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1.
Karst aquifers exhibit a dual flow system characterized by interacting conduit and matrix domains. This study evaluated the coupled continuum pipe-flow framework for modeling karst groundwater flow in the Madison aquifer of western South Dakota (USA). Coupled conduit and matrix flow was simulated within a regional finite-difference model over a 10-year transient period. An existing equivalent porous medium (EPM) model was modified to include major conduit networks whose locations were constrained by dye-tracing data and environmental tracer analysis. Model calibration data included measured hydraulic heads at observation wells and estimates of discharge at four karst springs. Relative to the EPM model, the match to observation well hydraulic heads was substantially improved with the addition of conduits. The inclusion of conduit flow allowed for a simpler hydraulic conductivity distribution in the matrix continuum. Two of the high-conductivity zones in the EPM model, which were required to indirectly simulate the effects of conduits, were eliminated from the new model. This work demonstrates the utility of the coupled continuum pipe-flow method and illustrates how karst aquifer model parameterization is dependent on the physical processes that are simulated. 相似文献
2.
基于FEFLOW的岩溶管道模型构建方法探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
岩溶管道流模型的刻画一直是岩溶区开展地下水数值模拟研究中的难点所在,基于此,文章以贵州六枝特区某项目为例进行地下水数值模拟研究,探索了在FEFLOW离散特性功能模块下岩溶管道流模型的刻画方式与方法。在详细分析研究区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,对研究区范围、边界、含水层结构等概化,建立了研究区的水文地质概念模型;以ArcGIS软件为辅助,基于有限元法的FEFLOW软件为操作平台,利用区内钻孔资料及野外测算结果,通过软件公式编辑、插值等功能分别获得各层顶底板高程属性,将数据输入FEFLOW后,对模拟区平面三角剖分进而空间离散构建了研究区的三维地质模型;并利用FEFLOW软件的离散特性功能模块,将研究区灰场南部岩溶洼地与岩脚泉间划定为特定区域,建立缓冲区并给予其高特异性,耦合哈根-泊肃叶流体流动公式,在模型中刻画了岩溶管道流模型;最后探讨了特殊地质构造与岩溶管道模型的刻画方式与方法刻画出了符合案例区的三维向斜褶皱地质模型和岩溶管道流模型。 相似文献
3.
基于MODFLOW的岩溶管道水流模拟方法探讨与应用 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
针对岩溶管道水流特征,选取广西寨底岩溶流域为研究对象,分别采用三维有限差分地下水流动模型(MODFLOW)中的Drain和River模块概化模拟岩溶管道特征,结合管道内上游、中游及下游三个观测孔对比分析两种方法的适用性,结果表明:末期等水位线图中位于管道两侧处流线均有形状突变,符合实际管道水流动态特征,且能模拟出管道内水位变化趋势。最后分析两种方法模拟管道水流的原理,Drain模块中岩溶管道仅起排水作用,不允许管道内水流流向周围含水层,而River模块允许岩溶管道水与周围含水层水流交换,因而相对Drain模块而言,应用River模块概化模拟岩溶管道更加精确。 相似文献
4.
Phillip R. Kemmerly 《Environmental Geology》1989,13(2):137-143
The contagion model of karst terrane evolution focuses on the environmental implications for a large karst depression population on the Pennyroyal Plain (southern Kentucky) and the adjacent Western Highland Rim (Tennessee) immediately south of the Mammoth Cave Plateau. In karst terranes where the contagion model applies, there is a well-defined infrastructure comprised of hydrologic, structural geologic and geomorphic interacting elements that result in clustered depressions underlain by a radial conduit system. Clusters tend to be randomly distributed and typically contain a parent depression surrounded by numerous daughters.Groundwater flow is assumed to be turbulent and confined largely to conduits that are 3-dimensionally configured between clusters in a dendritic to trellis network. Parent depressions serve as conduit nodes for collecting groundwater migrating from beneath daughter depressions.Flow velocities in the 3-dimensional cluster-cell conduits exceed those in granular media by several orders of magnitude making pathogen and chemical contaminant migration rapid. Groundwater quality assessment in karst conduit hydrogeologic settings is difficult because monitoring wells are inappropriate. Monitoring wells may have a low probability of intercepting a major conduit and therefore the sampling regime must take into consideration the pulse discharge of pollutants in karst conduits. Representative water quality data must come from springs located near the local base level. 相似文献
5.
岩溶塌陷灾害的岩溶地下水气压力监测技术及应用 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
文章系统、全面地介绍了岩溶地下水气压力监测技术及其应用成果。该技术在监测成孔、孔口的密封及监测频率等方面创新性地提出了相关的工艺方法,能真实、及时且充分地反映出岩溶管道裂隙系统中的地下水气压力变化特点,可为岩溶塌陷的机理研究、监测和预警提供科学依据。岩溶地下水气压力监测技术工艺简单、操作方便、成本低廉,经过20多年的改进,已成功应用于全国11个典型岩溶塌陷区,服务于高铁、水源地、油气管线、市政建设等潜在岩溶塌陷风险性评价、安全降深、监测预警等方面,取得了很好的效果。 相似文献
6.
Karst collapses occur in various sizes and by various mechanisms. No karst collapses are the same, and each needs to be treated individually. Decades of investigation of and experience with these collapses make it clear that addressing karst collapse hazards requires a multi-disciplinary approach that integrates geomorphology, engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, biology, geophysics, geochemistry, and risk assessment. This thematic issue contains 12 papers that illustrate the recent advancement in karst collapse studies, covering a spectrum of topics from karst collapse mechanism study, geophysical application to karst collapse investigation, karst collapse investigation standards, karst collapse monitoring and early warning, and karst collapse remediation. 相似文献
7.
不同深度岩溶管道的高密度电阻率法反演特征 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2
高密度电法在岩溶区找水具有很好的效果,岩溶山区岩溶管道深度各异,为了探寻岩溶管道深度变化下高密度电阻率的响应规律,本文以高密度电阻率法原理为基础,采用高密度电阻率法微测系统,利用铜柱体模型,模拟均匀介质下不同深度岩溶管道的高密度电阻率响应特征。结果表明:当岩溶管道深度大于15倍电极距时,矩形AMN装置和滚动MNB装置未能探测到该深度的岩溶管道;当岩溶管道深度小于10~11倍电极距时,矩形AMN和滚动MNB装置联合能较精准地定位岩溶管道在平面上的投影位置;岩溶管道反演异常的横向宽度始终大于真实异常横向宽度,反演异常顶部埋深小于或等于真实异常顶部埋深,且岩溶管道深度越浅,反演异常体的形态、大小、埋深越接近真实异常;随岩溶管道深度的增加,岩溶管道的矩形AMN装置和滚动MNB装置异常反演形态由椭圆向半椭圆、弓形变化,直至消失。 相似文献
8.
Threshold behavior in hydrological systems generally involves a qualitative change of a single process, the system response or the functioning of the system. Different types of thresholds and their underlying controls are examined using the example of the Lurbach karst system (Austria). This karst system receives allogenic recharge from the sinking stream Lurbach, which under low-flow conditions only resurges at the Hammerbach spring. Yet, under medium- to high-flow conditions an overflow toward another spring, the Schmelzbach outlet occurs. Thresholds in physicochemical spring responses and their underlying controls are identified from the analysis of heat and solute transport processes in karst conduits. Applying this concept to the Hammerbach spring suggests that the threshold controlling the response of the spring water temperature was changed in the time period from 2006 to 2009 relative to the years before. At the same time, changes are observed in the behavior of the spring hydrograph and the discharge threshold at which the overflow to the Schmelzbach system is activated. All of these observations can be consistently explained by a decreased diameter of the conduit pathways within the indicated time period, presumably caused by the redistribution of sediments due to a flood event in 2005. Thus, thresholds in the physicochemical spring response were successfully employed to support the identification of a change in the functioning of the Lurbach karst system, which occurred possibly because a threshold related to the sediment transport within the karst conduits was crossed. 相似文献
9.
The excellent topographic condition of the limestone canyons for dam construction may be rejected if they are karstified.
Karst features cause the reservoir not to be impermeable enough to permit the water to fill it and leakage occurs and often
increases with time. Moreover, karst features may involve the stability of the dam itself. A few operated dam sites at the
Zagros Zone encountered a leakage problem. Furthermore, more than 30 dams are presently under study for construction in the
Zagros Zone. Karst conditions and leakage potential were investigated at an under-study site (Khersan 3 Dam) for assessing
the general methodology for the study of leakage potentials. Conventional methods for studying karst features, geological
mapping, geomorphology and extensive borings were applied before the dam was constructed. These methods are not efficient
enough to precisely reveal the karst structure, especially hidden and paleokarst, nor the hydrological behaviour of the karst
structure in different settings of groundwater flow. Based on the present case study and previous applied approaches by other
authors, this paper introduces a methodology by means of karst structure and functioning approaches at local and regional
scales that cover the conventional methods and overcome their shortages. The proposed methodology should be applied before
construction of a dam and should include three steps (a) recognition of geological and hydrogeological settings, (b) delineation
and functioning of the karst system related to the future reservoir, and (c) assessment of the leakage potentials. Following
this methodology, the most probable leakage zone(s) and path(s) at the dam site can be highlighted. 相似文献
10.
Karst flash flooding, identified as one of the hazards in karst terrains, is directly linked to the structure and hydraulic properties of karst aquifers. Due to the characteristics of flow within karst aquifers, characterized by a dual flow – diffuse flow within fissured limestone and conduit flow within karst conduits networks – flash flooding may be important in volume and dynamics. Such phenomenon may cause serious damages including loss of lives, as it occurred on 3rd October 1988 in Nîmes (Gard, South France). Flash floods there have been considered to be the result of very intensive rainfall events conjugated to runoff due to the geomorphologic context of the city located down hill. However, preliminary results of recent studies of the hydrologic behaviour of groundwater and surface water for a specific event (September 2005) show that the karst plays an important role in the flood genesis. The main characteristics of the Nîmes karst system leading to karst flash flooding are presented in this paper. A methodology comprising modelling of the karst system allowed proposing simple warning thresholds for various part of the karst (water level threshold for the karst conduits and cumulative rainfall threshold for the overflowing fissured karst). These thresholds can be included in the flash flood warning system of the Nîmes city. 相似文献
11.
Inference of the structure of karst conduits using quantitative tracer tests and geological information: example of the Swiss Jura 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Karst aquifers are known for being particularly heterogeneous with highly transmissive conduits embedded in low permeability volumes of rock matrix. Artificial tracer experiments have been carried out in a complex karst aquifer of the folded Jura Mountains in Switzerland with the aim of deciphering the conduit organisation. It is shown that tracer experiments with multiple injection points under different flow conditions can lead to useful information on the conduits’ structure. This information has been combined with data from structural geology, spring hydrology, and speleological observations. A conceptual model of the conduit network shows that a detailed inference of the conduit organisation can be reached: geology controls conduit location and orientation; spring hydrology, including temporary springs, constrains conduit elevations and relative hydraulic heads in the aquifer subsystems; and tracer tests identify major flow paths and outlets of the system and dilution caused by non-traced tributaries, as well as the presence of secondary flow routes. This understanding of the Aubonne aquifer structure has important implications for the future management of the groundwater resource. Similar approaches coupling geological information, spring hydrology, and multi-tracer tests under various flow conditions may help to characterise the structure of the conduit network in karst aquifers. 相似文献
12.
岩溶管道溶质运移的尺度效应研究对穿透曲线的正确解译非常重要,但目前针对单一弯曲管道中溶质运移尺度效应的研究仍比较缺乏。文章将岩溶管道和溶潭分别概化为透明软管和水箱,基于前期建立的水箱-管道系统(简称“管道系统”),在水箱下游设置不同长度的弯曲管道,通过示踪试验研究管道运移尺度对穿透曲线的影响,并采用暂时存储模型模拟试验曲线。结果表明：(1)随着水箱下游管道长度的增加,峰值质量浓度逐渐缓慢降低,穿透曲线上升段斜率无明显变化,穿透曲线拖尾逐渐缩短,表明运移管道长度增加对溶质运移的影响大于下游管道弯曲;(2)穿透曲线偏度系数、后段溶质羽穿透时间和溶质羽穿透时间与管道系统长度呈良好的负线性相关关系(R2>0.96);(3)当对称和不对称水箱管道系统长度分别增加至154.5 m和164.3 m时,偏度系数接近0,穿透曲线分布接近对称;(4)弥散系数、存储区截面积和交换系数与管道系统长度呈良好的负线性相关关系,当对称和不对称水箱管道系统长度分别增加至159.9 m和178.1 m时,存储区截面积接近0,水箱导致的溶质运移滞后效应基本消失。研究结果对野外岩溶管道穿透曲线的... 相似文献
13.
Hamid Reza Nassery Farshad Alijani Mohammad Nakhaei 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(11):4809-4818
In order to study the function, hydrodynamic behavior, and hydraulic properties of the karst aquifers in Izeh, southwest Iran, time series analysis was applied to the precipitation, spring discharge, and piezometric head data of two representative karst systems of Zagros (Ilam-Sarvak and Asmari Formations). Time series analysis was applied to two karst aquifers, those of Asmari and Ilam-Sarvak Formations. The daily precipitations of anticlines were estimated based on the precipitation–elevation function which was applied on digital elevation model (DEM) of the area. The mean estimated daily precipitations were considered in bivariate time series analysis as input data of each karst system. The total length of time series was about 2.7 years, extending from May 2007 to December 2009. During the research, several one-parameter probe data loggers were installed, which daily measure the water surfaces in karst aquifers. Time series analysis was applied for describing Izeh karst aquifers with a focus on both univariate (autocorrelation and spectral analysis) and bivariate (cross-correlation, gain function, and coherency function) methods. The results show that Asmari karst aquifer in Kamarderaz Anticline has a large storage capacity. Because of lacking a well-organized karst network, in the Asmari karst aquifer, baseflow dominates with low contribution of quick-flow. In the Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer (Shavish and Tanush Anticlines), the karstification occurred in fractures and small diameter conduits, which caused to quick-flow between dense limestone. The Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer could be regarded as a transition between two extreme types of karst, e.g., highly karstified system and in the opposite, extremely diffused one. The analysis of well hydrograph in Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer shows that the karst aquifer has a low storage capacity. Unlike Asmari karst aquifer, the fractures and small diameter conduits in Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer are more enhanced, producing a better developed karst network. Contrary to the typical karst systems, however, diffuse flow and conduit flow coexist in the Asmari Formation. 相似文献
14.
岩溶管道结构特征对岩溶水资源的合理取用、保护及地下工程安全施工均具有重要影响。目前在利用示踪试验曲线分析岩溶管道结构特征时,难以通过曲线叠加、钝锋、不规则上升和下降等形态准确解释多条岩溶管道连接关系、地下湖所处位置和地下水状态。运用地下水溶质运移理论,推导出岩溶管道流溶质运移模型,根据模型绘制三维溶质运移形态和理论时间-浓度曲线,结合水力学相关知识,对岩溶管道连接关系、地下湖位置及岩溶管道流形态变化对应的时间-浓度曲线进行解释。得出以下主要结论:（1）曲线出峰个数对应岩溶管道条数,由于管道径流长度及流速存在差异,双管道并联曲线存在3种模型,分别为2个孤立的单峰、下降曲线存在双峰叠加和2个连续上升的叠加峰;（2）单管道曲线下降梯度个数对应地下湖个数,多管道需结合管道个数和地下湖位置具体分析下降梯度和地下湖个数关系,根据地下湖位置将双管道并联岩溶管道划分4种类型,即地下湖存在于未分支管道、主管道、支管道、主管道和分支管道上;（3）曲线形态极速变化标志着管道流发生表流和承压流的相互转化。研究结果可为岩溶地区地下水保护及地下工程安全建设提供保障。 相似文献
15.
岩溶地区地下发育着大量的溶洞和地下河管道,地下水流状态既有层流也有紊流,而紊流是溶洞管道形成的重要条件。紊流的形成受到岩石初始裂隙的影响,初始裂隙的张开度、分布、走向、迹长、密度等因素都影响着裂隙发育过程中水流状态的变化。通过对不同统计特征的初始裂隙网络进行水流和溶蚀的数值模拟发现,以张开度标准差反映的裂隙网络非均匀性越强,模拟紊流出现的时间就越早;主要裂隙的存在使裂隙网络的非均性增强,主要裂隙与水力梯度总方向的角度越小,紊流出现的时间就越早;当裂隙平均迹长过小时会导致裂隙连通性较差,影响裂隙水流和溶蚀作用;裂隙密度,尤其是主要裂隙密度,对岩溶发育的影响较大。相对于次要裂隙,如果主要裂隙密度偏小,紊流形成时间会大大增加,甚至很难形成紊流。当初始裂隙张开度小于0.001 cm,增大水力梯度仍没有紊流发生,岩溶几乎不发育。 相似文献
16.
基于CFP的岩溶管道流溶质运移数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
多重岩溶含水介质的复杂性导致岩溶地下水流动及溶质运移的数学模拟成为地下水研究难点之一。为了探讨岩溶多重含水介质中地下水流溶质运移特征,文章构建了管道流CFP水流模型和MT3DMS溶质运移三维耦合数值模型。在阐述管道流CFP和MT3DMS基本原理的基础上,通过建立水文地质概念模型算例（1个落水洞、4个直管道）,探讨岩溶管道水流及溶质运移规律,分析讨论不同水文地质参数对浓度穿透曲线的影响。研究结果表明:管道流CFP模型能够刻画岩溶管道与基岩裂隙水流交换特征,MT3DMS模型能够模拟穿透曲线的拖尾现象,符合实际岩溶区特征。随着水力梯度、管道直径及管道渗透系数增大,孔隙度减小,浓度曲线峰值越大,峰值到达时间越快,浓度穿透曲线越对称。得出结论:耦合CFP水流模型和MT3DMS溶质运移模型能够刻画岩溶管道流溶质运移规律,为研究岩溶复杂介质污染物运移特征提供一种思路和途径。 相似文献
17.
Modeling hydrological responses of karst spring to storm events: example of the Shuifang spring (Jinfo Mt., Chongqing,China) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Reproduction of hydrographs at karst springs has been an approach of understanding the karst aquifer, which normally acts
as drains for the groundwater flow. However, its numerical modeling is difficult since factors for the internal geometry and
connectedness are unknown and hard to quantify. Hydrographs of the karst aquifer with well-developed conduits in Shuifang
spring catchment were obtained from the automatic gauging station at the spring orifice. Data as to the conduit system were
also obtained based on results and analyses of tracer tests. With these data, the hydrological responses of Shuifang spring
to storm events were simulated by storm water management model (SWMM) developed by USA EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies are used to compare the computed flow to the observed, which are 0.95 and 0.92 for calibration
and validation. SWMM was verified and applicable in karst conduit drainage system. The model illustrated correctly quick recharge
through conduits and slow and low inflow from the fissured aquifer matrix. The SCS-CN (soil conservation service-curve number)
infiltration method was used for computation of losses and runoff. Field tests indicated that permeability was extremely high
but different in karst area, which was less sensitive to the computed runoff when exceeded the common value provided by SWMM.
Therefore, an improved quantitative infiltration model for karst area will make SWMM possible to be a useful tool for assessing
and reproducing spring hydrographs. 相似文献
18.
为能快速、准确地对覆盖型岩溶发育区进行地面塌陷危险性评价,提出了基于权重反分析的岩溶地面塌陷危险性评价方法。该方法在确定岩溶地面塌陷主要影响因素的基础上,收集整理了唐山地区100个典型工程实例,进而采用权重反分析方法,求得了岩溶地面塌陷各主要影响因素的权重,并建立了岩溶地面塌陷危险性综合评价的评分表。权重反分析结果表明,选取的5个主要因素的权重分别为：岩溶发育程度0.338、第四系底部隔水层隔水能力0.255、覆盖层厚度0.186、基岩水水位埋深0.174、距断裂距离0.047,采用新建立的评分表对100个工程实例的评价结果显示,其评价的正确率达到99%,证明该表具有良好的可行性与有效性。此外,该评分表具有评价因子易于获取、评价过程简单易懂等特点,可准确、快捷地对与唐山岩溶发育区相似区域的岩溶地面塌陷危险性给出评价,因而值得推广和应用。 相似文献
19.
Karst aquifer studies often focus on allogenic water inputs and large conduit flow. However, diffuse recharge can be significant, particularly in unconfined eogenetic karst aquifers that retain high matrix permeability. This study examines an unconfined region of the upper Floridan aquifer (USA) that hosts a sinking stream, its resurgence, and a large conduit system. Daily diffuse recharge was approximated using a water-budget method and ranged from 17% of precipitation during a low precipitation year to >53% during the highest precipitation year, illustrating the highly variable nature of diffuse recharge in this region. The total allogenic input via the sinking stream over the 5 years of the study was significantly larger than the volume of diffuse recharge. However, only about 2% of the allogenic recharge flows from the conduit into the surrounding aquifer. That flow is restricted to storm events when hydraulic heads in the conduits exceed those in the surrounding aquifer. The estimated volume of dissolution is similar for allogenic recharge and diffuse recharge to the unconfined region surrounding the conduits, but dissolution from the diffuse recharge is distributed over a larger area than dissolution from allogenic recharge. These results exemplify how recharge type impacts flow and water–rock interactions in eogenetic karst aquifers. 相似文献
20.
In karst areas, groundwater movement is dominated by conduit flow; thus, understanding the distribution and structure of karst conduits has great significance for water research, groundwater protection and engineering construction. With the Dafengdong (Guizhou Province, China) underground river karst as an example, a mise-a-la-masse method, tracer tests and cave detection were conducted to study the distribution and structure of karst conduits. Combined with information on the geological and hydrogeological conditions, the geological factors that form karst conduits were determined. It can be concluded that: (1) Under the influence of faults, karst conduits usually develop towards or along faults; (2) multiple karst conduits form easily on both sides of tectonic fracture zones; (3) both lithology and geological structure affect the formation of blue holes, and when the directions of karst conduits change, blue holes easily form in weak parts of the structure; (4) at springs where two aquifers intersect, with strong chemical dissolution of the lower karst aquifer and mechanical collapse of the upper aquifer, blue holes also form easily; and (5) integrated mise-a-la-masse method, tracer tests and cave detection can accurately discern the distribution and structure of karst conduits. Geological factors can be used to preliminarily delineate the distribution and structure of karst conduits in similar areas based on hydrogeological conditions. Such methods hold great significance for groundwater extraction and protection and engineering construction in karst areas.
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