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1.
High-resolution reflection seismic imaging of the upper crust at Laxemar, southeastern Sweden 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A major cost in exploring the upper 1–2 km of crystalline crust with reflection seismics is the drilling required for explosive sources. By reducing the charge size to a minimum, shallow inexpensive shotholes can be drilled with handheld equipment. Here, we present results from a full-scale test using small charges for high-resolution seismic surveying over a nuclear waste disposal study site (not an actual site). Two 2–2.5-km-long crossing profiles were acquired in December 1999 with 10-m shot and geophone spacing in the Laxemar area, near Oskarshamn in southeastern Sweden. After standard processing, including dip moveout (DMO), several subhorizontal to moderately dipping reflections are imaged. Many of the dipping ones can be correlated to fracture zones observed in a ca. 1700-m-deep borehole where the profiles cross and/or to fracture zones mapped on the surface. The imaged fracture zones form a complex 3D pattern illustrating the necessity of having 3D control before interpreting seismic reflection data. Analyses of sonic and density logs from the borehole show that greenstones have significantly higher impedances than the more dominant granite found in the borehole (granite/greenstone reflection coefficient is +0.065). These greenstones may contribute to the reflectivity when associated with fracture zones. In some cases, where they are present as larger subhorizontal lenses, they may be the dominant source of reflectivity. A set of north-dipping (10°) reflectors at 3–3.5-km depth can be correlated to a similar set observed below the island of Ävrö about 3 km to the east. 相似文献
2.
山东省蒙阴地区金伯利岩的深部地质构造特征是地学研究的热点之一。在蒙阴地区金伯利岩分布区中心部位的西峪岩带进行了10 km综合地球物理勘查,采用地震反射、大地电磁测深及重力测量解译推断出上五井和西峪两处的深部断裂构造。其中,西峪断裂带是金伯利岩浆侵入的先期控制性构造和岩浆通道,在西峪金伯利岩带内,地震反射波同相轴异常、重力低密度体、电阻率低阻异常都较为明显,且异常带有一定的连续性和规模,与已知的浅部金伯利岩体的分布形态比较吻合,推测地表延伸4 km深度内,西峪岩带内有较好的金伯利岩的发育,岩体在深部呈现节藕状间断分布。金伯利岩浆在近地表处隐爆,造成更多的破碎带和次生断裂,形成由密集零散分布的金伯利岩体组成的金伯利岩带,同时产生岩石的低电阻率和低密度异常。 相似文献
3.
地面岩溶塌陷的高分辨地震勘查 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
地面岩溶塌陷是地质灾害主要灾种,由于其突发性,对人类的生产和生活造成威胁。浅层高分辨地震技术可以查明形成塌陷的基岩地质条件,特别是横波反射法可以查明覆盖层中地下水作用形成的潜蚀带或土洞等覆盖层地质条件。勘查洞穴是岩溶塌陷地震勘查方法面临的特殊问题,为了解土洞、溶洞形成的地震反射信号特征,专门进行二维固体超声波模型试验。唐山市岩溶塌陷勘查实例表明,高分辨地震技术可探明基岩埋深、断层、破碎带及覆盖层潜蚀扰动区,为防冶工程设计提供地质背景资料。 相似文献
4.
A field study (Massachusetts, USA) of the factors controlling the depth of groundwater flow systems in crystalline fractured-rock terrain 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
Groundwater movement and availability in crystalline and metamorphosed rocks is dominated by the secondary porosity generated through fracturing. The distributions of fractures and fracture zones determine permeable pathways and the productivity of these rocks. Controls on how these distributions vary with depth in the shallow subsurface (<300 m) and their resulting influence on groundwater flow is not well understood. The results of a subsurface study in the Nashoba and Avalon terranes of eastern Massachusetts (USA), which is a region experiencing expanded use of the fractured bedrock as a potable-supply aquifer, are presented. The study logged the distribution of fractures in 17 boreholes, identified flowing fractures, and hydraulically characterized the rock mass intersecting the boreholes. Of all fractures encountered, 2.5% are hydraulically active. Boreholes show decreasing fracture frequency up to 300 m depth, with hydraulically active fractures showing a similar trend; this restricts topographically driven flow. Borehole temperature profiles corroborate this, with minimal hydrologically altered flow observed in the profiles below 100 m. Results from this study suggest that active flow systems in these geologic settings are shallow and that fracture permeability outside of the influence of large-scale structures will follow a decreasing trend with depth. 相似文献
5.
Maurice K. -Seguin 《Tectonophysics》1983,96(1-2)
An integrated interpretation of seismic reflection and gravity results yields an image of the structural units (nappes, overthrust sheets and underthrust slabs) of the Cambrian-Ordovician metasedimentary and metavolcanic sequences of the Appalachian province of southern Quebec at depth and the relative position of the underlying Precambrian crystalline basement. The tectonics related to crystalline Precambrian basement may be correlated with four interpretations and combinations of these. A décollement of Paleozoic sedimentary and volcanic piles over a rigid crystalline basement is most probable considering the interpretation of gravity and especially seismic data. The tectonic style at depth is rather unresolved from surface geological information. The elaboration of a two-dimensional model is constrained by physical properties of rocks, maximum depth extents of individual bodies and seismic reflectors in addition to surface geology. Finally, a minimum of 1500 km of shortening and Iapetan closing is suggested. 相似文献
6.
7.
B.R. Goleby R.S. Blewett T. Fomin S. Fishwick A.M. Reading P.A. Henson B.L.N. Kennett D.C. Champion L. Jones B.J. Drummond M. Nicoll 《Tectonophysics》2006,420(1-2):75
The collection of a range of different seismic data types has greatly improved our understanding of the crustal architecture of Australia's Archaean Yilgarn Craton over the last few years. These seismic data include broadband seismic studies, seismic receiver functions, wide-angle recordings and mine-scale to deep seismic reflection transects. Each data set provides information on the three-dimensional (3D) tectonic model of the Yilgarn Craton from the craton scale through to the mine scale. This paper demonstrates that the integration and rationalisation of these different seismic data sets into a multi-scale 3D geological/seismic model, that can be visualised at once in a single software package, and incorporating all available data sets, significantly enhances this understanding. This enhanced understanding occurred because the integrated 3D model allowed easy and accurate comparison of one result against another, and facilitated the integrated questioning and interrogation across scales and seismic method. As a result, there are feedback questions regarding understanding of the individual seismic data sets themselves, as well as the Yilgarn Craton as a whole.The methodology used, including all the data sets in the model range, had to allow for the wide range of data sets, frequencies and seismic modes. At the craton scale, P-wave, S-wave and surface wave variations constrained the 3D lithospheric velocity model, revealing noticeable large-scale velocity variations within and across the craton. An interesting feature of the data, easily identified in 3D, is the presence of a fast S-wave velocity anomaly (> 4.8 km s− 1) within the upper mantle. This velocity anomaly dips east and has a series of step-down offsets that coincide approximately with province and terrane boundaries of the Yilgarn Craton.One-dimensional receiver function profiles show variations in their crustal velocity across the craton. These crustal velocity variations are consistent with the larger-scale geological subdivision of the craton, and provide characteristic profiles for provinces and terranes. The receiver function results and the deep seismic reflection data both agree on the depth to the Moho, and both indicate an increase in Moho depth to the east. The 2D seismic refraction results in the south-west of the craton provide crustal thickness information, an indication of middle and lower crustal compositions, and information regarding the broad-scale architectural framework.At the province- and terrane-scale, the deep seismic reflection data and the mine-scale seismic data provide geometric constraints on crustal architecture, in particular the orientation of the region's fault systems as well as variations in the thickness of the granite–greenstone succession. Integration of the results from wide-angle seismic refraction data coincident with the deep seismic reflection data provided additional constraints on likely upper crustal lithologies.The integrated 3D seismic model implies the dominant geodynamic process involved the development of an orogenic belt that developed with a series of contractional (folding and thrusting) events, separated by equally important extensional events. The seismic reflection data in particular suggests that extensional movement on many shear zones was more common than previously thought.The seismic reflection data suggest that the dominant mineral systems involved deeply sourced fluid flowing up crustal-penetrating shear zones. These deeply sourced fluids were further focussed into sites located above fault-breached domal regions in the upper crust. 相似文献
8.
针对羌塘盆地地表地质条件复杂,地震资料信噪比低,取得高质量的地震剖面存在很大困难等问题,中国地质调查局在羌塘布设了总长约52km的试验剖面,初步摸索出一套适用于羌塘地区地震资料采集与处理的方法技术。处理后的地震叠加剖面上反射信息丰富,揭示出盆地基底以上各构造层的空间展布特征,为查明构造圈闭和构造界面,确定地层的组合等方面,提供了高质量数据。文中在对地震反射特征分析的基础上对两条剖面显示的盆地基底的埋深、形态等方面进行了初步研究。 相似文献
9.
综合运用跨孔地震CT、探地雷达、高密度电阻率法、浅层地震反射波、土壤氡浓度和波速测试6种物探方法,对广州市白云区金沙洲岩溶地面塌陷、地面沉降地质灾害进行探测,查明了该区的溶洞、土洞及构造破碎带的分布。介绍了各种方法技术,对综合物探成果进行总结,结合实例说明综合物探方法在该区的应用取得了显著效果,为地质灾害防治提供了基础地质资料。在广花盆地岩溶发育区,首次应用跨孔地震CT探测建筑物地下岩溶分布,为评价受岩溶地质灾害影响的建筑物安全提供依据。 相似文献
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11.
The role of hydrothermal fluids in assisting the activity of strike-slip faults is investigated using a range of new geological, geophysical, and geochemical data obtained on the Argentat fault, Massif Central, France. This fault zone, 180-km-long and 6 to 8 km-width, has experienced coeval intense channeling of hydrothermal fluids and brittle deformation during a short time span (300–295 Ma). According to seismic data, the fault core is a 4-km-wide, vertical zone of high fracture density that rooted in the middle crust (~ 13 km) and that involved fluids in its deeper parts (9–13 km depth). If stress analyses in the fault core and strain analyses in the damage zone both support a left-lateral movement along the fault zone, it is inferred that hydrothermal fluids have strongly influenced fault development, and the resulting fault has influenced fluid flow. Fluid pressure made easier fracturing and faulting in zones of competent rocks units and along rheological boundaries. Repeated cycles of increase of fault-fracture permeability then overpressure of hydrothermal fluids at fault extremity favored strong and fast development of the crustal-scale strike-slip fault. The high permeability obtained along the fault zone permitted a decrease of coupling across the weak fault core. Connections between shallower and lower crustal fluids reservoirs precipitate the decrease of fault activity by quartz precipitation and sulfides deposition. The zones of intense hydrothermal alteration at shallows crustal levels and the zones of fluid overpressure at the base of the upper crust both controlled the final geometry of the crustal-scale fault zone. 相似文献
12.
《Tectonophysics》1987,140(1):81-91
The shallow seismicity in the Italian region is dependent on the lithospheric and, especially, on the crustal structure. The major contribution to the definition of crustal features as well as of their lateral variations, which, in this area, are very large, has been given, so far, by the profiles of deep seismic soundings (wide-angle reflection). It has been found that the shape of the velocity-depth functions is a good indicator of the crustal type.This study illustrates the comparison of the velocity functions with the depth distribution of seismic foci. The analysis was done in active seismic zones, where the hypocentral depth is known with fair accuracy; both the events contained in the general catalogue of Italian earthquakes and the micro-earthquakes were used.The chosen zones are located in different geological settings. It has been found that different shapes of the velocity-depth curve correspond to different depths of the most active seismic layer. The role of velocity inversions seems particularly meaningful to mark the transition from the brittle to the ductile regime when the strongest seismicity is in the upper crust. When the lower crust or the upper mantle appears to be the source of the main seismicity, different shapes of the velocity functions are observed. Finally, a further different type of velocity distribution is obtained in zones of high geothermal flow, where only very shallow and low magnitude events are recorded. 相似文献
13.
G. S. Srinivas K. Goverdhan Ch. Narsimhulu T. Seshunarayana 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2014,84(2):174-180
Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is a non-destructive seismic prospecting method utilizing Rayleigh waves for imaging and characterizing shallow sub-surface structure. Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) studies were conducted in drift areas of two bridge sites in the hilly terrain of J&K for imaging and characterizing shallow sub-surface structure. The purpose of the present study is to estimate the shear wave velocity (VS) and subsurface structure in four drifts made in a hilly terrain for construction of two bridges. Rayleigh waves are having dispersive properties, travelling along or near the ground surface and are usually characterized by relatively low velocity, low frequency, and high amplitude. The study area comprises of Tertiary group of rocks which are underlain by Siwalik group. The main rock type in the study area is dolomite which has undergone various geological processes like weathering, jointing, fracturing and shearing. MASW data was collected inside four drifts in the mountainous terrain of J&K state which are located on either sides of Chenab river. The data was analyzed by relevant processing software using dispersion and inversion technique. Shear wave velocities were estimated up to 30 m depth. Average shear wave velocity (VS 30) up to top 30m was also computed. It is observed that, VS in the range 400–800 m/s upto 10–15 m corresponding to weathered rock, followed by compact dolomite rock up to the depth of about 30 m with VS in the range 1200–1600 m/s. Some low velocity zones are also identified from these sections which represent shear zones. 相似文献
14.
Most evaluations of the contaminant retardation processes likely to be important in geological disposal (e.g. for high level radioactive waste (HLW)) consider only the present characteristics of fractures and associated mineral infills. Relatively little attention has been given to possible long-term changes in these features, and their influence on groundwater flow. The work reported here seeks to provide analogous evidence that such changes are not likely to be important and hence to improve confidence in the presently adopted evaluation methodology and its long-term applicability.
In the orogenic belt that is formed by the Japanese islands, there are wide areas of crystalline rock. The rocks in each area have a distinctive age sequence which is partly reflected in the characteristics of the fracture systems and associated mineral fillings that occur. These characteristics generally imply that groundwater and solutes can be conducted through fracture networks, except in the cases of fault zones or crushed zones. The structural and mineralogical features of these networks readily illustrate how certain contaminants might react and be retarded by the fracture fillings and open pore geometry, due to chemical sorption and/or physical retardation.
Here, we describe the fracture systems developed in crystalline rocks with different ages that are intruded into the Japanese orogenic belt. The aim is to build a model for the long-term fracturing process and hence to evaluate fracture ‘stability’. In particular, the comparisons are made between the fracture geometries and the frequencies observed in the 1.9–0.8 Ma Takidani Granodiorite (the youngest exposed pluton in the world), the ca. 67 Ma Toki Granite and the ca. 117 Ma Kurihashi Granodiorite located in central to northwest Japan. The observations show that all these crystalline rocks have similar fracture frequencies, with 1 to 2 fractures per meter in the massive part of rock bodies. Mineralogical studies and dating analyses of fracture fillings also suggest that fractures are relatively physically stable. Major new fractures tend not to be created in the massive part of rock bodies even when a pluton has been subjected to the regional stresses of plate movements with a duration of about 100 Ma. The results show the unique characteristics of the fracture forming process and the relatively stable geometries of fracture network systems in crystalline rocks distributed within the orogenic belt. This analogue also enables us to provide a model to build confidence in a technical approach applicable for modeling of hydrogeology and geology over long time scales under the orogenic stress field present in Japan. The model may also be useful for other stable tectonic settings as well as for a characterizing sites in crystalline rocks for the possible geological disposal of HLW and other toxic wastes. 相似文献
15.
A wide-angle reflection seismic experiment was carried out in the Eastern Goldfields granite–greenstone terrane of the Archaean Yilgarn Craton during 2001. This was the first time in Australia that wide-angle data were collected using a vibrator source and with a high density of observations. Unlike other wide-angle surveys carried out in other parts of the world, our survey used both a smaller number of sweeps, and shorter sweeps. We recorded three sweeps (each with its own frequency range) at each vibration point. The experiment demonstrated that the sum of three 12 s sweeps using 3 large vibrators provides enough energy to record signal at offsets up to up to 60–70 km. A comparison of individual shot gathers from near-vertical data and receiver gathers from wide-angle data demonstrated higher reflectivity in near-vertical data. This may be due to differences in the frequency bands of the recording equipment. The after stack section obtained from dense wide-angle data is different from that obtained from conventional near-vertical reflection data. The conventional reflection section provides higher quality image of the crust compared to the wide-angle section. This could be explained by the low-fold in wide-angle data and differences in the acquisition and processing methodology. The wide-angle survey, which was coincident with a regional vibroseis seismic reflection transect, was focused on the Leonora–Laverton region. The survey was designed to supplement the deep seismic reflection studies with velocity information. This also created an opportunity to compare velocity model derived from wide-angle reflection seismic data with a structural image obtained from the deep common mid-point seismic reflection data, and thus refine our geological understanding of the area. A high velocity body reaching a maximum thickness of 2 km was identified exclusively from the seismic velocity model derived from wide-angle study. This body is interpreted as mafic rocks within the Archaean Granite–Greenstone Belt. The joint interpretation also shows that structural boundaries do not always follow lithological boundaries in our study area. The combination of wide-angle reflection and near-vertical reflection data has facilitated a more complete geological interpretation of the seismic data. 相似文献
16.
浅层地震反射方法在工程物探中的应用 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
通过设计合理的观测系统和数据处理流程来获取可靠的地震数据，经数据处理后的地震剖面具有更明显的地球物理和地质特征。利用浅层反射波方法获得的反射地震剖面，成功地揭示原成都理工学院主楼所在场地的浅层地下结构，就是浅层地震反射法勘探应用的一个成果。 相似文献
17.
不同于油气藏能源大多产于沉积地层之中, 金属矿成矿部位的地质条件要更为复杂多变。通常情况下矿体表现为不规则形状, 且连续性较差, 难以满足现有地震反射波法所以依据的镜面反射条件(徐明才等, 2009)。不同的围岩地震地质条件差异很大, 甚至同一种岩性受到蚀变、构造作用的影响, 表现出不同的阻抗特征, 当围岩与矿体间的波阻抗差异较小, 难以形成有效的反射波。在控矿构造方面, 通常大规模的构造对成矿具有控矿、控岩作用, 而与成矿部位密切相关的一般是小规模的断裂, 反射波较难识别。根据菲涅耳带理论, 当地质体的尺度小于地震波的一个波长时, 反射地震成像精度会骤降, 而来自这些小尺度、非均匀地质体产生的绕射波和散射波成像较反射波成像具有明显的高分辨率、甚至超高分辨率。利用绕射波成像能够探测和识别地下重要的构造信息, 如破碎带、断层、尖灭点、礁体边界、次火山岩、小尺度的侵入体、不规则盐丘体, 以及其他不连续的地质体(Karimpoul et al., 2015)。考虑金属矿围岩及控矿构造复杂, 矿体几何尺寸较小、形状不规则, 容易产生绕射波, 理论上利用地震绕射波识别这些地质体较反射波更具优势。 相似文献
18.
Shallow seismic reflection profiles and geological structure in the Benton Hills, southeast Missouri 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
J.R. Palmer D. Hoffman W.J. Stephenson J.K. Odum R.A. Williams 《Engineering Geology》1997,46(3-4):217-233
During late May and early June of 1993, we conducted two shallow, high-resolution seismic reflection surveys (Mini-Sosie method) across the southern escarpment of the Benton Hills segment of Crowleys Ridge. The reflection profiles imaged numerous post-late Cretaceous faults and folds. We believe these faults may represent a significant earthquake source zone.
The stratigraphy of the Benton Hills consists of a thin, less than about 130 m, sequence of mostly unconsolidated Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary sediments which uncomfortably overlie a much thicker section of Paleozoic carbonate rocks. The survey did not resolve reflectors within the upper 75–100 ms of two-way travel time (about 60–100 m), which would include all of the Tertiary and Quaternary and most of the Cretaceous. However, the Paleozoic-Cretaceous unconformity (Pz) produced an excellent reflection, and locally a shallower reflector within the Cretaceous (K) was resolved. No coherent reflections below about 200 ms of two-way travel time were identified.
Numerous faults and folds, which clearly offset the Paleozoic-Cretaceous unconformity reflector, were imaged on both seismic reflection profiles. Many structures imaged by the reflection data are coincident with the surface mapped locations of faults within the Cretaceous and Tertiary succession. Two locations show important structures that are clearly complex fault zones. The English Hill fault zone, striking N30°–35°E, is present along Line 1 and is important because earlier workers indicated it has Pleistocene Loess faulted against Eocene sands. The Commerce fault zone striking N50°E, overlies a major regional basement geophysical lineament, and is present on both seismic lines at the southern margin of the escarpment.
The fault zones imaged by these surveys are 30 km from the area of intense microseismicity in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). If these are northeast and north-northeast oriented fault zones like those at Thebes Gap they are favorably oriented in the modern stress field to be reactivated as right-lateral strike slip faults. Currently, earthquake hazards assessments are most dependent upon historical seismicity, and there are little geological data available to evaluate the earthquake potential of fault zones outside of the NMSZ. We anticipate that future studies will provide evidence that seismicity has migrated between fault zones well beyond the middle Mississippi Valley. The potential earthquake hazards represented by faults outside the NMSZ may be significant. 相似文献
19.
Ahmed Saleh Mohamed Abdelmoneim Mohamed Abdelrady Mohamed Al Deep 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(21):676
In the Barramiya area, the majority of gold deposits are generally related with the quartz veins that associated with shear zones cutting the crystalline basement rocks. The quartz vein system is controlled by shear zone and general faults. The present study is to delineate the general faults, shear zones, geological limits, and basement rock relief, using airborne magnetic and gravity data analysis at the Barramiya gold mine and surrounding area, Eastern Desert of Egypt. To achieve our goal, we have applied on magnetic and gravity data the following techniques: reduction to pole (RTP), analytical signal, tilt derivative, total horizontal derivative, 3D Euler deconvolution, downward continuation, and source parameter imagining power spectrum techniques. The analytical signal used to map the types of rock boundaries. Tilt derivative and total horizontal derivative filters helped to delineate fractures and the contact zones of the formations that host the main Barramiya shear zone. 3D Euler deconvolution techniques helped to delineate the fault trends which represented at the following direction: NNE–SSW and NNW–SSE. The average depths of both regional and residual causes have been estimated by applying downward continuation, source parameter imagining, and power spectrum techniques. According to the results of the present study, the depth of the basement rocks is relatively high (~?80-m depth) in the western part of the study area and the basement rocks cropped out in the surface at the rest of the area. Our results are coinciding with the previous geological studies. 相似文献
20.
广东省潼湖生态智慧区浅层地球物理探测与地层物性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地质灾害、活动断裂、特殊岩土体和古河道等是影响城市浅层地下空间开发安全的主要地质问题,对于这些地质问题的探测主要采用地球物理无损检测方法。潼湖生态智慧区是国家生态文明建设示范区和惠州智慧城市地下空间开发中的重要区域,浅层地球物理探测与地层物性分析为潼湖生态智慧区城市发展及地下空间开发利用提供详细的地质、岩土和地球物理数据,是构建该地区地下空间模型的必备要素。虽然目前已经开展了针对本区域的基础地质探测研究工作,然而服务于精细地质结构与地层划分的综合地球物理研究还处于空白。针对浅层地下空间探测精细程度低和传统探测方法分辨率有限的问题,本文综合利用浅层反射波地震方法、混合源面波S波速度成像方法、三分量谐振波阻抗比值方法以及综合测井方法对该地区浅层地下空间(200m)进行了高精度地层划分和断层展布精细解释。在浅层地震反射波方法划分厚层和大尺度断层的基础上,利用主动源和被动源微脉动阵列法获得更加精细的浅层地层和构造特征,采用三分量地震频率谐振方法识别浅层土壤层分层,弥补了单一方法在不同深度范围上的探测信号低精度缺点,探讨了潼湖地区地层与地球物理的响应特征,构建了详实的地层物性和地球物理参数关系,为后续的建模提供基础数据。 相似文献