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1.
2.5-D modeling and inversion techniques are much closer to reality than the simple and traditional 2-D seismic wave modeling
and inversion. The sensitivity kernels required in full waveform seismic tomographic inversion are the Fréchet derivatives
of the displacement vector with respect to the independent anisotropic model parameters of the subsurface. They give the sensitivity
of the seismograms to changes in the model parameters. This paper applies two methods, called ‘the perturbation method’ and
‘the matrix method’, to derive the sensitivity kernels for 2.5-D seismic waveform inversion. We show that the two methods
yield the same explicit expressions for the Fréchet derivatives using a constant-block model parameterization, and are available
for both the line-source (2-D) and the point-source (2.5-D) cases. The method involves two Green’s function vectors and their
gradients, as well as the derivatives of the elastic modulus tensor with respect to the independent model parameters. The
two Green’s function vectors are the responses of the displacement vector to the two directed unit vectors located at the
source and geophone positions, respectively; they can be generally obtained by numerical methods. The gradients of the Green’s
function vectors may be approximated in the same manner as the differential computations in the forward modeling. The derivatives
of the elastic modulus tensor with respect to the independent model parameters can be obtained analytically, dependent on
the class of medium anisotropy. Explicit expressions are given for two special cases—isotropic and tilted transversely isotropic
(TTI) media. Numerical examples are given for the latter case, which involves five independent elastic moduli (or Thomsen
parameters) plus one angle defining the symmetry axis. 相似文献
2.
When treating the forward full waveform case, a fast and accurate algorithm for modelling seismic wave propagation in anisotropic inhomogeneous media is of considerable value in current exploration seismology. Synthetic seismograms were computed for P-SV wave propagation in transversely isotropic media. Among the various techniques available for seismic modelling, the finite-difference method possesses both the power and flexibility to model wave propagation accurately in anisotropic inhomogeneous media bounded by irregular interfaces. We have developed a fast high-order vectorized finite-difference algorithm adapted for the vector supercomputer. The algorithm is based on the fourth-order accurate MacCormack-type splitting scheme. Solving the equivalent first-order hyperbolic system of equations, instead of the second-order wave equation, avoids computation of the spatial derivatives of the medium's anisotropic elastic parameters. Examples indicate that anisotropy plays an important role in modelling the kinematic and the dynamic properties of the wave propagation and should be taken into account when necessary. 相似文献
3.
Pure-mode wave propagation is important for applications ranging from imaging to avoiding parameter tradeoff in waveform inversion. Although seismic anisotropy is an elastic phenomenon, pseudo-acoustic approximations are routinely used to avoid the high computational cost and difficulty in decoupling wave modes to obtain interpretable seismic images. However, such approximations may result in inaccuracies in characterizing anisotropic wave propagation. We propose new pure-mode equations for P- and S-waves resulting in an artefact-free solution in transversely isotropic medium with a vertical symmetry axis. Our approximations are more accurate than other known approximations as they are not based on weak anisotropy assumptions. Therefore, the S-wave approximation can reproduce the group velocity triplications in strongly anisotropic media. The proposed approximations can be used for accurate modelling and imaging of pure P- and S-waves in transversely isotropic media. 相似文献
4.
地壳和岩石圈变形特征研究对于深入了解中强地震的深部孕震环境具有重要科学意义.本文联合P和S波远震接收函数偏移成像结果,对发生过芦山7.0地震和汶川8.0地震的龙门山断裂带及附近区域地壳和岩石圈结构进行分析.结果揭示出在青藏高原向四川盆地过渡的龙门山断裂带,Moho面和岩石圈底界面(LAB)呈现出强烈变形,特别是芦山地震和汶川地震震源区下方地壳出现了错断、下凹,岩石圈也呈现下凹变形特征.这种地壳及岩石圈变形所代表的高应力的积累可能是汶川和芦山地震发生的重要深部地球动力学背景. 相似文献
5.
6.
二维横各向同性弹性随机介质中的波场特征 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
本文通过交错网格有限差分正演．模拟了平面地震波在二维横各向同性弹性随机介质模型中的传播及其自激自收时间记录．为研究横各向同性弹性随机介质模型中的波场特征,我们在五个不同的时间区段上,分别计算剖面的三个统计特征(横向中心频率、纵向中心频率、波场能量相对值)．这样,对应每一个横各向同性弹性随机介质模型．均可计算得到15个不同的波场特征量．我们通过在二维横各向同性弹性随机介质中的正演模拟．研究当自相关长度以及介质的各向异性系数变化时,对应的上述波场特征量的变化特点．证实了在随机介质模型中．各向异性系数的变化会引起波场记录上的某些统计特征的变化,归纳得出了若干结论． 相似文献
7.
羌塘盆地是我国最大的海相盆地.本文根据在羌塘盆地内布设的27个宽频带地震观测台站记录的远震波形数据,利用非线性复谱比反演算法得到各台站下方100 km深度范围内S波速度结构.结果表明.羌塘地区Moho深度较为平缓,平均深度为61 km;北羌塘地壳内低速层广泛分布;北羌塘具有两个较大的沉积盆地,龙尾错和白滩湖坳陷,沉积厚度分别有10 km和15 km.尽管北羌塘下地壳受到强烈的新生代火山岩作用改造,但是这种深部岩浆热作用会加速烃源岩中有机质的热演化历程.北羌塘两个盆地具有很好的油气前景.与北羌塘低速层分布相比,南羌塘下低速层更深,可能与班公怒江洋于中生代的俯冲消减及拉萨地体北向俯冲有关. 相似文献
8.
Two seismic modelling approaches, that is, two-dimensional pre-stack elastic finite-difference and one-dimensional convolution methods, are compared in a modelling exercise over the fluid-flow simulation model of a producing deep-water turbidite sandstone reservoir in the West of Shetland Basin. If the appropriate parameterization for one-dimensional convolution is used, the differences in three-dimensional and four-dimensional seismic responses from the two methods are negligible. The key parameters to ensure an accurate seismic response are a representative wavelet, the distribution of common-depth points and their associated angles of incidence. Conventional seismic images generated by the one-dimensional convolutional model suffer from lack of continuity because it only accounts for vertical resolution. After application of a lateral resolution function, the convolutional and finite-difference seismic images are very similar. Although transmission effects, internal multiples and P-to-S conversions are not included in our convolutional modelling, the subtle differences between images from the two methods indicates that such effects are of secondary nature in our study. A quantitative comparison of the (normalized root-mean-square) amplitude attributes and waveform kinematics indicates that the finite-difference approach does not offer any tangible benefit in our target-oriented seismic modelling case study, and the potential errors from one-dimensional convolution modelling are comparatively much smaller than the production-induced time-lapse changes. 相似文献
9.
The teleseismic P receiver functions are customarily inverted to attain the seismic velocities beneath a seismic station. Surface wave dispersion
data are often added to reduce the effect of the non-uniqueness. The combination of P receiver function and surface wave works well in resolving the structures in the crust and uppermost mantle, but is less
effective in characterizing greater (lithosphere and asthenosphere) depths due to the interference from crustal multiples.
A solution to this problem is jointly to model teleseismic S receiver functions with surface wave and P receiver functions. This study adopts a fast, one-dimensional (1-D) inversion scheme. To avoid the effect of multidimensional
structures away from the seismic station, we eliminate multiples that reverberate between the surface and interfaces below
a restriction depth (RD), as well as S-to-P conversions below an inversion depth (ID). P-to-S conversions off the interfaces above the half-space and S-to-P conversions above the ID and multiples above the RD are properly modelled. This approach favours ray paths travelling close
to stations and is, therefore, more suitable for 1-D inversions. We perform numerical experiments with and without noise and
highlight the advantages of a joint receiver function and surface wave analysis. 相似文献
10.
Anisotropic elastic full‐waveform inversion of walkaway vertical seismic profiling data from the Arabian Gulf 
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下载免费PDF全文 John C Owusu Marwan Charara Scott Leaney Allan Campbell Shujaat Ali Igor Borodin Les Nutt Henry Menkiti 《Geophysical Prospecting》2016,64(1):38-53
Borehole seismic addresses the need for high‐resolution images and elastic parameters of the subsurface. Full‐waveform inversion of vertical seismic profile data is a promising technology with the potential to recover quantitative information about elastic properties of the medium. Full‐waveform inversion has the capability to process the entire wavefield and to address the wave propagation effects contained in the borehole data—multi‐component measurements; anisotropic effects; compressional and shear waves; and transmitted, converted, and reflected waves and multiples. Full‐waveform inversion, therefore, has the potential to provide a more accurate result compared with conventional processing methods. We present a feasibility study with results of the application of high‐frequency (up to 60 Hz) anisotropic elastic full‐waveform inversion to a walkaway vertical seismic profile data from the Arabian Gulf. Full‐waveform inversion has reproduced the majority of the wave events and recovered a geologically plausible layered model with physically meaningful values of the medium. 相似文献
11.
Amir Abbas Babasafari Deva Prasad Ghosh Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Salim Masoumeh Kordi 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(8):2471-2493
Analysis of amplitude variation with offset is an essential step for reservoir characterization. For an accurate reservoir characterization, the amplitude obtained with an isotropic assumption of the reservoir must be corrected for the anisotropic effects. The objective is seismic anisotropic amplitude correction in an effective medium, and, to this end, values and signs of anisotropic parameter differences (Δδ and Δε) across the reflection interfaces are needed. These parameters can be identified by seismic and well log data. A new technique for anisotropic amplitude correction was developed to modify amplitude changes in seismic data in transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry. The results show that characteristics of pre-stack seismic data, that is, amplitude variation with offset gradient, can be potentially related to the sign of anisotropic parameter differences (Δδ and Δε) between two layers of the reflection boundary. The proposed methodology is designed to attain a proper fit between modelled and observed amplitude variation with offset responses, after anisotropic correction, for all possible lithofacies at the reservoir boundary. We first estimate anisotropic parameters, that is, δ and ε, away from the wells through Backus averaging of elastic properties resulted from the first pass of isotropic pre-stack seismic inversion, on input data with no amplitude correction. Next, we estimate the anisotropic parameter differences at reflection interfaces (values and signs of Δδ and Δε). We then generate seismic angle gather data after anisotropic amplitude correction using Rüger's equation for the P-P reflection coefficient. The second pass of isotropic pre-stack seismic inversion is then performed on the amplitude-corrected data, and elastic properties are estimated. Final outcome demonstrates how introduced methodology helps to reduce the uncertainty of elastic property prediction. Pre-stack seismic inversion on amplitude-corrected seismic data results in more accurate elastic property prediction than what can be obtained from non-corrected data. Moreover, a new anisotropy attribute (ν) is presented for improvement of lithology identification. 相似文献
12.
A multi‐azimuth seismic refraction study for a horizontal transverse isotropic medium: physical modelling results 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 To investigate the characteristics of the anisotropic stratum, a multi‐azimuth seismic refraction technique is proposed in this study since the travel time anomaly of the refraction wave induced by this anisotropic stratum will be large for a far offset receiver. To simplify the problem, a two‐layer (isotropy–horizontal transverse isotropy) model is considered. A new travel time equation of the refracted P‐wave propagation in this two‐layer model is derived, which is the function of the phase and group velocities of the horizontal transverse isotropic stratum. In addition, the measured refraction wave velocity in the physical model experiment is the group velocity. The isotropic intercept time equation of a refraction wave can be directly used to estimate the thickness of the top (isotropic) layer of the two‐layer model because the contrast between the phase and group velocities of the horizontal transverse isotropic medium is seldom greater than 10% in the Earth. If the contrast between the phase and group velocities of an anisotropic medium is small, the approximated travel time equation of a refraction wave is obtained. This equation is only dependent on the group velocity of the horizontal transverse isotropic stratum. The elastic constants A11, A13, and A33 and the Thomsen anisotropic parameter ε of the horizontal transverse isotropic stratum can be estimated using this multi‐azimuth seismic refraction technique. Furthermore, under a condition of weak anisotropy, the Thomsen anisotropic parameter δ of the horizontal transverse isotropic stratum can be estimated by this technique as well. 相似文献
13.
A possible problem of anisotropic medium at the internal interface for finite-difference method is investigated in this paper.
Firstly, we show a finite-difference scheme for the 2-dimensional wave equations with 15 elastic parameters. Secondly, we
mainly analyse the stress-continuity conditions for the finite-difference scheme at discontinuities in the 2-D transversely
isotropic medium and suggest an alternate simulation technique. Finally, the seismic wavefield of theoretical model in transversely
isotropic medium is simulated. The numerical computation shows that both computational results and theoretical analyse for
the model are the same and that the algorithm is feasible and satisfactory.
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. 相似文献
14.
A. B. Druzhinin 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1996,148(3-4):637-683
A comprehensive approach, based on the general nonlinear ray perturbation theory (Druzhinin, 1991), is proposed for both a fast and accurate uniform asymptotic solution of forward and inverse kinematic problems in anisotropic media. It has been developed to modify the standard ray linearization procedures when they become inconsistent, by providing a predictable truncation error of ray perturbation series. The theoretical background consists in a set of recurrent expressions for the perturbations of all orders for calculating approximately the body wave phase and group velocities, polarization, travel times, ray trajectories, paraxial rays and also the slowness vectors or reflected/transmitted waves in terms of elastic tensor perturbations. We assume that any elastic medium can be used as an unperturbed medium. A total 2-D numerical testing of these expressions has been established within the transverse isotropy to verify the accuracy and convergence of perturbation series when the elastic constants are perturbed. Seismological applications to determine crack-induced anisotropy parameters on VSP travel times for the different wave types in homogeneous and horizontally layered, transversally isotropic and orthorhombic structures are also presented. A number of numerical tests shows that this method is in general stable with respect to the choice of the reference model and the errors in the input data. A proof of uniqueness is provided by an interactive analysis of the sensitivity functions, which are also used for choosing optimum source/receiver locations. Finally, software has been developed for a desktop computer and applied to interpreting specific real VSP observations as well as explaining the results of physical modelling for a 3-D crack model with the estimation of crack parameters. 相似文献
15.
S波接收函数对于研究岩石圈速度结构具有重要价值. 本文利用合成地震图技术研究了S波接收函数的动力学特征. 在接收函数非线性复谱比反演方法的基础上,发展了基于贝叶斯理论的P波和S波接收函数的非线性联合反演方法. 结果表明:(1)适用于S波接收函数反演的震中距范围约为55°~80°,S波接收函数反演要求所用远震事件的震级大于5级; (2)与陡变的岩石圈底部界面(LAB)相比,梯度带类型LAB上生成的SLP转换波相对较弱,台站下方的沉积盖层有助于相对增强SLP震相; (3)由于S波接收函数径向分量不符合δ脉冲,不依赖于等效震源假定的三分量接收函数多道最大或然性反褶积方法更适合S波接收函数的估计;(4)数值检验的结果表明,在初始模型速度参数偏离真实模型20%的情况下,本文的方法能够预测300 km深度范围内的P波和S波速度结构;(5)观测数据的反演结果表明,由于P波接收函数低频分量相对不足,本文的联合反演方法对于大于100 km深度上地幔的S波速度结构约束相对较弱. 相似文献
16.
Characterizing the expressions of seismic waves in elastic anisotropic media depends on multiparameters. To reduce the complexity, decomposing the P-mode wave from elastic seismic data is an effective way to describe the considerably accurate kinematics with fewer parameters. The acoustic approximation for transversely isotropic media is widely used to obtain P-mode wave by setting the axial S-wave phase velocity to zero. However, the separated pure P-wave of this approach is coupled with undesired S-wave in anisotropic media called S-wave artefacts. To eliminate the S-wave artefacts in acoustic waves for anisotropic media, we set the vertical S-wave phase velocity as a function related to propagation directions. Then, we derive a pure P-wave equation in transversely isotropic media with a horizontal symmetry axis by introducing the expression of vertical S-wave phase velocity. The differential form of new expression for pure P-wave is reduced to second-order by inserting the expression of S-wave phase velocity as an auxiliary operator. The results of numerical simulation examples by finite difference illustrate the stability and accuracy of the derived pure P-wave equation. 相似文献
17.
Zhen Guo Yuliang Cao Xianguang Wang Y. John Chen Jieyuan Ning Weiguang He Youcai Tang Yongge Feng 《地震科学（英文版）》2014,27(3):265-275
P-wave and S-wave receiver function analyses have been performed along a profile consisted of 27 broadband seismic stations to image the crustal and upper mantle discontinuities across Northeast China. The results show that the average Moho depth varies from about 37 km beneath the Daxing’anling orogenic belt in the west to about 33 km beneath the Songliao Basin, and to about 35 km beneath the Changbai mountain region in the east. Our results reveal that the Moho is generally flat beneath the Daxing’anling region and a remarkable Moho offset (about 4 km) exists beneath the basin-mountain boundary, the Daxing’anling-Taihang Gravity Line. Beneath the Tanlu faults zone, which seperates the Songliao Basin and Changbai region, the Moho is uplift and the crustal thickness changes rapidly. We interpret this feature as that the Tanlu faults might deeply penetrate into the upper mantle, and facilitate the mantle upwelling along the faults during the Cenozoic era. The average depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is ~80 km along the profile which is thinner than an average thickness of a continental lithosphere. The LAB shows an arc-like shape in the basin, with the shallowest part approximately beneath the center of the basin. The uplift LAB beneath the basin might be related to the extensive lithospheric stretching in the Mesozoic. In the mantle transition zone, a structurally complicated 660 km discontinuity with a maximum 35 km depression beneath the Changbai region is observed. The 35 km depression is roughly coincident with the location of the stagnant western pacific slab on top of the 660 km discontinuity revealed by the recent P wave tomography. 相似文献
18.
岩石圈-软流圈边界(lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary)是上地幔内具有负速度梯度的地震波速度界面.对俯冲带区域LAB开展地震学探测有助于进一步认识岩石圈和软流圈的相互作用以及与板块俯冲有关的地球动力学过程.本文收集了2006-2012年发生于南美中部地区4个深源地震的垂向宽频带波形资料,利用线性倾斜叠加处理得到了相对走时-慢度域的灰度图,并成功提取了sP在LAB底反射的前驱震相S_(LAB)P.基于改进的一维速度模型IASP91-SA计算得出了6个S_(LAB)P震相反射点的水平分布,并划分为西部(Ⅰ)和东部(Ⅱ)分区:分区工内LAB深度位于60~63 km,平均深度为61 km,起伏为3 km;分区Ⅱ内LAB深度位于78~82 km,平均深度为80 km,起伏为4 km.研究结果显示南美中部地区LAB深度自西向东呈变大的趋势,这可能反映了大陆岩石圈受改造程度的差异.我们推测在靠近海沟的地区,软流圈内部分熔融程度较高且熔体较为富集,对大陆岩石圈的侵蚀作用较强;在远离海沟的地区,软流圈内部分熔融程度降低且熔体分布减少,对大陆岩石圈的侵蚀作用减弱. 相似文献
19.
Passive Seismic Experiment “13 BB Star” in the Margin of the East European Craton,Northern Poland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marek Grad Marcin Polkowski Monika Wilde-Piorko Jerzy Suchcicki Tadeusz Arant 《Acta Geophysica》2015,63(2):352-373
The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is investigated recently very effectively, mostly using seismic methods because of their deep penetration and relatively good resolution. The nature of LAB is still debated, particularly under “cold” Precambrian shields and platforms. Passive experiment “13 BB star” is dedicated to study deep structure of the Earth’s interior in the marginal zone of the East European craton in northern Poland. The seismic network consists of 13 broadband stations on the area of ca. 120 km in diameter. The network is located in the area of well-known sedimentary cover and crustal structure. Good records obtained till now, and expected during next 1-year long recording campaign, should yield images of detailed structure of the LAB, ?410”, “?520”, and ?660” km discontinuities, as well as mantle-core boundary and inner core. 相似文献
20.
总结了近年来西北太平洋俯冲前端东北地区地壳的精细结构和上地幔间断面410和660km的研究成果.认为：该区莫霍面深约为30～39km.410km的间断面有30km的深度异常,这种异常是否在过渡带正常或含水相变展布厚度的内,还是于该区俯冲带的后退有关,还需做进一步的研究论证.在中国东北地区,日本海俯冲带向西倾斜,在660km的间断面上近似水平停滞汇集被大多数层析成像、接收函数、波形拟和以及深震研究所认同.然而,俯冲带具体的形式、大小范围,向下渗透到多深以及在局部地区表现的横向不连续性的看法并不一致.由此带来的动力学模式什么力来支撑着停滞的板片,在板片最终下沉到下地幔以前,有多少俯冲的板片能停滞在间断面之上,这些问题都还需要更合理的解释. 相似文献