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1.
Groundwater residence time is a fundamental property of groundwater to understand important hydrogeological issues,such as deriving sustainable abstraction volumes,or,the evolution of groundwater quality.The anthropogenic trace gases chlorofluorocarbons(CFC-11,CFC-12 and CFC-113)and sulphur hexafluoride(SF_6)are ideal in this regard because they have been released globally at known rates and become dissolved in groundwater following Henry's Law,integrating over large spatial(global)and temporal(decades)scales.The CFCs and SF_6 are able to date groundwater up to～100 years old with the caveat of certain simplifying assumptions.However,the inversion of environmental tracer concentrations(CFCs and SF_6)to derive groundwater age rests on the accurate determination of groundwater recharge parameters,namely temperature,elevation,salinity and excess air,in addition to resolving the potential for contamination,degradation and unsaturated zone effects.This review explores the fundamentals of CFC-11,CFC-12,CFC-113 and SF_6 as environmental tracers of groundwater age and recommends complementary techniques throughout.Once this relatively simple and inexpensive technique has been used to determine initial concentrations at the recharge zone,setting the groundwater dating'clock' to zero,this review then explores the meaning of groundwater'age' in relation to measured environmental tracer concentrations.It is shown that the CFCs and SF_6 may be applied to a wide-range of hydrogeological problems and suggests that environmental tracers are particularly powerful tools when integrated with numerical flow and transport models. 相似文献
2.
Axel Horst Jürgen Mahlknecht Broder J. Merkel Ramon Aravena Yann R. Ramos-Arroyo 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(8):1601-1614
The recharge processes in the overexploited aquifer of the Silao Romita basin, central Mexico, were investigated by means of gaseous tracers (chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs) and radioactive isotopes (C-14, tritium). CFC concentrations varied between 0.06 and 12 pmol/l (CFC-11), 0.03 and 1.7 pmol/l (CFC-12), and <0.01 and 0.23 pmol/l (CFC-113). CFC concentrations are controlled by irrigation return flow which became apparent by the comparison with tritium. Tritium activities ranged from 0 to 3.5 TU. The calculated mean residence times of 70 to more than 300 years are considerably lower than the ages estimated based on the CFCs data. These data showed that CFCs were not appropriate for groundwater dating in this particular area but the CFCs were suitable as a qualitative measure of the magnitude of irrigation return flow which proved to be a significant source of recharge in the irrigated areas. Radiocarbon activities were in the range of 6–109 pmC. Carbon-13 values varied between –11.9 and –7.2‰ VPDB. Modelling of carbon isotopes with NETPATH along a plausible flow path reveals considerable influences of exchange with soil CO2 and carbonate dissolution. Radiocarbon data indicate, at least in one case, the existence of groundwaters with residence times of more than 10,000 years. 相似文献
3.
煤中硫的地质特征和洁净煤技术的发展(英文) 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Chou Chenglin 《地学前缘》1999,6(Z1):23-27
媒中硫的含量大都由煤层的沉积环境控制,并取决于成煤物质是否曾受过海水影响及其受海水影响的程度。煤中硫的含量对于煤的有效利用甚为重要。这主要是因为燃煤时有相当量的二氧化硫释放到大气中造成对环境有害的酸雨。因此,煤层中硫的分布和地质特征是评估煤的品质及解决有关环境问题的一个重要参数。洁净煤技术是为了有效解决能源需求并减少用煤对环境的影响而发展起来的。它包括煤燃烧前的洁净方法（物理、化学和微生物的煤洁净法）、烟气脱硫、吸附剂喷撒和各种媒燃烧技术（流化床、气化联合循环等）。 相似文献
4.
中国煤中硫的地球化学研究 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
燃烧过程中,煤中硫会以硫氧化物等形式释放出来,污染大气以至形成酸雨,对环境造成极大的影响。本文在对中国煤中硫全面分析的基础上．总结并分析了中国煤中硫在不同地区、不同煤层和不同形成环境中的含量与分布规律,阐述煤中硫形成的地质成因和影响因素．以及育机硫、无机硫和元素硫的赋存状态．概述了煤利用过程中硫的转化机理及其对环境的影响．提出了对煤中硫的研究趋势和今后研究方向与热点问题。 相似文献
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煤与瓦斯突出的激发和发生条件 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
从影响煤与瓦斯突出的地应力、瓦斯、煤岩物理力学性质和地质构造因素出发,提出把煤与瓦斯突出的过程划分为突出源的形成发展、突出的激发和发生三个阶段。以南桐煤矿典型突出事故为例,用演绎法探讨了突出激发与发生的条件。结果表明,一切由振动产生的岩体裂隙和冲击载荷是导致煤与瓦斯突出的激发条件,并根据充瓦斯煤的损伤蠕变方程,得到了预测延期突出的时间。根据突出过程中的能量转换关系,得到了突出的起动速度和瓦斯临界压力表达式,对煤与瓦斯突出发生涉及的几个难点问题进行了讨论。揭示了煤与瓦斯突出的主要能量是瓦斯膨胀能,突出时喷出的瓦斯由多个来源的瓦斯组成,且地质构造区在采矿过程中容易形成有利于突出的源。 相似文献
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以铜川煤矿煤样为测试样品,利用自主研发的煤层自燃性升温的实验系统,对煤层的自燃过程进行实验模拟。根据实验测试数据对煤温与供气量以及实验过程的指标气体情况进行分析,得出煤层自燃性的临界温度、干裂温度等各个自燃特性。实验结果对煤矿分析和预测煤层自燃的过程具有指导意义。 相似文献
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煤中残余气含量及其影响因素 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
煤中残余气是煤层气的一个组成部分,其含量直接影响到煤层气含量和煤的含气饱和度。本文对不同地区、各种煤级的近100 个煤心煤样的残余气含量测试结果进行了综合分析研究,找出了煤中残余气含量的分布变化规律,探讨了其影响因素。结果表明:不同煤的残余气含量不相同,变化范围为0~3 m3/t;残余气在煤层气中占的比例变化很大,为1.5%~30.0%;残余气含量的高低受煤级、灰分和煤样粒度等因素影响,煤级和灰分越高,残余气含量亦越高 相似文献
8.
A 17-year record (1995–2012) of a suite of environmental tracer concentrations in discharge from 34 springs located along the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Shenandoah National Park (SNP), Virginia, USA, reveals patterns and trends that can be related to climatic and environmental conditions. These data include a 12-year time series of monthly sampling at five springs, with measurements of temperature, specific conductance, pH, and discharge recorded at 30-min intervals. The monthly measurements include age tracers (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-13, SF6, and SF5CF3), dissolved gases (N2, O2, Ar, CO2, and CH4), stable isotopes of water, and major and trace inorganic constituents. The chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentrations (in pptv) in spring discharge closely follow the concurrent monthly measurements of their atmospheric mixing ratios measured at the Air Monitoring Station at Big Meadows, SNP, indicating waters 0–3 years in age. A 2-year (2001–2003) record of unsaturated zone air displayed seasonal deviations from North American Air of ±10 % for CFC-11 and CFC-113, with excess CFC-11 and CFC-113 in peak summer and depletion in peak winter. The pattern in unsaturated zone soil CFCs is a function of gas solubility in soil water and seasonal unsaturated zone temperatures. Using the increase in the SF6 atmospheric mixing ratio, the apparent (piston flow) SF6 age of the water varied seasonally between about 0 (modern) in January and up to 3 years in July–August. The SF6 concentration and concentrations of dissolved solutes (SiO2, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl?, and HCO3 ?) in spring discharge demonstrate a fraction of recent recharge following large precipitation events. The output of solutes in the discharge of springs minus the input from atmospheric deposition per hectare of watershed area (mol ha?1 a?1) were approximately twofold greater in watersheds draining the regolith of Catoctin metabasalts than that of granitic gneisses and granitoid crystalline rocks. The stable isotopic composition of water in spring discharge broadly correlates with the Oceanic Niño Index. Below normal precipitation and enriched stable isotopic composition were observed during El Niño years. 相似文献
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探地雷达对浅层勘探具有较高分辨率,为煤田火区浅部松散煤体或采空区等典型火源地质结构探测提供了重要手段。然而如何识别各种火源地质结构体,确定火区重点范围还存在一定的理论不足。基于电磁波理论,采用时域有限差分法正演模拟了火区典型地质体地电模型雷达响应,其特征表现为：松散跨塌煤体对应雷达响应绕射波严重,其内部波形紊乱;空洞区顶界面回波能量强,较为连续,其内部无绕射。正演模拟和现场测试研究表明：探地雷达对识别浅埋火区煤层松散跨落程度,圈定火烧重点区域,减少灭火成本和火区开采安全事故具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
10.
Coal-formed gas generated from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures has become one of the most important targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin, offshore eastern China. However, the proven gas reserves from this source rock remain low to date, and the distribution characteristics and accumulation model for the coal-formed gas are not clear. Here we review the coal-formed gas deposits formed from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Bohai Bay Basin. The accumulations are scattered, and dominated by middle-small sized gas fields, of which the proven reserves ranging from 0.002 to 149.4×108 m3 with an average of 44.30×108 m3 and a mid-point of 8.16×108 m3. The commercially valuable gas fields are mainly found in the central and southern parts of the basin. Vertically, the coal-formed gas is accumulated at multiple stratigraphic levels from Paleogene to Archaeozoic, among which the Paleogene and PermoCarboniferous are the main reservoir strata. According to the transporting pathway, filling mechanism and the relationship between source rocks and reservoir, the coal-formed gas accumulation model can be defined into three types: "Upward migrated, fault transported gas" accumulation model, "Laterally migrated, sandbody transported gas" accumulation model, and "Downward migrated, sub-source, fracture transported gas" accumulation model. Source rock distribution, thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation capacity are the fundamental controlling factors for the macro distribution and enrichment of the coal-formed gas. The fault activity and the configuration of fault and caprock control the vertical enrichment pattern. 相似文献
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从宏观和微观两方面对不同变质程度煤所形成焦炭的结构、构造进行了深入研究。从气煤到肥煤阶段（Ｒｏ，ｍ：０．７７％～１．１６％），焦炭气孔壁厚度逐渐增大；进入焦煤阶段（Ｒｏ，ｍ＞１．１６％），焦炭气孔壁厚度降低。气煤、１３焦煤形成的焦炭结构以各向同性体为主，焦煤、肥煤炼出的焦炭以粒状镶嵌结构为主。由气煤和高变质程度的焦煤形成的焦炭，其气孔以微孔和大孔为主，气孔分布标准差Ｄｓ最大；肥煤炼出的焦炭，其气孔分布大小较均一；１３焦煤和低变质程度的焦煤成焦后，气孔分布状况介于上述二者之间 相似文献
13.
Residence time distribution in the Kirkgoz karst springs (Antalya-Turkey) as a tool for contamination vulnerability assessment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
N. Nur Ozyurt 《Environmental Geology》2008,53(7):1571-1583
Lumped parameter modeling of environmental tracer (tritium, CFCs and tritiogenic helium-3) transport in the Kirkgoz karst
springs (Antalya-Turkey) appears to be a useful tool for assessing the vulnerability to contamination. Based on tritium observations
between 1963 and 2000, the springs revealed a mean residence time (MRT) of 120 years. This suggests an active transport volume
of 71 billion cubic meters for the aquifer, a value that is coherent with the estimated void volume of karst aquifer based
on the mass of associated travertine deposits. The CFC-11 and CFC-12 MRTs are in agreement with tritium-based MRT, after correcting
for excess air effect. Excess crustal and mantle helium flux hindered the use of tritiogenic helium-3 as a potential tracer.
The residence time distribution (RTD) indicates a groundwater transport system that is fed by recharges extending back to
past several hundred years. This wide RTD suggests that any recent contamination that may have entered the system could progress
slowly within the entire aquifer but would be unnoticed in the early period because of the dilution effect of uncontaminated
past recharge waters. Once the contamination is recognized, it may last for many centuries ahead even if the contamination
practice is stopped. Thus, control of contaminant release to aquifer and monitoring of contaminant level in Kirkgoz springs
is an immediate task for the associated public health authorities. 相似文献
14.
中国煤中硒的环境地球化学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
硒是煤中易挥发元素之一。伴随煤炭的开采、利用,煤中硒可能进入环境并引起环境质量的变化,影响生态环境和人体健康。本文在全面综合国内外研究文献的基础上,分析了中国煤中硒在不同省份、不同成煤时代中的含量及分布规律,总结了硒在煤中的赋存状态、形成机理和影响因素,概括了煤在燃烧和淋溶过程中硒的迁移转化及其环境影响,指出中国煤中硒的含量在不同煤田、不同成煤时代及不同变质程度的煤中,含量差别较大,全国平均值约为5.60 mg/kg。 相似文献
15.
高精度磁测在陕北煤田火烧区的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对陕北某井田实测地面高精度磁测异常的解译,总结利用高精度磁测有效圈定煤层自燃边界的方法和经验,并通过钻孔加以验证,为以后此类工作提供了借鉴. 相似文献
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塔北—南天山地区震旦—奥陶纪盆 山构造演化及其与油气关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
震旦—奥陶纪时期塔北与南天山地区在“新疆古克拉通”的基础上经历了一个伸展、裂离和挤压、聚合的完整旋回。该区由南向北大致可分为３个近于平行的与伸展作用有关的构造区带：（１）南库鲁克塔格裂陷槽—满加尔克拉通边缘坳陷—塔里木克拉通内坳陷；（２）北库鲁克塔格—铁门关—老虎台隆起带；（３）南天山洋盆。该时期的构造演化可大致分为３个阶段：（１）震旦纪伸展 裂陷阶段；（２）寒武纪—早奥陶世伸展 裂离阶段；（３）中—晚奥陶世挤压 聚合阶段。具有伸展盆地性质的满加尔克拉通边缘坳陷是该区的主力生油坳陷，其热演化程度高，位于其北侧的继承性古隆起及斜坡是主要的油气运移指向和聚集场所。 相似文献
19.
燃煤过程中有害元素转化机理研究进展 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
综述了煤中有毒、有害元素经燃烧之后的存在形式与去向,元素在燃烧过程中的热解释放行为及其转化机理;强调煤中无机组分为主要存在许多有毒、爱元素在燃烧过程中会释放出来,然后再分异扩散到各种燃烧产物之中,地民人体廷民危害;指出今后研究不仅限于煤中有毒、有害元素的形成机理,更应侧重对燃烧产物中毒、有害元素的分异与去除方法作进一步的研究与试验,力求使燃煤对环境与人体健康产生的危害降低到最低程度。 相似文献
20.
矿井瓦斯突出的三要素是煤体结构、瓦斯含量和瓦斯压力。煤及煤层气地面勘查阶段可以获取煤体结构描述、煤层（总）气含量、甲烷含量、煤层气自然解吸速率和衰减系数、煤层压力、地应力、煤层渗透率等参数。地面钻孔与煤矿井下测取这些参数的方法和原理虽然存在差异,但这些参数都是煤层原地物性特征的反映,故应该利用地面钻孔的实测数据和资料,广泛收录、整理对预测瓦斯突出有益的信息。建议在地质勘查阶段查明瓦斯突出三要素,将预防瓦斯灾害工作从地质勘查的源头做起。 相似文献