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The characteristics of raindrop size distribution(DSD) over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China are studied in this paper, using the DSD data from April to August 2014 collected by HSC-PS32 disdrometers in Nagqu and Yangjiang, comprising a total of 9430 and 6366 1-min raindrop spectra, respectively. The raindrop spectra, characteristics of parameter variations with rainfall rate, and the relationships between reflectivity factor(Z) and rainfall rate(R) are analyzed, as well as their DSD changes with precipitation type and rainfall rate. The results show that the average raindrop spectra appear to be one-peak curves, the number concentration for larger drops increase significantly with rainfall rate, and its value over southern China is much higher, especially in convective rain. Standardized Gamma distributions better describe DSD for larger drops, especially for convective rain in southern China. All three Gamma parameters for stratiform precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau are much higher, while its shape parameter(μ) and mass-weighted mean diameter(D_m), for convective precipitation, are less. In terms of parameter variation with rainfall rate, the normalized intercept parameter(N_w) over the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform rain increases with rainfall rate, which is opposite to the situation in convective rain. The μover the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform and convective precipitation types decreases with an increase in rainfall rate, which is opposite to the case for D m variation. In Z–R relationships, like "Z = AR~b", the coefficient A over the Tibetan Plateau is smaller, while its b is higher, when the rain type transfers from stratiform to convective ones. Furthermore, with an increase in rainfall rate, parameters A and b over southern China increase gradually, while A over the Tibetan Plateau decreases substantially, which differs from the findings of previous studies. In terms of geographic location and climate over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China, the precipitation in the pre-flood seasons is dominated by strong convective rain, while weak convective rain occurs frequently in northern Tibet with lower humidity and higher altitude. 相似文献
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利用乌鲁木齐2018年1-12月雨滴谱仪观测数据，分析了两种类型降水（雨、雨加雪）滴谱的微物理参量，以探究乌鲁木齐不同类型降水的雨滴谱特征，此外，对Nt-R、Z-R等关系也进行了研究。结果表明：（1）两类降水的雨滴谱均为单峰分布，粒子浓度峰值均在低谱段，雨夹雪的滴谱宽度约为0.31~7.50 mm，雨的谱宽为0.31~5.50 mm。（2）雨的平均粒子尺度参数（如质量加权平均直径Dm）和降水强度R均略大于雨夹雪，而雨夹雪的平均总粒子数浓度Nt比雨的大23.7%。（3）文中拟合得到的雨、雨加雪Z-R关系分别为Z=181.7R1.45、Z=205.4R1.27，与传统天气雷达降水估测关系Z=300R1.4对比分析后，发现利用Z=300R1.4进行降水估测时存在低估现象，而对降雨的估测误差更大。 相似文献
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利用2015—2017年夏季南京地区的雨滴谱数据,对南京在梅雨开始前、梅雨期及梅雨结束后3个不同时段降水的宏微观特征进行分析发现:梅雨开始前对流活动强度偏弱,但对流降水的雨滴平均质量加权直径、分钟级强降水频率和逐小时累积短时强降水的频率为3个时段中最高;天气尺度强迫提供的有利于降水的持续性条件、弱对流强度下充分的凝结过程及微物理相关过程对云粒子的损耗偏弱,是有利于该时段大雨滴形成和降水效率提高的重要因素。梅雨结束后,高温高湿环境易产生剧烈对流活动,导致对流降水的大尺度雨滴样本比例及分钟级极端降水发生频率位于3个时段的首位。层云降水时,梅雨期降水频率、降水率及雨滴尺度平均值均位于首位,小尺度雨滴样本比例最低;有利天气尺度强迫条件下的充分碰并作用是主要原因之一。不同时段雨滴谱谱形参数（μ）与斜率（Λ）之间的二项式关系式的差异与μ的取值有关。 相似文献
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Mêdog and Nagqu are two typical regions of the Tibetan Plateau with different geographical locations and climate regimes. These differences may lead to discrepancies in the raindrop size distributions (DSDs) and precipitation microphysical processes between the two regions. This paper investigates discrepancies in the DSDs using disdrometer data obtained during the rainy season in Mêdog and Nagqu. The DSD characteristics are studied under five different rainfall rate categories and two precipitation types (stratiform and convective). For the total datasets, the number concentrations of drops with diameters D > 0.6 (D < 0.6) mm are higher (lower) in Nagqu than in Mêdog. The fitted normalized gamma distributions of the averaged DSDs for the five rainfall rate categories show that Nagqu has a larger (lower) mass-weighted mean diameter Dm (normalized intercept parameter, lgNw) than Mêdog does. The difference in Dm between Nagqu and Mêdog increases with the rainfall rate. Convective clusters in Nagqu could be identified as continental-like, while convective precipitation in Mêdog could be classified as maritime-like. The relationships between the shape factor μ and slope parameter Λ of the gamma distribution model, the radar re?ectivity Z, and the rainfall rate R are also derived. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanism for the notable DSD variation between the two regions during the rainy season is illustrated using reanalysis data and automated weather station observations. Cold rain processes are mainly responsible for the lower concentrations of larger drops observed in Nagqu, whereas warm rain prevails in Mêdog, producing abundant small drops. 相似文献
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为研究华南前汛期季风爆发前后闽南地区的雨滴谱特征差异,利用2018—2019年厦门站和同安站4—6月的降水现象仪资料,对比分析了季风爆发前后闽南沿海层状云和对流云的雨滴谱分布及微物理参数差异。结果表明,华南前汛期闽南沿海层状云降水占比明显高于对流云降水,但对流云降水的滴谱分布更宽,峰值粒径以上的各粒径区间粒子浓度均大于层状云降水。不论层状云或是对流云降水,2018年季风爆发后均表现为质量加权平均直径（Dm）减小,广义截距参数（Nw）增大。2019年季风爆发后Dm增大,层状云的Nw减小,对流云Nw增大。两年整体呈现相反的演变趋势。层状云的降水率（R）和液态水含量（W）的演变趋势与Nw一致,而对流云的R和W与Dm一致。闽南沿海雨滴谱微物理参数接近于华南沿海,与华东区域相比,整体浓度更高,粒子尺度略小。Z-R关系拟合表明季风爆发前、后层状云与对流云的拟合系数、决定系数具有较大差异,其中对流云拟合效果相对更好。基于Z=300R1.4的定量降水估测对层状云降水和量级较小的对流云降水整体上存在不同程度的低估,对于量级较大的对流云降水存在高估。探讨了环流形势对雨滴谱的可能影响。结果表明绝对水汽含量可能会影响粒子数浓度,而西南风等动力条件和对流有效位能等热力条件会通过影响对流的高度和降水的微物理过程进而可能会影响雨滴谱分布。 相似文献
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利用2019年5～10月布设于三江源地区隆宝高寒湿地的激光雨滴谱仪观测资料,分析高原山区夏秋季层状云降水和对流云降水雨滴微物理特征、平均雨滴谱分布、下落速度及Z-R关系.结果表明:三江源隆宝地区夏秋季对流云降水和层状云降水的雨滴微物理特征具有一定程度的相似性,对流云降水雨滴微物理参量略大于层状云降水;层状云降水和对流云... 相似文献
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基于中国气象局龙门云物理野外科学试验基地2DVD（Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometer）雨滴谱观测资料, 分析广东地区2017年5月4日（槽前型飑线）和2017年8月22日（东风型飑线）两次不同飑线系统不同降水类型的雨滴谱特征。根据雨强和雷达反射率随时间变化将降水分成对流降水和层云降水, 同时以20 mm/h为阈值将对流降水划分为对流前沿、对流中心和对流后沿。结果表明, 两次飑线系统在不同降水时期的微物理特征参数变化有所差异。槽前型飑线过程中, 对流降水的粒子分布较为分散, 中等粒径的粒子比重较高, 且对流区前半部分粒子尺寸大于“大陆性”对流特征, 后半部分粒子尺寸小于“海洋性”对流特征; 层云降水的粒子分布较为集中, 小粒径粒子居多。而东风型飑线整个降水时期基本上是由高浓度中小粒径粒子组成, 降水粒子粒径分布较为集中, 对流降水粒子介于“海洋性”和“大陆性”对流区之间。 相似文献
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利用常规气象观测资料、加密自动气象观测站资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及安徽省滁州、黄山山底站地基雨滴谱观测资料,分析了2012年8月8-9日“海葵”台风暴雨过程的降水特征与环流背景,重点分析了该过程前后两个阶段(即台风本体造成的降水阶段与冷空气入侵引发的降水阶段)降水的雨滴谱特征。结果表明:(1)“海葵”台风降水过程中,安徽滁州站和黄山山底站平均谱谱宽都较大,均有6~8 mm的大降水粒子出现;黄山山底站具有更高的雨滴数浓度和较小的雨滴直径。(2)整个降水过程中,滁州站平均谱接近后一阶段的雨滴谱型,而黄山山底站平均谱接近前一阶段的雨滴谱型;不同雨强下两站的雨滴谱谱型基本相似,且随着降水强度增大,谱宽和雨滴数浓度均呈增大趋势。(3)前后两个降水阶段,滁州和黄山山底站表现出不同的滴谱特征。前一阶段,滁州站雨强(R)、雨滴质量加权平均直径(Dm)和标准化数浓度(Nw)的均值均小于黄山山底站;至后一阶段,滁州站的R、Dm明显增大,均大于黄山山底站。(4)从台风本体降水阶段到冷空气入侵降水阶段,滁州站雨滴谱型变化明显,呈现出谱宽由窄变宽且随雨滴直径增大而雨滴数浓度均增大的特点;黄山山底站雨滴谱型差异不大,表现出谱宽由宽变窄、雨滴数浓度随雨滴直径增大先增后减的特点。 相似文献
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上海地区几类强降水雨滴谱特征分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
用Parsivel激光降水粒子谱仪资料对2013年上海地区4—10月份期间4种类型 (层状云、对流暖云主导型、对流冷云主导型和强台风影响下的混合暖云型) 降水过程的雨滴谱特征进行了分析。通过平均雨滴谱及其拟合特征、雨滴数密度与含水量分布、雨滴尺度与速度二维谱分布等对比分析发现:各类降水中, 雨滴谱的峰值结构与雨强大小有关, 其中直径介于0.187~1.312 mm的小雨滴均出现峰值且总数最多。各尺度雨滴数密度及其比例决定了其降水量贡献比, 在冷云强降水中的雨强贡献最大的雨滴尺度要显著大于其他3种类型。雨滴谱宽按大小排列依次为对流冷云主导型、混合暖云型、对流暖云主导型和层状云。最后综合运用雨滴谱、雷达、雨量站、闪电等观测资料对9月13日对流冷云主导型降水过程进行分析后发现:在雷暴的演变过程中, 雨滴谱特征与雷达反射率因子、垂直液态水含量、自动站雨强、闪电频次等要素均有较好的相关性。冷云产生的冰晶和冰雹融化后的大雨滴进入中低层的广谱小雨滴群, 并通过破碎分裂增加了大雨滴的形成概率, 尤其是捕捉碰并过程更加快了大雨滴的增长速度, 使雨强在短时间内迅速加强。雨滴谱中各档粒子数的演变, 揭示了降水强度的变化, 用雨滴谱资料可有效弥补现有雷达定量估测降水的偏差, 且在冷云中改善明显。 相似文献
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选取2014年7月31日安徽滁州一次飑线过程,使用地基雨滴谱仪资料分析此次过程的雨滴谱特征。根据雷达回波和地面降水强度将这次降水过程划分为对流降水、过渡性降水和层云降水,并以10 mm·h-1为临界值将对流降水进一步划分为对流前沿降水、对流中心降水、对流后沿降水。结果表明:对流中心降水、过渡性降水、层云降水的质量加权直径均比较稳定,平均值分别为1.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.7 mm。对流降水的标准化截距相比层云降水更大。对流中心降水各粒径段雨滴数浓度均较高;层云降水小雨滴浓度较低,且有少量大雨滴;过渡性降水由小雨滴组成。当雨水含量相同时,层云降水的质量加权直径相比对流降水更大。当雨强相同时,层云降水的反射率因子相比对流中心降水更大。更为精细的降水类型划分可有效改善Z-I关系。 相似文献
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MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RAINDROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN TYPHOON MORAKOT (2009) 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Microphysical characteristics of the raindrop size distribution(RSD)in Typhoon Morakot(2009) have been studied through the PARSIVEL disdrometer measurements at one site in Fujian province,China during the passage of the storm from 7 to 10 August 2009.The time evolution of the RSD reveals different segments of the storm.Significant difference was observed in the microphysical characteristics between the outer rainband and the eyewall;the eyewall precipitation had a broader size distribution(a smaller slope) than the outer rainband and eye region.The outer rainband and the eye region produced stratiform rains while the eyewall precipitation was convective or mixed stratiform-convective.The RSD was typically characterized by a single peak distribution and well represented by the gamma distribution.The relations between the shape(μ)and slope(Λ)of the gamma distribution and between the reflectivity(Z)and rainfall rate(R)have been investigated.Based on the NW-Dm relationships,we suggest that the stratiform rain for the outer rainband and the eye region was formed by the melting of graupel or rimed ice particles,which likely originated from the eyewall clouds. 相似文献
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基于地面雨滴谱资料分析层状云和对流云降水的特征 总被引：32，自引：7，他引：25
根据由声雨滴谱仪器测量得到的雨滴谱资料,结合降水云的结构来将降水云系划分成为对流云降水云系和层状云降水云系.分析这两种降水云系中的稳定雨滴谱特征,包括雨滴谱的各种特征直径(平均直径Dm、众数直径Dd、平均体积直径Dv、优势直径Dp、中数直径Dna和中数体积直径Dn)、峰值结构和Z-R关系等.通过对这些量的分析,进一步分析划分降水云系的判据. 相似文献
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利用四川稻城地区2019年5～8月雨滴谱资料,研究不同雨强和不同降水的雨滴谱特征,并提出反射率因子Z、质量加权平均直径Dm粒、粒子总数浓度NT、含水量W与雨强R之间的关系,以及Gamma谱形状参数μ和斜率参数Λ之间的关系,并比较了该地区雨滴谱与我国其他地区的差异.结果表明:随着R增大,雨滴谱数浓度、粒径和谱宽也逐渐增大... 相似文献
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庐山层状云和对流云雨滴谱比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文从庐山近3 a的雨滴谱观测资料中选取数例层状云降水和对流云降水个例,通过对两类云降水的平均雨滴谱分析拟合、各微物理量演变以及速度谱的对比研究,得出以下结论:庐山对流云降水的平均雨滴谱很宽,有直径大于10 mm的大雨滴出现。Γ分布,对层状云降水拟合,较MP分布差,而对对流云降水拟合,较MP分布好。两类云降水的雨强变化都是由最大雨滴直径和粒子数浓度共同决定的,但对于对流云降水,最大雨滴直径的决定作用更为重要。雨滴直径较小时,两类云降水的实测速度大于经验公式值;而雨滴直径较大时,实测速度值分布在经验公式曲线两侧,但对流云降水的分布偏差要大于层状云降水。 相似文献
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The East Asian subtropical summer monsoon: Recent progress 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The East Asian subtropical summer monsoon (EASSM) is one component of the East Asian summer monsoon system, and its evolution determines the weather and climate over East China. In the present paper, we firstly demonstrate the formation and advancement of the EASSM rainbelt and its associated circulation and precipitation patterns through reviewing recent studies and our own analysis based on JRA-55 (Japanese 55-yr Reanalysis) data and CMAP (CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation), GPCP (Global Precipitation Climatology Project), and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) precipitation data. The results show that the rainy season of the EASSM starts over the region to the south of the Yangtze River in early April, with the establishment of strong southerly wind in situ. The EASSM rainfall, which is composed of dominant convective and minor stratiform precipitation, is always accompanied by a frontal system and separated from the tropical summer monsoon system. It moves northward following the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon. Moreover, the role of the land–sea thermal contrast in the formation and maintenance of the EASSM is illustrated, including in particular the effect of the seasonal transition of the zonal land–sea thermal contrast and the influences from the Tibetan Plateau and midlatitudes. In addition, we reveal a possible reason for the subtropical climate difference between East Asia and East America. Finally, the multi-scale variability of the EASSM and its influential factors are summarized to uncover possible reasons for the intraseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal variability of the EASSM and their importance in climate prediction. 相似文献
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黄山层状云和对流云降水不同高度的雨滴谱统计特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
根据2011年6~7月在黄山不同高度采用PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪测得的雨滴谱数据,对不同海拔高度上两类（层状云和对流云）降水粒子谱的微物理特征量、Gamma函数拟合以及雨滴的下落速度进行对比分析,结果表明:对流云降水的雨水含量和降水强度、雨滴的各类尺度参数和数浓度都比相同位置上层状云降水的大,同类降水中,山腰的雨滴尺度大于山顶和山底,这可能与各观测点和云底相对位置的不同有关;随降水强度增加,雨滴的质量加权平均直径Dm逐渐增大,广义截距参数（log10Nw）的标准差逐渐减小。拟合结果表明各高度的雨滴谱都比较符合Gamma分布,由拟合参数分析雨滴谱的演变,发现相对于对流云降水,层状云降水粒子谱随高度的变化较小,雨滴谱的演变较为稳定。此外,本文还对两类降水中雨滴的下落速度及影响落速的因素进行了分析。 相似文献
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The East Asian subtropical summer monsoon(EASSM) is one component of the East Asian summer monsoon system,and its evolution determines the weather and climate over East China.In the present paper,we firstly demonstrate the formation and advancement of the EASSM rainbelt and its associated circulation and precipitation patterns through reviewing recent studies and our own analysis based on JRA-55(Japanese 55-yr Reanalysis) data and CMAP(CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation),GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project),and TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) precipitation data.The results show that the rainy season of the EASSM starts over the region to the south of the Yangtze River in early April,with the establishment of strong southerly wind in situ.The EASSM rainfall,which is composed of dominant convective and minor stratiform precipitation,is always accompanied by a frontal system and separated from the tropical summer monsoon system.It moves northward following the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon.Moreover,the role of the land-sea thermal contrast in the formation and maintenance of the EASSM is illustrated,including in particular the effect of the seasonal transition of the zonal land-sea thermal contrast and the influences from the Tibetan Plateau and midlatitudes.In addition,we reveal a possible reason for the subtropical climate difference between East Asia and East America.Finally,the multi-scale variability of the EASSM and its influential factors are summarized to uncover possible reasons for the intraseasonal,interannual,and interdecadal variability of the EASSM and their importance in climate prediction. 相似文献