影响了费尔干纳盆地的降水变化;来自欧亚大陆北部的气流是造成费尔干纳盆地降水空间格局差异的主要原因。 相似文献
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基于时空结构指标的中国融合降水资料质量评估 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
引入空间、时间技巧评分以及结构函数3种指标,通过对比中国国家气象信息中心研制的逐日融合降水资料和美国国家海洋大气局(NOAA)气候预测中心卫星反演降水资料(CMORPH)、热带测雨卫星反演降水资料(TRMM)在中国区域的适用性和误差分布,着重考察融合降水资料的质量。结果表明,中国区域平均的融合降水资料时空精度远高于CMORPH和TRMM卫星降水资料,且融合资料和卫星资料在夏季的质量优于冬季;在中国东南区域的模拟精度普遍好于西部地区,融合降水质量最高的两个区域为江淮和华南,较差的区域则在青藏高原和西北地区。融合后降水资料比融合前CMORPH卫星降水在空间及时间技巧评分均有较大提高,其提高幅度冬季大于夏季。通过计算结构函数,发现在中国江淮、华南、华北和东北等地区,随着网格区域内任意两点距离的增大,融合产品与观测降水的结构函数曲线始终十分接近。在西北、青藏高原等区域,融合产品与观测降水的结构函数则偏离较大。西南地区地形复杂,卫星资料无法精确反映实际降水情况,高密度观测资料尤为重要。江淮、华南、华北地区的融合降水结构函数曲线增长率大于东北,也从侧面反映江淮、华南、华北地区降水分布的非均一性比东北强,降水可能受中小尺度天气系统影响较大。 相似文献
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Summary Within the Mesoscale Alpine Programme MAP conducted in autumn 1999, the vertical structure and the temporal evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in the Rhine Valley 2km south of Lake Constance were observed with a Remtech PA2 sodar (sound-detection-and-ranging instrument) rendering half-hour averages of the three-dimensional wind profile within the lowest kilometre above ground. During Foehn events, tethered balloon soundings and wind profiler measurements were conducted in addition to the rawinsonde network which was built up for the MAP field campaign.The remote sensing instrument renders a surprisingly high number of valid data during south Foehn. Due to the frequent formation of a cold air pool with stable conditions below the Foehn flow with near-neutral static stability, even more sodar data is valid during Foehn periods than during no Foehn periods. A significant reduction of the sodar data quality is only observed during Foehn events with grounding of the Foehn at the sodar site due to high background noise. At higher levels, a Foehn signal can be detected from the sodar wind and turbulence intensitiy information. With Foehn, higher wind speeds and larger turbulence intensities occur than without Foehn. Comparisons to rawinsonde and tethersonde soundings and wind profiler measurements at sites nearby reveal the spatial inhomogeneity of the Foehn flow within this part of the valley as well as instrumental short-comings. Different methods to determine the mixing height using the vertical sounding devices lead to some uncertainty of mixing height estimates which however can reasonably be explained. 相似文献
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Abstract The Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia (LFV) is currently experiencing rapid population growth and is perceived to suffer from reduced air quality, specifically, elevated ozone concentrations and impaired visibility. It is necessary to identify the sources of visibility‐degrading aerosols in order to develop strategies to prevent further degradation and to institute measures to improve air quality in this region. Although chemical mass balance analyses have typically been used in such studies, herein, a P‐mode principal component analysis (PCA) is performed upon the ambient aerosol species at one polluted site in the LFV, and source profiles are inferred from the resulting component loadings. The loading coefficients on the five significant components (which account for over 70% of the variance in the fine aerosol speciation dataset) are used to assess the contribution of these sources to paniculate light scattering (bsp) Automobile emissions and wood burning are found to contribute most to bsp at this site. 相似文献
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Observations of the Relation Between Upslope Flows and the Convective Boundary Layer in Steep Terrain 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Slope flow mechanisms are crucial for the transport of air pollutants in complex terrain. Previous observations in sloping terrain showed upslope flows filling the entire convective boundary layer (CBL) and reducing air pollution concentrations by venting air pollutants out of the CBL into the free atmosphere. During the Pacific 2001 Air Quality Field Study in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada, we observed slope flows during weak synoptic winds, clear skies, and strong daytime solar heating. With a Doppler sodar we measured the three wind components at the foot of a slope having an average angle of 19° and a ridge height of 780 m. We operated a scanning lidar system and a tethersonde at a nearby site on the adjacent plain to measure backscatter of particulate matter, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and specific humidity. Strong daytime upslope flows of up to 6 m s−1 through a depth of up to 500 m occurred in the lower CBL, but with often equally strong and deep return flows in the upper part of the CBL. The mass transport of upslope flow and return flow approximately balanced over a 4-h morning period, suggesting a closed slope-flow circulation within the CBL. These observations showed that air pollutants can remain trapped within a CBL rather than being vented from the CBL into the free atmosphere. 相似文献
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Tropical cyclone(TC) genesis over the western North Pacific(WNP) is analyzed using 23 CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models and reanalysis datasets. The models are evaluated according to TC genesis potential index(GPI). The spatial and temporal variations of the GPI are first calculated using three atmospheric reanalysis datasets(ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis-1, and NCEP/DOE Reanalysis-2). Spatial distributions of July–October-mean TC frequency based on the GPI from ERA-interim are more consistent with observed ones derived from IBTr ACS global TC data. So, the ERA-interim reanalysis dataset is used to examine the CMIP5 models in terms of reproducing GPI during the period 1982–2005. Although most models possess deficiencies in reproducing the spatial distribution of the GPI, their multimodel ensemble(MME) mean shows a reasonable climatological GPI pattern characterized by a high GPI zone along 20?N in the WNP. There was an upward trend of TC genesis frequency during 1982 to 1998, followed by a downward trend. Both MME results and reanalysis data can represent a robust increasing trend during 1982–1998, but the models cannot simulate the downward trend after 2000. Analysis based on future projection experiments shows that the GPI exhibits no significant change in the first half of the 21 st century, and then starts to decrease at the end of the 21 st century under the representative concentration pathway(RCP) 2.6 scenario. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the GPI shows an increasing trend in the vicinity of20?N, indicating more TCs could possibly be expected over the WNP under future global warming. 相似文献
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Abstract Two‐state, first‐order, single‐site Markov models for daily precipitation occurrence were developed for each winter rainy season over the historical period of record at five long‐term meteorological stations in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada. Monotonic temporal trends in the independent elements of the transition matrices were then assessed. Although the results remain tentative, there is some evidence for a regionally coherent long‐term negative trend in the probability of wet‐to‐dry state transitions, P10 (or a positive trend in the probability of a wet day being followed by another wet day, P11). In contrast, there is no evidence for a regionally coordinated and consistent trend in the probability of dry‐to‐wet state transitions, P01 (or, therefore, in the probability of a dry day being followed by another dry day, P00). These results appear loosely consistent with previous statistical climate change impact studies in the region, and might be physically interpreted as suggesting a gradual increase in the local typical duration of a Pacific frontal storm during hydrologic winter, with no systematic trend in the average duration of a dry‐day interlude. Additionally, the probability of any day‐to‐day precipitation state transition (from wet to dry, or from dry to wet), PST, has been tentatively interpreted to exhibit an area‐wide negative long‐term trend, suggesting an overall increase in precipitation memory. The findings provide some additional regional context for several issues in hydrometeorological modelling, climatology, and environmental impact assessment. 相似文献
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江淮梅雨的时空变化特征 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
利用江淮地区37站1954--2001年48a梅雨特征量资料,采用谐波分析、EOF和最大熵谱分析等方法讨论了江淮梅雨的时空变化特征。结果表明：江淮梅雨时空分布不均,梅雨特征量存在显著的年际一年代际变化特征,梅雨特征量年代际变化之间存在明显的负相关或正相关关系;梅雨特征量存在显著不同的多时间尺度振荡周期和长期演变趋势且江淮地区雨季也呈不同的年际和年代际变化特征。 相似文献
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长江流域大范围旱涝与南亚高压的关系 总被引：80，自引：3，他引：80
利用１９５８～１９９９年月平均气象资料，分析了４２ ａ以来长江流域大范围旱涝的时空分布特征， 发现长江流域降水具有非常明显的年代际变化，年代际的转折发生于２０世纪７０年代末，６０年 代的持续干旱和９０年代的多发性洪涝形成鲜明对比。依照降水标准差大小，从４２ ａ降水资料 中划分出６个严重涝年和５个严重旱年。合成分析表明旱涝年大气环流和全球海温均有明显差 异，涝年高 低层副热带高压偏南偏强，全球海温呈大范围正距平，旱年则相反。文中对比分析了南亚 高压和海温两个异常因子与夏季长江流域降水的关系，发现南亚高压强度指数与长江流域降 水有显著相关，二者的年代际变化趋势非常一致，２０世纪７０年代末当南亚高压由弱变强，长 江流域由相对干旱转为相对多雨。而赤道太平洋ＳＳＴＡ与长江流域降水的关系不甚确定。超前 ／滞后相关分析表明，前期冬春季１００ ｈＰａ副热带高压强度与夏季长江流域降水呈显著的正相 关，前期冬春季赤道东太平洋ＳＳＴＡ与长江流域降水也呈正相关，但相关不显著。分析结果表 明，由于中国特殊的地理环境、地形和海陆分布特征，将南亚高压作为一个异常强信号并加 以关注，对中国短期气候尤其是灾害性气候的预测具有重要意义。 相似文献
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伊犁河谷是新疆地区暴雨多发且暴雨强度最强的地区。本文以该地区的一次特大暴雨过程为例,利用观测资料以及WRF高分辨率数值模拟结果对该次暴雨过程的环流背景及不稳定条件进行了分析。结果表明:（1）此次降水过程发生在对流层高层南亚高压“双体型”,中层中高纬度“两脊一槽”以及两个中亚低涡发展移动的环流形势下。在伊犁河谷特殊的向西开口的喇叭口地形作用下,中心位于哈萨克斯坦的中亚低涡导致伊犁河谷低层为偏西风,中心位于塔里木盆地的中亚低涡使得伊犁河谷中层为偏东风,导致伊犁河谷内中低层水平风的垂直切变增强;伊犁河谷内,地形及哈萨克斯坦中亚低涡环流的共同作用形成了低空辐合线,辐合线附近形成的辐合区正好与高空急流辐散区垂直叠加,引发河谷内的上升运动增强。低层西风将水汽输送进河谷,并在河谷内迎风坡附近堆积,上升运动增强后导致河谷内堆积的水汽得以抬升。（2）WRF模拟结果分析显示,散度分布、垂直风切变、水汽及热力层结分布等对降水产生均有重要贡献。通过对湿位涡垂直及水平分量的分析得出热力层结影响的对流不稳定对前期降水的产生有影响,同时,垂直风切变影响的对称不稳定对降水增强维持有重要作用。位势散度分析进一步指示出整个降水区低层的对流不稳定主要是由于位势散度的垂直切变部分造成,而位势散度的散度部分能加强河谷内小地形背风坡处的对流不稳定,说明整个降水演变过程中,动热力因子的相互作用共同影响了降水强度和落区。 相似文献
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Profile data from simultaneous sodar and tethered balloon measurements have been analyzed with respect to the complex structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in the Upper Rhine Valley. Special attention was focused on ozone concentration profiles measured with a novel lightweight ozone sensor at the balloon. In general, good agreement was found between the signature of the ozone concentration profiles and special features of the backscattered sound intensity profiles. This allows reliable estimation of the mixing height from the sodar data even in a complex stable ABL, except for very shallow mixing layers (below about 75 m), which could not be detected by the sodar. 相似文献
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大气加权平均温度Tm是地基GPS水汽遥感的关键参数,决定了水汽反演的精度。利用2008—2011年全国123个探空站点资料,分析了Tm与其影响要素纬度、海拔、地面气温、水汽压及大气压之间的关系,结果表明:Tm与纬度和海拔随季节变化呈周期性负相关,与地面温度和水汽压的自然对数呈正相关,与大气压呈负相关;Tm的空间变化具有纬度地带性和明显的气候分布特征,其变异程度在空间分布上有显著差别,不同地理位置的Tm受季节性影响程度不一,Tm也具有明显的年际周期性变化,年内Tm的每日变化符合二次函数分布规律。按照全国、气候分区和季节分区方法,分别建立了Tm单因子和多因子回归模型,并利用2012年1—5月数据对所建模型进行验证,Tm的估算误差能满足GPS水汽遥感2%的精度,模型普遍适用于我国地基GPS水汽遥感中Tm的估算。 相似文献
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梅雨期区域边界水汽输送模型及其数值试验 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过诊断分析,提出梅雨期中国区域边界水汽输送特征模型,即高原中部区域西边界与低纬南海、西太平洋南边界为水汽输送流入主体,西太平洋东边界为水汽“流出”主体。数值模拟研究表明:1998年洪涝特大暴雨过程6月与7月份水汽输送通道特征存在差异,6月中下旬长江流域暴雨过程以西边界与南边界水汽流共同输送为主体,其中南海西太平洋区域水汽输送显著,7月份水汽输送过程以高原中部区域西边界“水汽流”为主体。因此,高原中部区域西边界与中国区域南边界的水汽输送对长江流域特大暴雨的形成均具有重要的作用。区域边界水汽流的时空特征分析及其理论模型将为长江流域暴雨预报提供科学依据。 相似文献
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Analysis of the wind field and heat budget in an alpine lake basin during summertime fair weather conditions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
M. Kossmann A. P. Sturman P. Zawar-Reza H. A. McGowan A. J. Oliphant I. F. Owens R. A. Spronken-Smith 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2002,81(1-2):27-52
Summary ?Observational data collected in the Lake Tekapo hydro catchment of the Southern Alps in New Zealand are used to analyse the
wind and temperature fields in the alpine lake basin during summertime fair weather conditions. Measurements from surface
stations, pilot balloon and tethersonde soundings, Doppler sodar and an instrumented light aircraft provide evidence of multi-scale
interacting wind systems, ranging from microscale slope winds to mesoscale coast-to-basin flows. Thermal forcing of the winds
occurred due to differential heating as a consequence of orography and heterogeneous surface features, which is quantified
by heat budget and pressure field analysis.
The daytime vertical temperature structure was characterised by distinct layering. Features of particular interest are the
formation of thermal internal boundary layers due to the lake-land discontinuity and the development of elevated mixed layers.
The latter were generated by advective heating from the basin and valley sidewalls by slope winds and by a superimposed valley
wind blowing from the basin over Lake Tekapo and up the tributary Godley Valley.
Daytime heating in the basin and its tributary valleys caused the development of a strong horizontal temperature gradient
between the basin atmosphere and that over the surrounding landscape, and hence the development of a mesoscale heat low over
the basin. After noon, air from outside the basin started flowing over mountain saddles into the basin causing cooling in
the lowest layers, whereas at ridge top height the horizontal air temperature gradient between inside and outside the basin
continued to increase.
In the early evening, a more massive intrusion of cold air caused rapid cooling and a transition to a rather uniform slightly
stable stratification up to about 2000 m agl. The onset time of this rapid cooling varied about 1–2 h between observation
sites and was probably triggered by the decay of up-slope winds inside the basin, which previously countered the intrusion
of air over the surrounding ridges. The intrusion of air from outside the basin continued until about mid-night, when a northerly
mountain wind from the Godley Valley became dominant. The results illustrate the extreme complexity that can be caused by
the operation of thermal forcing processes at a wide range of spatial scales.
Received June 25, 2001; Revised December 21, 2001 相似文献
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以广东省北部山区2018年汛期强降水时段4月23—28日龙舟水、5月7—11日龙舟水和9月16—17日台风“山竹”3次典型暴雨过程的逐时降水为研究对象,研究基于XGBoost算法与地统计学理论的地面观测-前两个时刻逐时降水-雷达-卫星遥感的多源逐时降水融合模型,充分考虑相邻时刻降水的时间相关性,得到空间分辨率为1 km的逐时降水融合数据。此外,分别利用XGBoost与随机森林(RF)算法进行不考虑降水时间相关性的地面观测-雷达-卫星遥感逐时降水融合对比试验,并对试验结果进行精度评价。结果表明：(1) 在3次暴雨过程中,三种融合模型的逐时降水融合结果具有类似的空间分布;(2) 与XGBoost和RF逐时降水融合结果相比,融合了降水时间相关性的逐时降水融合结果在不同暴雨过程的准确性均有明显改进,3次暴雨过程的决定系数(R2)平均提高了7.89%和23.27%;(3) XGBoost逐时降水融合模型的精度整体上优于RF逐时降水融合模型,3次暴雨过程的R2分别提高了7.1%、4.3%和31.4%。 相似文献
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J. García-López Ignacio J. Lorite R. García-Ruiz J. Domínguez 《Climatic change》2014,124(1-2):147-162
The determination of the impact of climate change on crop yield at a regional scale requires the development of new modelling methodologies able to generate accurate yield estimates with reduced available data. In this study, different simulation approaches for assessing yield have been evaluated. In addition to two well-known models (AquaCrop and Stewart function), a methodological proposal considering a simplified approach using an empirical model (SOM) has been included in the analysis. This empirical model was calibrated using rainfed sunflower experimental field data from three sites located in Andalusia, southern Spain, and validated using two additional locations, providing very satisfactory results compared with the other models with higher data requirements. Thus, only requiring weather data (accumulated rainfall from the beginning of the season fixed on September 1st, and maximum temperature during flowering) the approach accurately described the temporal and spatial yield variability observed (RMSE?=?391 kg ha?1). The satisfactory results for assessing yield of sunflower under semi-arid conditions obtained in this study demonstrate the utility of empirical approaches with few data requirements, providing an excellent decision tool for climate change impact analyses at a regional scale, where available data is very limited. 相似文献
20.
CMIP5模式对中国东北气候模拟能力的评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用CN05观测资料和参与IPCC第五次评估报告的45个全球气候系统模式的模拟结果,分析了新一代全球气候模式对中国东北三省(1961~2005年)气温和降水的模拟能力。结果表明:1)绝大多数模式都能较好地模拟出研究区内显著增温的趋势,对气温的年际变化模拟能力则相对有限;2)所有模式均能很好地再现气温气候态的空间分布特征,且多模式集合模拟结果优于绝大多数单个模式,空间相关系数达到了0.96;3)对于降水的模拟结果,模式间差异较大,多模式集合能较好地再现其空间分布规律(空间相关系数为0.86),对降水年际变化及线性变化趋势的模拟能力则较差。总体来说,多模式集合对东北气候的时空变化特征具有一定的模拟能力,且对气温模拟效果优于降水,对空间分布的模拟能力优于时间变化。 相似文献