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鲻鱼胚胎和卵黄囊期仔鱼的发育与营养研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
在不同温度下,鲻鱼胚胎和卵黄囊期仔鱼的发育、生长和营养吸收具有如下特点:(1)温度能影响胚胎发育时间和初孵仔鱼及其卵黄囊的大小;(2)初孵仔鱼生长迅速,24h以后缓慢生长;(3)卵黄囊依照先卵黄球、后油球的顺序被吸收,吸收速度为先快后慢:(4)仔鱼在卵黄球完全吸收时初次摄食,开始摄食时间较长,饥饿的仔鱼在开口后呈负生长;(5)仔鱼的营养可概括为内源性营养-混合营养-外源性营养阶段;(6)温度对卵黄囊期仔鱼生长速度的影响主要体现在器官分化速度、卵黄囊吸收速度和开口摄食时间不同. 相似文献
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采用干法授精方法获得受精卵,在人工培育条件下观察了光唇鱼胚胎及仔、稚鱼发育过程。结果表明,光唇鱼受精卵呈圆球形,沉性、弱粘性。在水温23—25℃下,胚胎发育历时46h45min,经历了胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成和孵化等阶段。在水温24—27℃下,仔、稚鱼发育历时22d,初孵仔鱼具有较大的卵黄囊,胸鳍原基及肛门原基形成;4日龄仔鱼开口摄食,进入混合营养期;7日龄仔鱼卵黄囊消失,营外源性营养,体侧8条横斑形成,各鳍均已出现,进入晚期仔鱼阶段;14日龄仔鱼各鳍鳍条发育基本完成;16日龄仔鱼鳞片开始出现,进入稚鱼期;22日龄稚鱼全身被鳞,进入幼鱼期。 相似文献
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为了解鲤科经济鱼类马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)胚胎及仔稚鱼发育特点,采用人工干法授精获得受精卵,在人工孵化及培育条件下观察了马口鱼胚胎发育及仔稚鱼的形态变化与生长特性。马口鱼成熟卵及受精卵均呈圆形、沉性,卵径分别为1.00—1.20mm及1.4—1.6mm。在26—28oC水温下,胚胎发育历时37h,历经了胚盘形成期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官发生期、心跳期和孵出期等阶段,所需积温为968.95oC·h。初孵仔鱼全长3.74±0.04mm。在26—28oC水温下,仔鱼孵后12h,胸鳍原基形成;孵后48h,肠道形成;孵后84h,一鳔室形成;孵后96h,多数开始平游;孵后108h,卵黄囊消失,早期仔鱼发育至后期仔鱼,营外源性营养;孵后14d,两鳔室形成;孵后17d,全长12.46±0.76mm,各鳍发育完整,鳞片开始出现,进入稚鱼期;孵后23d,全长达17.09±1.08mm,外部形态特征与成鱼相近。马口鱼仔稚鱼生长方程显示异速生长特性。本研究积累了马口鱼早期生活史资料,为马口鱼人工繁殖及鱼苗培育提供理论参考。 相似文献
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采用形态解剖学和石蜡组织切片方法,对黑鱾(Girella leonina)卵巢发育周期中各个时期卵母细胞的形态及组织学特征进行了研究.在此期间共采集到雌性黑鱾样本165尾,按照各个时相形态特征和卵巢周年变化情况,黑鱾卵子发生分为6个时相,卵巢发育分为6个时期.周年观察发现,8~10月大部分鱼卵巢处于Ⅱ期;9月至翌年3月进入Ⅲ期,从1月份开始,卵母细胞内出现卵黄颗粒;翌年3~4月黑鱾卵巢进入Ⅳ期,并在4月发育至V期并开始排卵,排卵后一直到当年7月,卵巢退化吸收进入Ⅵ期,随后又回复至Ⅱ期.黑鱾在3周龄达到性成熟,性腺指数低,V期卵巢时平均为2.61%,每尾雌鱼绝对怀卵量仅有5×104~10×104粒,相对怀卵量为4 026粒/克(体重).黑鱾属于分批产卵类型鱼类,一年一次性成熟. 相似文献
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东海三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育规律的研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
2004年7月至2005年4月在舟山海区定点连续采样,系统研究了东海三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育期间的卵巢指数(GSI)、肝胰腺指数(HSI)、卵巢外部特征、卵巢发育分期及其组织学的变化.结果表明:东海三疣梭子蟹生殖蜕壳和交配主要发生在9~10月,产卵主要在3~4月,卵巢发育早期不同个体间的GSI差异较大,后期则趋于同步;三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育期间,GSI显著增加,HSI呈现先上升后下降的趋势,GSI和HSI呈负相关性;根据GSI、卵巢形态特征和组织学变化等,三疣梭子蟹卵巢发育可以分为6期,Ⅰ期卵巢呈透明细带状,雌体尚未生殖蜕壳,卵巢中主要为卵原细胞(OG)和卵黄合成前的卵母细胞(PR);Ⅱ期卵巢呈乳白色,主要为卵黄合成前的卵母细胞(PR)和内源性卵黄合成期的卵母细胞(EN);Ⅲ期卵巢为淡黄色或橘黄色,主要为外源性卵黄合成期的卵母细胞(EX);Ⅳ期卵巢呈橘红色,主要为近成熟的卵母细胞(NO),卵径为200~300μm;Ⅴ期卵巢发育成熟,主要为成熟期的卵母细胞(MO);Ⅵ期卵巢呈淡橘红色,已排卵,卵巢中主要为排卵后剩余的基膜和滤泡核. 相似文献
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为研究褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)发育早期氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成及变化规律,采用GC/MS法等方法分析了褐菖鲉的受精卵、初产仔鱼、前仔鱼期和后仔鱼期四个阶段的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成特点及其含量变化。结果表明:(1)总氨基酸含量从受精卵至初产仔鱼显著下降、前仔鱼期又显著回升、至后仔鱼期再次呈显著下降(P0.05);(2)总游离氨基酸量以初产仔鱼最高,是受精卵的10倍,各期的游离氨基酸占总氨基酸比值为1.4%—20.0%;(3)受精卵中以DHA、C16:0两者实际含量最高,分别为104.88 mg/g和68.74 mg/g,C18:1n-9和EPA次之,分别为41.23 mg/g和27.23 mg/g;(4)褐菖鲉内源性营养阶段被选择性消耗的主要脂肪酸依次为C16:0C18:1EPADHAARA,就脂肪酸的利用率而言MUFASFAPUFA;(5)褐菖鲉仔鱼在开口后的外源营养阶段对脂肪酸的利用率为PUFASFAMUFA,其中DHA相对EPA和ARA被选择性消耗。研究表明,褐菖鲉受精卵的游离氨基酸/总氨基酸比值符合海水鱼类沉性卵的特征,褐菖鲉在早期发育不同阶段对脂肪酸消耗具有不同的选择性,C16:1、C16:0、C18:0和C18:1是褐菖鲉早期发育的主要能源物质,在褐菖鲉开口饵料中添加一定水平的异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸等氨基酸及高度不饱和脂肪酸DHA等是十分必要的。 相似文献
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《海洋湖沼通报》2016,(5)
对人工繁育的花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)早期发育阶段的形态特征及苗种培育技术进行了观察与研究。结果表明:在水温17±1℃、盐度30、pH8.0、溶解氧7.0mg/L的条件下,花鲈受精卵经过72h完成胚胎发育过程。在胚后发育阶段,根据卵黄囊体积、鳍条发育情况,将花鲈前期发育划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期;仔鱼期又可分为前期仔鱼和后期仔鱼。本文对培育过程中死亡率较高的仔鱼期进行了详细观察,发现在水温16~17℃,盐度30的海水中培育,初孵仔鱼至5日龄(day post hatching,dph)仔鱼是前期仔鱼,6~35dph为后期仔鱼。花鲈个体之间发育速度差异较大、仔鱼之间的残食现象是整个培育过程中比较明显的特征,这些特征与冬季水温较低造成的越冬困难一起限制了花鲈苗种的全人工繁育技术的建立。 相似文献
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斜带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2005年10～12月,在集美大学水产学院水产试验场,对人工培育的斜带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼各发育阶段的形态特征进行了观察和描述.根据卵黄囊、鳍膜、鳞片以及背鳍长棘和腹鳍长棘的变化,将斜带石斑鱼的胚后发育划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期和幼鱼期3个时期.初孵仔鱼平均全长1.68mm(1.60～1.78mm).在培育水温为21.0～28.5℃,盐度为24.8～28.3条件下,初孵仔鱼至孵化后5日龄为前期仔鱼,3日龄仔鱼开口;孵化后6日龄至31日龄为后期仔鱼;孵化后32日龄至68日龄为稚鱼期;孵化后69日龄进入幼鱼期.背鳍第二鳍棘和腹鳍鳍棘的长出与收缩是斜带石斑鱼前期发育过程中最明显的变化.此外,本文探讨了斜带石斑鱼与青石斑鱼、点带石斑鱼和赤点石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼期发育的异同. 相似文献
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鱼类的体色图案作为外部形态最显著的特征之一，在动物生存与物种间的交流中起着重要作用。为探究金钱鱼（Scatophagus argus）体色发育及黑斑的形成过程，首先对成年金钱鱼鳍条中色素细胞进行显微观察，采用Olympus体视解剖镜观察了金钱鱼从胚胎色素形成期到仔鱼后期体表色素细胞的种类与分布特征，并跟踪观察了金钱鱼从稚鱼期到成鱼期主要图案黑斑的形成过程，同时对成年金钱鱼的黑斑和非黑斑皮肤进行透射电镜切片观察。结果显示，构成金钱鱼体色共四种色素细胞，分别为：黑色素细胞、黄色素细胞、虹彩色素细胞和红色素细胞，黑色素细胞在胚胎发育阶段最早发生，黄色素细胞和红色素细胞次之，而虹彩色素细胞发生最晚，直到仔鱼后期阶段才观察到。金钱鱼体色仔鱼期（0-24 dph）出现了有趣的变化过程：在0 dph（day post hatching）仔鱼体色较浅到1 dph仔鱼体色明显加深，而2-7 dph仔鱼的躯干部体色出现明显的褪黑现象，在8-24 dph阶段金钱鱼体色又出现了明显的复黑现象，并且在24 dph时通体发黑，在30 dph时虹彩色素细胞在皮肤中的大量出现并形成隐约可见的色素条带，直到幼鱼阶段（50 dph）形成清晰的黑色纵带条纹后不断演变成多个黑斑并在成年金钱鱼中稳定沉积的过程。透射电镜结果发现皮肤中黑色素细胞和虹彩色素细胞数量最多，分布最广。黑斑形成的关键原因是黑素小体和黑色素细胞大量聚集，虹彩色素细胞在其周围大量聚集并形成明显的包围界限。追踪观察了金钱鱼从胚胎色素发育、前期仔鱼、后期仔鱼、稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼共六个阶段的色素沉积和体色变化过程，为金钱鱼野生群体的年龄鉴定提供了参考，并为进一步的金钱鱼体色改良提供理论指导。 相似文献
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Grass shrimp embryos develop in egg sacs (stages 1-10) attached to the female for 14-20 days after which they 'hatch' from the egg sacs into a swimming zoea stage (stage 11). Until they emerge from the egg sacs, embryos depend on lipids and lipovitellin stored within the egg. The percent of embryos which hatch after exposure to toxicants relative to controls was the basis of an embryo development assay. Exposure of embryos to chromium(III) chloride, sodium chromate, mercuric chloride, and 2-methyl-1,2-naphthoquinone (MNQ) resulted in a reduced hatching rate. In addition to effects on embryo development, DNA strand damage tests were carried out on contaminant-exposed embryos, using the single-cell electrophoresis method often referred to as comet assay. Development of stage 4 embryos was more affected by MNQ exposure than stage 7 embryos. The hatching rates of stages 4 and 7 embryos exposed to MNQ (172 micrograms/l) were 0 and 90%, respectively. DNA strand damage, measured as DNA tail moments, were 3.4 and 4.4, respectively. Thus, exposure of an early embryo stage to MNQ prevented full embryo development while development of later embryo stages was not affected. It may be that the DNA repair systems are more efficient in later embryo stages than in early stages and thus DNA damaged in the early stages affects development. 相似文献
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环境温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)胚胎发育的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以自然成熟的亲虾为材料,观察并描述了墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)从受精卵到幼体孵化出膜的胚胎发育过程。结果显示,在水温29°C,盐度28的条件下,墨吉明对虾整个胚胎发育过程需要11h左右。水温和盐度对幼体出膜时间和受精卵的孵化率均有显著的影响(P0.05)。孵化水温从32°C下降到23°C时,幼体出膜时间由555min(9.25h)增加到1108min(18.46h)。胚胎发育的最适水温为26—32°C,在此温度范围内,墨吉明对虾的幼体出膜时间与水温呈负相关。胚胎发育的最适盐度25—35,在此范围内,墨吉明对虾的幼体出膜时间和孵化率均无显著差异(P0.05),说明墨吉明对虾的胚胎发育的盐度范围较广。 相似文献
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研究造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖来探索珊瑚礁的生态修复是近年来的热点。本文于2018年5月采集广西涠洲岛自然海域中的黄廯蜂巢珊瑚(Favia favus)和肉质扁脑珊瑚(Platygyra carnosus)至室内养殖,收集受精卵,观察和记录其胚胎和幼虫的早期发育过程。结果显示,黄廯蜂巢珊瑚和肉质扁脑珊瑚都是雌雄同体,体外受精,在月圆后5~8 d产卵;发育过程都经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期以及浮浪幼虫期;两者的卵母细胞都不含虫黄藻。本研究记录了涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖行为,为进一步利用有性繁殖来进行珊瑚礁的生态修复提供了理论基础。 相似文献
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通过生态学及组织学方法对人工养殖条件下多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia Savigny)亲体培育条件及繁殖生物学进行了研究.结果表明,多齿围沙蚕雌雄异体,非成熟季节外观上无法辨别雌雄,性成熟时,雌(异沙蚕体)灰绿色,雄(异沙蚕体)红白色.生殖细胞起源于体腔膜上皮,不久就释放到体腔中,在体腔内卵原细胞和精原细胞http://ebook/成都,今夜请将我遗忘/index.htm分裂增殖形成卵原细胞群和精原细胞群,体腔中充满了外形不规则或近圆形的滋养细胞,细胞内可见嗜伊红颗粒,滋养细胞之间可见发达的微血管.卵原细胞群不断增殖发育,至初级卵母细胞后游离至体腔中继续发育为次级卵母细胞和成熟卵子;精原细胞群形成精子合胞体(syncytium),各级精母细胞在合胞体内发育,直至形成成熟精子时才分散游离.水温18℃以上,多齿围沙蚕的生长体经培育才可能形成异沙蚕体.特别是在经历了一定的低温期后,再提高温度可以有效的促进异沙蚕体形成.胚胎发育的适宜温度为18～25℃;适宜盐度为25～32.胚胎发育过程经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内游毛幼虫期等阶段,在水温25℃、盐度30条件下,从受精至孵出3刚节幼虫约需65 h.3刚节游毛幼虫至10刚节幼体约需28 d. 相似文献
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Spawning, phases of embryonic development, intracapsular feeding mechanism and development mode of banded murex Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) were examined using specimens from the Aegean Sea. In addition, the numbers and characteristics of non‐viable nurse eggs during different phases were examined in relation to the development phases of viable embryos. Females spawned between 59 and 162 egg capsules containing 306.76 ± 50.74 eggs. Trochophore larvae first appeared on the 15th day after spawning. Nurse egg consumption began on the 17th day after spawning when the embryos reached the early veliger stage. In the beginning, veligers consumed the nurse eggs by mechanically disintegrating them with velar cilia movement. From the 18th day after spawning, embryos began to consume whole nurse eggs, although mechanical disintegration continued until hatching. Viable embryos consumed the most developed nurse eggs first. The average number of nurse eggs consumed per embryo was 24.67 by the end of the intracapsular period. The average number of hatchlings was 11.95 ± 3.81 per capsule with 1321.48 ± 133.1 μm shell length. According to our observations H. trunculus shows dispersal polymorphism, with most of the hatchlings completing metamorphosis after a short planktonic non‐feeding period (up to 2 days), while others metamorphose prior to hatching. Planktonic hatchlings had both foot and well developed four‐lobed velum and minimum 1 3/4 whorls. Both hatchling types could be seen in the capsule mass from the same female. 相似文献
17.
双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)亲体为2010 年半人工育苗的苗种, 人工培育至异沙蚕体后进行集中催产、人工授精, 受精卵经过消毒后, 孵化至囊胚期, 收集入水泥池进行中间培育, 经3 d 孵化至3 刚节幼体再次收集, 放入土池进行幼虫培育。卵子受精后, 定期(早期每隔1 h, 囊胚期后每隔3 h)取受精卵, 置于OLYMPUS－CX31 显微镜进行活体观察并进行拍照。结果表明, 在双齿围沙蚕的胚胎发育过程中, 出现了与已有结论不符的特殊现象, 例如油球与胚胎发育的关系, 胚胎的高温孵化。而且,在孵化期, 一种寄生纤毛虫导致沙蚕胚胎及出膜3 刚节疣足幼体的大量死亡, 其病害机理有待进一步研究。 相似文献
18.
We exposed sexually maturing male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to BDE-47 (a polybrominated diphenyl ether) and female rainbow trout to trenbolone (an anabolic steroid). Male trout were orally exposed for 17 days to 55 microg/kg/day BDE-47 and female trout continuously exposed for 60-77 days to a measured trenbolone water concentration of 35 ng/L. After the exposure, eggs and semen were collected and in vitro fertilization trials performed using a sperm:egg ratio of 300,000:1. In the BDE-47 study, eggs from control females were fertilized with semen from exposed males, while in the trenbolone study, eggs from exposed females were fertilized with semen from control males. All treatments were evaluated at two-three early developmental time-points representing first cleavage (0.5 day), embryonic keel (9 days), and eyed stages (19 days), respectively. The results indicated that BDE-47 exposure did not alter fertility as embryonic survival was similar between control and exposed groups. Trenbolone exposure also did not alter embryo survival. However, in the embryos fertilized with eggs from trenbolone exposed females, a noticeable delay in developmental progress was observed. On day 19 when eye development is normally complete, the majority of the embryos either lacked eyes or displayed under-developed eyes, in contrast to control embryos. This finding suggests steroidal androgen exposure in sexually maturing female rainbow trout can impact developmental timing of F1 offspring. 相似文献
19.
全球气候和环境变化影响海洋动物的生长发育和繁殖等生命过程,探究环境因子调控发育的分子机制,需要深入了解海洋动物早期发育的生理和分子特征。以实验室驯化的潜在模式动物海洋线虫Litoditis marina为研究对象,对其胚胎期和孵化后发育早期2h、4h和6h的L1幼虫样品进行了转录组测序和分析。结果表明,2h、4h和6h的L1幼虫间差异较小,而三个L1幼虫样品与胚胎期相比,基因表达发生了显著变化。通过KEGG富集分析,发现与胚胎期相比,三个L1幼虫样品的多个通路如核糖体、核糖体生物发生、糖酵解/糖原异生、TCA循环和氧化磷酸化通路相关基因发生了显著上调。另外还发现多个神经递质和神经肽受体基因如dop-和npr-等在L1期转录水平显著上调。与胚胎期相比,L1幼虫的多个DNA复制和修复相关、Notch、Hippo和Hedgehog信号和剪切体等通路相关基因发生了显著下调。发现的L. marina早期发育转录组变化模式与已经发表的陆生模式生物秀丽线虫Caenorhabditis elegans从胚胎期到L1幼虫的转录组变化特征非常相似,但同一上调或下调通路中具体发生表达变化的基因有些不同。另外,L1幼虫显著上调的核糖体生物发生通路相关基因在秀丽线虫中发生了显著下调。进一步通过基因编辑等技术和方法深入研究发育调控关键基因的功能将为海陆近缘线虫间的发育进化机制、海洋线虫对潮间带环境适应以及全球气候变化应答的分子机制研究提供新认知。 相似文献
20.
Nanoparticles may be introduced into aquatic environments during production processes and also as a result of release following their use in various commercial formulations and biologic applications. Filter-feeding bivalve mollusks such as oysters are valuable model species for characterizing nanoparticle bioavailability and interactions with basic cellular processes. The adults release their gametes into the environment, so their embryos and larvae are also likely targets of nanoparticles. The purpose of these studies was to characterize the toxicity of metal nanoparticles on embryonic development of oysters, Crassostrea virginica and to compare the relative sensitivity of embryos to adults. Newly-fertilized oyster embryos were exposed to silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and then the percent normal development after 48 h was assessed. Studies were conducted with adult oysters in which they were also exposed to AgNP for 48 h, and the effects on lysosomal destabilization were determined. The expression of metallothionein (MT) gene expression was also assessed in both embryos and adults. Adverse effects on embryonic development were observed at concentrations similar to those that caused both statistically and biologically significant effects on lysosomal destabilization of adults. Significant increases in MT mRNA levels were observed in both embryos and adult oysters, and MT levels were highly induced in embryos. While we do not know whether the toxicity and gene expression responses observed in this study were due to the nanoparticles themselves or the Ag ions that dissociated from the nanoparticles, these kinds of basic studies are essential for addressing the potential impacts of nanoengineered particles on fundamental cellular processes as well as aquatic organisms. 相似文献