共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
This study examined the impact of economic deficits due to structural adjustment processes on shifts in the organization of work by gender and migration status in Ecuador. Work is organized according to Lawson's social hierarchy scheme: ownership; authority and control over employees; autonomy in one's own work; and the nature and range of skills used in production. After a brief review of the related empirical literature, the author describes the concepts, categories of, and study area of work and then begins the empirical analysis. Data were obtained from 1,884,816 individual records of economically active persons in 1982 and 2,946,547 persons in 1990, from the censuses of 1982 and 1990 for the entire nation, and from fieldwork observations by Lawson. Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) associated with devolution tend to further aggravate inequities, especially among the disadvantaged. Findings are presented for male and female nonmigrants, migrants, and female migrants. During the 1980s, female migrants experienced primary economic activity, especially as self-employed, family, or low skilled employees; and declines in high skilled public sector employment and service activity, especially in wage labor. The economic impact was greater by gender than by migration status. The shifts only improved the relative position of women in self-employed and ownership jobs. Females lost public-sector employment to males; overall wage declines were more severe in the informal sector. Down-sizing in the public sector and shifts toward capital-intensive production marginalized female migrants. Fieldwork operationalizes losses among females/female migrants. 相似文献
2.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3):128-133
The effects of the deepening financial crisis in Malaysia, Thailand and South Korea, led by the collapse of financial and currency markets, have spread beyond domestic boundaries to other Asian economies. Financial instability, devaluation and inflation are warning signals for other Asian countries in the process of repairing damage to their economies. The mobility of female labour, due to eviction and expulsion (forced migration), is related to forces of the new market mechanism in the era of the globalizing world. Two processes of forced migration are highlighted: between countries; and between urban and rural areas. Such processes have led to increasing mobility and to the eviction of immigrant labour and the female labour force, which has affected the local economy, type of work and gender relations. Thailand is examined as a case study, with supplementary data from other affected countries. There is a strong tendency for women especially to be priced out of the economy and forced to return either to their native villages within the host country or to their home countries. The type and pattern of migration and change of occupation helps in the understanding of the power of globalization, the dynamics of the crisis and its impact on women workers. 相似文献
3.
Vorlaufer K 《Erdkunde》1985,39(2):128-143
Causes of the recent increase in female rural-urban migration in Kenya are investigated. "Reasons for this additional migration-wave are to be found in a general weakening of traditional values and authorities, the increasing land shortage and the resulting population pressure in the rural areas, which are factors that do in fact force women to migrate to towns." Comparisons are made with male migration flows. Regional differences in migration patterns are also noted. The author concludes that the increase in female migration is not a result of greater emancipation of women but rather a symptom of increasing poverty among Kenya's female population. (SUMMARY IN ENG) 相似文献
4.
Determinants and characteristics of female migration: a case study of Salem City in Tamil Nadu,India
Nangia S Samuel MJ 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1983,5(1-2):34-43
A random sample of 521 male and 481 female migrants surveyed in Salem city in Tamil Nadu, India, during 1980-1981 was analyzed on the basis of a classification related to reasons (association, marriage, distress, and voluntary) for migration. Women were found to outnumber males in associational migration, both in rural to urban and urban to urban streams. They also formed almost all the marriage migrants. They were more numerous in distress migration as well. There were, however, comparatively few women among voluntary migrants. The incidence of illiteracy among migrant women was generally high, except for voluntary migrants who had completed high school. The share of working women was not negligible, but in most cases present work status was achieved after migrating. 相似文献
5.
Huang NL 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1983,5(1-2):12-33
Women form an increasing proportion of migrants and of the non-agricultural labor force in Taiwan. However, many questions regarding female migration in Taiwan have remained unanswered since the focus of the migration literature in the past has been on male migration. This paper examines the decision process of rural-urban migration and adaptation of rural female migrants to the Taipei metropolis. The analysis is based on interviews of 96 female migrants who have moved to Taipei from villages. The reasons for migration are severalfold. With rapid expansion of employment in the manufacturing and urban service sectors, women are attracted to urban occupations, most of which require unskilled labor. Migrants are also motivated by psycho-social reasons. The "glamour" and "convenience" of city and greater chances for further education through work-study programs are all perceived by migrants to provide alternatives to hard and unrewarding farm lives. Though the initiative and final decision to move come from the migrants themselves, most only do so, however, with the consent and advice of their parents. The choice of moving to Taipei, rather than some other city, is mainly influenced by friends or relatives who are alrady there. Their initial jobs and accommodations are arranged by friends and relatives. The majority of women are employed in unskilled or semi-skilled occupations. Even though they change jobs frequently in order to find better employment terms and pay, they experience limited upward mobility. Homesickness, unfamiliarity with the city environment, limited resoureces, and social lives are major problems for the rural female. Freequent home vistits are made in between jobs to relieve themselves of homesickness and the pressures of city life. Once settled, they do not segreate themselves by village origin in their occupation or palces of residence in the city, but they have a tendency to interact socially with other migrants of rural origin rather than city people. 相似文献
6.
Chamila T. Attanapola 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2013,67(4):219-228
Although in the past Sri Lanka has had a higher number of women migrant workers, recent statistics show that the gap between the percentages of female and male migrants is decreasing. Since 2007, male migrants have outnumbered female migrants. The article explores how Sri Lankan men have responded to the increased economic needs of their families and lack of proper income-generating activities within the country by engaging in transnational livelihoods, as well as how their roles and identities are contested and negotiated through labour migration. The study is based on men's narratives on their reasons for migration and their experiences of transnational labour migration. The concepts of hope and life course are used to analyse the intertwined relationships of gender and mobility in transnational livelihoods. The author identifies that men's mobility is motivated by their hopes of fulfilling traditional gender norms as providers and protectors of their families in combination with their new identity as successful men. Further, the study provides evidence that men's mobility is not only gendered but also a repeated act during their life course. The study contributes to strengthen research on mobility and gender by adding men's perspectives on transnational labour migration. 相似文献
7.
Thomas J. Cooke 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):664-675
Internal migration rates in the United States have been steadily declining for at least twenty-five years: In 1984, 6.4 percent of the population moved between counties but by 2006—well before the most significant economic crisis since the Great Depression—annual intercounty migration rates had already declined to 4.7 percent and by 2010 to 3.5 percent. Despite the implications of the migration decline, it is poorly recognized and understood. The analysis shows that over the last thirty years, three broad trends have combined to pull migration rates dramatically lower: an increase in dual-worker couples, increased household indebtedness, and the widespread rise of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The first two are probably linked, as households have responded to decreasing real income over the last quarter-century through greater female labor force participation and maintaining current levels of consumption by borrowing ever more heavily from the equity in their homes. Thus, although this analysis shows that the decline in migration rates is not directly linked to the Great Recession, the migration decline is surely linked to the broader macroeconomic shifts that gave rise to it. With respect to the role of ICTs, it is not surprising that as ICTs have transformed nearly everything else across society, their use has affected migration rates. It is presumed that ICTs are providing new forms of mobility that are substituting for migration. 相似文献
8.
全球化背景下的日本移民动态研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文以日本外务省的移民统计数据为基础,对1990年代以来日本海外移民在世界和中国的分布及其结构变化情况进行了分析。探讨了日本移民的数量变化、人口结构、迁移类型、迁移方式、地区分布及其变化趋势,并考察了其在中国的分布及构成特点。日本移民主要流向北美、亚洲太平洋地区,尤以洛杉矶、纽约、上海、曼谷等城市分布最为集中。在中国的日本移民近年增长迅速,主要分布在上海、北京、香港、广州、深圳等大城市,并以男性移民为主。本文分析了这些日本移民的分布动向,并对今后中国大城市的移民问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
9.
知识经济时代,地理学与世界移民研究越来越重视知识移民及其流动。本文以广州市高校海外留学回国的知识移民为例,采用深度访谈等质性研究方法,从多维视角探讨其回流和嵌入母国和回流地的动态过程及结果。研究发现：① 高校海归知识移民的回流动力机制主要包括工作机会和跨国比较发展优势,以及家庭关系和文化归属等;② 回流后高校知识移民面临着工作、生活、社会关系网络等方面的再嵌入;再嵌入的过程和结果受到工作及工作环境等结构因素和日常生活等非制度情感因素的共同作用;③ 由于拥有较高的跨境智力资本和较强的跨地方社会关系网络,其地方嵌入过程体现出较强的能动性。跨国流动背景下,他们的身份认同表现为混合文化身份的跨地方主体性,其“家”的意义建构也呈现出一种多元的特征。研究指出,多地方的社会嵌入通过跨地方的社会关系使得海归知识移民产生归属感,而并不完全依附于有边界的地理空间,这一定程度上打破了以往地理位置所定义的“地方”,而将关注点放置于基础的工作、社会关系网络与日常的生活实践。从微观和主体视角细致探究海归人才回流嵌入的过程与结果,可以进一步完善转型期知识移民的理论和研究框架,也可以为中国人才政策和发展战略提出指导建议。 相似文献
10.
Berit Helene Vandsemb 《The Professional geographer》1995,47(4):411-425
Studies of migration in geography have most often been based on quantitative research approaches. Such studies cannot adequately shed light on the contextuality of migration and the individual decision-making processes involved. Personal narratives express individual experiences within a social context. The story of “Amma,” a female rural migrant in Sri Lanka, shows the role of women in migration, the importance of family ties, the contextual causes of migration, and characteristics of the migration flow per se. Personal narratives have an underutilized potential of capturing the variety of migrants' experiences and the complexity of the decision to migrate. 相似文献
11.
随着中国进入老龄化加速阶段,老年人口的规模不仅快速扩大,而且异地迁移也逐渐增多。老年人口迁移不仅直接影响个体家庭福祉,而且对迁入迁出地的人口结构和社会经济发展产生影响,但目前聚焦于这一现象的学术与政策研究尚有不足。论文从老年人口迁移的空间格局、决策机制和影响效应3个方面梳理既有国内外文献,发现：① 空间格局上,老年人口迁移存在长距离中小城市迁移、长距离大城市迁移、短距离郊区迁移和短距离中心城区迁移4种模式,不同国家、不同发展阶段具有不同特点;② 决策机制上,老年人口迁移意愿受到经济、健康、舒适和归属等需求因素的驱动,而迁移能力则受到生理、经济与社会基础等因素影响;③ 影响效应上,老年人口迁移对个体身心健康、社会融入以及区域的经济社会发展均会产生显著影响。未来研究需要进一步夯实研究的数据和方法基础,并构建符合中国国情的理论框架,从而为积极应对人口老龄化、推动老年友好城乡建设提供科学依据。 相似文献
12.
Regulating migration to Australia and back to the Philippines: Applying a ‘diaspora strategies’ framework 
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下载免费PDF全文 Justin Peñafiel 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2015,36(2):201-214
This paper examines circular labour migration between Australia and the Philippines by bringing Australian immigration policies and Philippine diaspora strategies under the same analytical framework. An extensive Philippine bureaucracy regulates migrants at each stage of the circular migration cycle, and as a sending state it has an interest in migrants staying temporarily in host countries such as Australia. The requirement to return home at the end of an overseas work contract compels migrants to remain attached to the sending state, their homeland, and return subsequently. However, Australia is allowing a route for temporary migrants to apply for permanent residency while in the host country. This has implications for sending states that rely on migrant ties to the homeland. The paper argues that analysing the intersections between the themes of migration, development and diaspora strategies reveals the multiple meanings of temporariness during migration and in migration studies. It questions whether associating temporariness with precariousness and marginalization is an accurate representation of the complex conditions underpinning circular labour migration. 相似文献
13.
14.
准确认识和把握21世纪前20年中国人口迁移的地理格局和影响因素,是推动新型城镇化建设及区域均衡发展的关键科学问题。借助特征向量空间滤波泊松伪最大似然估计（ESF PPML）引力模型,基于第六次和第七次全国人口普查数据、2005年和2015年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,研究了2000—2020年中国省际人口迁移的时空演化特征及影响因素。主要结论为：① 2000—2020年间人口迁移格局总体稳定,具有较强的不平衡性和网络溢出效应,大量人口从中部、西部、东北地区迁移至东部地区;② 人口迁移格局稳中有变,不平衡程度和空间集聚程度逐渐减弱,人口迁移和人口分布显现出南北分异趋势,东北地区人口迁出强度不断增强; ③ 传统引力模型因素（人口规模、地理距离）、地区社会经济发展因素（工资差异、科技教育投入占比、医疗水平）、社会网络因素、环境舒适度（PM2.5浓度）以及生活成本（住宅价格占比）共同影响人口迁移格局;④ 区域经济差异对省际人口迁移的影响作用逐步弱化,人口迁移逐渐转变为对工资收入、高质量公共服务、环境舒适度等多因素考虑的决策过程,生活成本逐渐对人口迁移产生显著影响。 相似文献
15.
《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2018,39(3):364-381
This paper revisits the debate on marriage migration by highlighting the role of governing power and individual response in the process of migration decision‐making and post‐settlement of Vietnamese marriage migrant activist women in South Korea. It contributes to current marriage migration debates by employing the lens of ‘governmobility’ and ‘spatial capability’. The research looks at how female migrant activists maneuver coercion, resistance, and activism, both governed by nation‐state politics, but also actively deciding their fate amidst pressures of the global marriage market. Based on in‐depth interviews with 21 Vietnamese marriage migrant women who have worked in mentoring, counselling and translating for other Vietnamese migrants, our findings demonstrate that marriage migrants are positioned in between two nation‐states whose perspectival focus is on relieving the tensions of their own domestic job and marital markets. At the same time, these women have broken free from the inertia of socio‐familial status quo and state intervention to become self‐governing agents of mobility in various stages of their migration and adaptation. Fueled on by their position as activists, the marriage migrants then expand their spatial capability to place‐making—shifting the notion of freedom from simply taking part in mobility to reshaping their locale. 相似文献
16.
流动人口家庭化迁移可能对其在城市的职住关系产生影响。本研究基于广州市居民日常出行调查数据,考察流动人口在不同家庭化迁移状态下的职住关系,并与本地市民进行比较。研究发现：广州市流动人口职住临近特征明显,但随着家庭化迁移程度提高,职住距离增长,并接近本地市民水平。相较于个体单独迁移,夫妻共同迁移由于难以同时实现职住临近,职住距离更长;子女和老人随迁情境下,流动人口职住区位郊区化特征明显,因为郊区能以较低成本满足家庭生活对住房和住区环境的更高要求,但该情境下整体职住距离增幅较小且不显著。多数家庭化迁移的流动人口仍存在不稳定流动特征,以租房为主,租金规避需求与环境提升需求并存,需要相关政策加以关注。 相似文献
17.
James A. Tyner 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(4):405-416
This paper provides an institutional analysis of the use of gender as an organizing principle for labor migration flows. Through a case study of the marketing and recruitment strategies of Philippine government and private institutions, I examine how gendered representations contribute to divergent patterns of male and female labor migrants from the Philippines. Representations, or controlling images, are used by institutions to provide explanations or justification of a policy. Findings indicate that the global marketing of workers is organized around specific gendered assumptions of male versus female occupations. Recruitment strategies are also influenced by gendered representations of occupations, locations, and workers. The use of gender by government and private institutions as an organizing device provides a gendered context in which migrants and their households must subsequently operate. 相似文献
18.
Questions of migration and belonging: understandings of migration under neoliberalism in Ecuador 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Lawson V 《International journal of population geography : IJPG》1999,5(4):261-276
This paper explores alternative understandings and experiences of migration under neoliberalism in Ecuador. Through the case study, the study examines migrants' multiple motivations for mobility and their ambivalence toward the process. Insights from the transnational migration literature were drawn in order to think through the implications of an increasingly contradictory context of economic modernization and its impact upon the sense of possibilities and belonging of migrants. In-depth interviews with urban-destined migrants in Ecuador were drawn to argue that mobility produces ambivalent development subjects. This argument is developed in three sections. First, the paper centers on the epistemological and theoretical basis for the relevance of migrant narratives in extending theorizations of migration. Second, in-depth interviews with migrants to Quito are drawn to explore migrants' sense of belonging and regional affiliation, identity formation through migration, and experiences of alienation and disruption in their lives. Lastly, this paper concludes with a retheorization of the role of migration places in the migrant identity construction. 相似文献
19.
"The last four decades have seen the establishment of close migratory links between the French Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe and the metropole.... The present paper focuses on the...complex migratory links--including continuing emigration from the islands for work and education, return migration and circulation--which have come to characterise the 1980s.... The paper aims also to contribute to the broader conceptualisation of migration and mobility. The principal conclusions reveal that the more straightforward labour migration of the years from 1963 to 1981 has been replaced by some considerable return migration (amongst young adults particularly) and circulation.... The paper also demonstrates that the role of migration in reducing population growth and fertility in the islands has been much altered during the course of the 1980s." 相似文献
20.
城镇化中后期中国人口迁移流动形式的转变及政策应对 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
人口迁移流动形式是构成人口迁移流动特征的一个关键要素。在中国进入人口城镇化中后期后,准确判断和把握人口迁移流动形式的转变是一项十分重要的工作。论文基于人口迁移流动形式转变的相关理论与国际经验,考察现阶段中国人口迁移流动形式转变的进程和特点及由此产生的问题与挑战。研究发现,中国人口迁移流动形式已发生转变,并突出表现为人口回流现象不断增多、省际和省内人口迁移流动此消彼长的趋势日益明显;城—城流动显著增加,人口的城-城间流动将渐成常态化;流动人口户籍城镇化进程开始加快,其城乡两栖生计的重心向城镇转移;住房驱动下的流动人口就地、异地城镇化渐成趋势等。同时,人口迁移流动形式转变过程中面临着人口回流推动的就近就地城镇化发展可持续性不足;城—城流动向东部少数省市聚集的态势明显;以户籍城镇化主导的农业流动人口市民化面临多重障碍等问题与挑战。最后,从流动人口城镇化的空间载体构建、城市治理方式转变、中西部小城镇自我可持续发展能力提升等方面提出相应的建议。 相似文献