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1.
系统解析长江中游河湖交汇区域航道水深资源的变化,可支撑“黄金航道”的可持续发展。本研究以洞庭湖-荆江交汇段为对象,研究洞庭湖分汇区域水沙条件、荆江河段滩槽演变与河湖交汇段航道水深资源的关系。研究表明:三峡工程运行以来,洞庭湖三口分流量和分沙量延续了三峡工程运行前的减少态势,伴随洞庭湖分流量减少,相对增加的长江干流径流量增强了河床冲刷强度,反馈使得洞庭湖三口分流量和分沙量均处于较低值;荆江河段河床冲刷给航道尺度提升奠定了有利基础,河湖分汇区域不满足4.5 m×200 m(水深×宽度)的长度为12.6 km,占荆江河段碍航总长度的68.35%。碍航驱动机制上:松滋口分流区段(枝城-昌门溪)的4.5 m水槽贯通但宽度不足200 m,汊道分流关系不稳定及洲滩萎缩制约航道条件稳定,枯水位下降及“坡陡流急”现象仍然严峻,不利于航道条件保障及船舶安全航行;太平口分流区段水位下降、洲滩萎缩、汊道交替发展使得枯水航路不稳定或水深不足4.5 m;藕池口分流区域的洲滩崩退、洲滩冲刷引起的向下游泥沙输移,碍航表现为航宽不足200 m或出现水深不足4.5 m的浅滩;洞庭湖入汇影响区段(熊家洲-城陵矶)受弯道冲淤... 相似文献
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气候变化和流域人类活动等综合影响改变了河道演变的自然进程,尤其是流域大型水库的影响,深刻改变了下游的水沙通量与河道演变过程及趋势.以三峡工程为对象,研究坝下游水沙通量及河道演变过程对三峡工程运行的响应关系,可加深大型水利枢纽运行对下游河道演变影响的认识.本文以长江中游河段（宜昌-湖口河段）为研究对象,分析1975-2017年河道冲淤变化,结果表明：近40年来,长江中游河床已发生了累积性的冲刷,近坝段砂卵石河段冲刷强度先增强后减弱,沙质河段冲刷强度呈增强态势.三峡工程运行后不同河型演变特征归纳为：分汊河段江心洲以冲刷为主,上荆江河段内实施的航道整治工程稳定了江心洲形态,但面积受清水下泄的影响呈减小态势,枯水期主汊分流比呈减小态势,部分汊道发生了主支汊交替变化;下荆江及下游分汊河段江心洲面积虽然交替变化,整体上航道整治工程控制了江心洲规模;弯曲河段凸岸侧边滩以冲刷为主,急弯段的凹岸侧深槽淤积,微弯段凸岸边滩冲刷,对应的凹岸侧深槽相对稳定. 相似文献
3.
长江下游仪征河段处于枯季潮流界的上边界,揭示其汊道分流属性及滩槽联动演变机制,对河势控制工程及深水航道工程实践具有重要意义.本研究收集了1955—2021年水文泥沙及地形等资料,在汊道分流关系及调整成因上:世业洲右汊的分流属性为枯水倾向型汊道,即低流量时期分流比大于高流量时期;1959—2021年期间,世业洲右汊分流比经历了“稳定-下降-上升”的调整过程,上游河段滩槽格局调整及流域来沙减少引起的汊道间不均衡冲刷是分流关系调整的主因;流域流量过程调整、河道崩岸等综合影响引起1959—2017年期间世业洲右汊分流比为减小态势,航道工程实施起到了调控汊道关系的功能,世业洲右汊分流比为增加态势.在滩槽联动演变关系上:仪征河段进口段以展宽为主,世业洲左汊展宽程度大于右汊,左汊河床形态变化与进口段滩槽形态的一致性关系优于右汊,即上游进口段滩槽演变、流域来沙量减少等综合作用会加速了左汊发展;2015年南京以下12.5 m深水航道二期工程建设以来,工程区域淤积且洲体完整性增强,且深槽冲刷及河槽容积增大,表明航道工程已实现汊道分流关系及滩槽调控的功能. 相似文献
4.
三峡及上游梯级水库群运用后,大坝下游江心洲以冲刷为主,直接影响分汊河段河势条件及航道边界的稳定性。本文采用卫星遥感影像、实测水沙及固定断面床沙级配等资料,分析上荆江枝江、沙市河段中不同河床组成江心洲的演变过程及其机理。结果表明:(1)三峡水库蓄水后(2003—2019年),沙市段沙质江心洲较枝江段卵石夹沙质江心洲萎缩更为显著,出露面积的减幅分别达31%和24%。(2)以关洲和金城洲分别代表卵石夹沙质和沙质江心洲,三峡工程运用后关洲洲头形态较为稳定,受无序采砂的影响其沙质组成的洲尾面积显著减小,而金城洲面积萎缩程度更大。(3)床沙组成对江心洲冲刷程度差异具有重要影响,关洲洲头较金城洲抗冲性更强,与其床沙在年内达到起动条件的数量更少、时长更短有关;建立了江心洲面积与水流冲刷强度及相对水深的定量关系,该关系能综合考虑水沙变化与床沙组成调整的影响,能更好地反演近期江心洲的面积变化特点。 相似文献
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以三峡工程为核心的梯级水库群联合调度运用显著改变水沙条件,坝下游河段出现长时间、长距离的冲淤调整,长江中下游沙量平衡分析是合理评估水库群修建对河道影响的重要依据,是河湖管理与保护的关键支撑.本文基于长时间序列原型观测资料,采用沙量平衡法分析长江中下游不同时空尺度泥沙沿程恢复特征,对比断面地形法计算结果,结合河道空间区域性特征,从临底悬沙测验误差、断面代表性及断面间距、河道采砂等多角度深入揭示两种方法计算冲淤量产生差异的主要原因.结果表明:(1)2003-2018年宜昌至大通河段冲刷泥沙10.76亿t,其中粒径d<0.125 mm的泥沙冲刷量占比达90.9%.以螺山为界,宜昌至螺山段"粗细均冲",螺山至大通河段则"细冲粗淤";(2)宜昌至大通河段2003-2018年沙量平衡法与断面地形法计算冲淤量相对偏差为71%,从沿程差异分布来看,距离三峡大坝坝址较近的宜昌至沙市河段两方法计算绝对差值较小,而沙市至大通河段差值较大,占宜昌至大通全河段绝对偏差的近86%;(3)宜昌至沙市河段河道采砂量占实测河床冲刷量的比例约为20%,临底悬沙对输沙量的改正比例为13.2%~26.7%(平均约为20%),修正后,沙量平衡法、断面地形法计算结果吻合相对较好;沙市至大通河段泥沙测验、固定断面布设、河道采砂等是导致沙量平衡法与断面地形法出现差异的主要原因. 相似文献
6.
以往关于三门峡水库的研究多关注库区年际间的冲淤变化,而对汛期和非汛期库区冲淤分布研究较少。本文基于三门峡水库蓄清排浑运用以来1974 2018年实测水沙、断面及冲淤数据,研究汛期和非汛期库区冲淤重心的迁移、冲淤速率及其对潼关高程的影响。结果表明,蓄清排浑运用以来库区河道基本遵循汛期冲刷、非汛期淤积的演变规律。分别定义汛期最大冲刷速率和非汛期最大淤积速率发生的相邻两断面间的子河段为冲刷重心和淤积重心,汛期冲刷重心与非汛期淤积重心出现的位置基本对应,1974 2010年冲淤重心由距坝约90 km逐渐向坝前移动,平均下移速率约1～2km/a;2010年后冲淤重心逐渐上移,2017年位于坝上游约60～70 km,但冲淤强度明显减弱。淤积重心的位置主要受水库回水长度影响,冲刷重心主要与汛期水流能量相关,淤积重心位置迁移滞后于影响因子的变化约5年,而冲刷重心滞后时间约2年。潼关高程与潼关至太安段（潼太段）比降呈反比关系,比降越大,潼关高程越低,而当冲刷重心迁移至潼太段并影响其下段时,潼太段比降增大,利于潼关高程降低。1985年后回水范围和冲淤重心均位于潼关以下,潼关高程受冲淤重心影响较小。 相似文献
7.
小浪底水库于1999年运用以后,该河道经历了长时间持续冲刷过程.为掌握小浪底水库运用后黄河尾闾段洪水演进特点及河床冲淤规律,采用一维水沙数学模型研究是一条重要的途径.本研究首先采用浑水控制方程,建立了一维耦合水沙数学模型,并利用2003年利津-西河口段汛期实测水沙及汛前断面地形资料对该模型进行率定,计算的流量、水位及含沙量等过程与实测值吻合较好;然后采用2015年利津—汊3段汛期实测资料对该模型进行验证,结果显示水位与冲淤量计算值与实测值较为符合;最后基于2015年实测洪水过程,计算了若干组不同断面间距下的洪水演进及冲淤过程,分析了不同断面间距对沿程水位及河段冲淤量等计算结果的影响,结果表明:采用不同断面间距对水位计算结果影响较小,而对冲淤量计算结果会产生一定影响;在河段水沙及冲淤特性复杂的情况下,采用一维数学水沙模型计算时应考虑断面间距的选择. 相似文献
8.
三峡水库运行后长江中游洪、枯水位变化特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
流域大型水库蓄水后,坝下游河道调整过程中的洪、枯水位变化,对下游水安全、水生态和水资源利用影响甚大.利用1955-2012年长江中游各水文站水位、流量等资料,采用改进的时间序列分析方法,对三峡水库运行前后长江中游洪、枯水位变化特征进行了研究,结果表明:三峡水库蓄水前长江中游洪、枯水位变化的周期长度分别为9~14、11~15 a,在假设三峡水库运行后水位无趋势性变化的前提下,估算得到的水位变化周期长度基本在20 a以上,蓄水前的自然周期性已被打破,枯水位发生趋势性下降且无复归迹象,而洪水位波动周期虽有所延长,但上升幅度未超过历史波动变幅,仅可确定洪水位没有明显的下降趋势.三峡水库蓄水后坝下游长距离冲刷,枯水河槽冲刷量占平滩河槽的比例逐年增加,累计至2013年已达91.5%,是枯水位下降的主控因素.河槽冲刷导致的床沙粗化增加了河道床面阻力,高程在平滩水位附近的滩体上覆盖的大量植被增加了水流流动阻力,同时大量航道整治、护岸、码头等工程主体部分布设在枯水位以上,综合因素作用使得洪水河槽阻力增加.三峡水库蓄水后,虽然枯水期流量补偿作用显著削弱了枯水位下降的效应,但枯水位下降事实已经形成,不利于航道水深的提高及通江湖泊枯水期的水量存蓄,洪水位未明显下降,同级流量下的江湖槽蓄量不会明显调整. 相似文献
9.
三峡水库是控制和开发长江的重要工程,具有巨大的防洪、发电、航运等综合效益.水库排沙比是反映水库拦截泥沙程度的重要指标.针对目前三峡水库排沙比计算没有考虑三峡水库区间来沙,结果偏大的问题,依据三峡水库区间水文站2003-2016年实测水文资料,采用水文学法估算了三峡水库区间月、年入库输沙量,分析了三峡水库排沙效果及主要影响因素.结果表明：1）三峡水库区间年均来沙量约1775×104 t,占总入库沙量的10.3%,近年来沙占比有所增大,其中2013-2016年来沙量占总入库沙量的26.9%;2）三峡水库年均排沙比为21.6%,其中围堰蓄水期为34.1%,初期蓄水期为17.0%,试验性蓄水期为15.4%;3）三峡水库采用"蓄清排浑"方式运行,主汛期7-9月的排沙比一般大于枯季,但2013年以后,出现了主汛期排沙比小于枯季的现象;4）入库细颗粒泥沙的排沙比大于粗颗粒泥沙,其中粒径d ≤ 0.062 mm的细颗粒泥沙排沙比为23.4%,0.062 mm0.125 mm的中粗沙排沙比分别为5.5%和11.1%;5）三峡水库排沙比汛期主要受V/Q影响,枯季主要受入库含沙量的影响;当V/Q约为170×104 s时,水库排沙效果最差;分别建立了汛期和枯季排沙比经验计算式.本文的研究成果可为三峡水库水沙优化调度等提供参考. 相似文献
10.
三峡大坝下游粗细颗粒泥沙输移规律及成因 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
以三峡下游河段为研究对象,利用1987-2014年原型观测数据,分析粗细颗粒在时间和空间的输移过程,并以水文站作为划分单元探讨其成因.三峡水库蓄水后坝下游d≤0.125 mm(细颗粒)各粒径组沙量沿程递增,并小于蓄水前均值;d0.125 mm(粗颗粒)沙量在宜昌—监利河段得到补给,其下游为淤积趋势,其中2003-2007年至监利站恢复程度最大.在成因上:(1)宜昌—沙市河段,河床粗化限制了粗细颗粒泥沙补给,其中细颗粒补给受制于总水量,粗颗粒受制于大流量持续天数和量值;(2)沙市—监利河段,粗细颗粒补给均受制于总水量;(3)监利—螺山河段,洞庭湖入汇对细颗粒补给起决定作用,河床补给量中洪水年大于中枯水年,粗颗粒为淤积趋势,且中洪水年淤积量小于中枯水年;(4)螺山—汉口河段,细颗粒增加受河床补给决定,2008-2014年补给强度弱于2003-2007年,2010年前后粗颗粒泥沙由淤转冲,与大流量持续天数和量值增加有关;(5)汉口—九江河段,细颗粒泥沙淤积,粗颗粒因河床冲刷得到补给,大水年补给量高于枯水;(6)九江—大通河段,鄱阳湖入汇和河床补给对细颗粒增加的贡献比例为1∶2.82,河床冲刷对粗颗粒泥沙起补给作用,受大流量持续天数和量值影响. 相似文献
11.
Xiaoya Tang Sichen Tong Guoxian Huang Guangxiang Xu Xinghua Li Kun Lei Shiming Yao 《国际泥沙研究》2021,36(2):177-189
Construction of large dams is attractive because of their great benefits in flood control,hydropower generation,water resources utilization,navigation improvement,etc.However,dam construction may bring some negative impacts on sediment transport and channel dynamics adjustments.Due to the effects of recent water and soil conservation projects,sediment retention in the newly constructed large upstream reservoirs,and other factors,the sedimentation in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)is quite different from the amount previously predicted in the demonstration stage.Consequently,based on the measured data,characteristics of sedimentation and the related channel deformation in the TGR were analyzed.The results imply that sediment transport tended to be reduced after the Three Gorges Project(TGP).Sedimentation slowed dramatically after 2013 and indicated obvious seasonal characteristics.Due to the rising water level in the TGR in the flood season,the yearly sediment export ratio(Eratio)was prone to decrease.The water level near the dam site should be reasonably regulated according to the flow discharge to improve the sediment delivery capacity and reduce sedimentation in the TGR,and to try to avoid situations where the flood retention time is close to 444 h.The depositional belt was discontinuous in the TGR and was mainly distributed in the broad reaches,and only slight erosion or deposition occurred in the gorge reaches.Sedimentation in the broad and gorge reaches accounted for 93.8% and 6.2% of the total sedimentation,respectively.The estuarine reach located in the fluctuating backwater area experienced alternate erosion-deposition,with a slight accumulative deposition in the curved reach.Sedimentation mainly occurred in the perennial backwater area.The insight gained in this study can be conducive to directly understanding of large reservoir sedimentation and mechanism of channel adjustment in the reservoir region in the main channel of large river. 相似文献
12.
Relationship between the equilibrium morphology of river islands and flow-sediment dynamics based on the theory of minimum energy dissipation 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
River islands are vital geomorphic units in alluvial rivers, and the variation of their morphology and position plays a significant role in regulating flow-sediment transport and channel stability. Based on the theories of minimum energy dissipation theory of fluid movement and river morphodynamics, this study uses the river islands in anabranching channels to analyze the relationship between the shape coefficient of river island and the flow-sediment dynamics under stable equilibrium conditions... 相似文献
13.
《国际泥沙研究》2016,(2):131-138
Lateral migration is an important form of morphological changes on the Middle Yangtze River (MYR), particularly for the lower Jingjiang reach. The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has substantially reduced sediment supply to the downstream river channels since its impoundment in June 2003. The scientific understanding of how decrease of sediment influences the processes of bank erosion and channel adjustments is complex and limited. In the present paper, the morphological responses in a typical meandering and island-braided river segment of the MYR to the filling of the TGR were investigated by a 3-D morphodynamic model. The potential of the 3-D model has been demonstrated by the observed data. The morphological evolutions in the Shishou bend during the first 12 years of the TGR impound-ment were predicted. The effects of the TGR operation on the planform evolutions in the study reach were analyzed based on the simulated results. Sediment load is decreased by 75%due to the early filling of the TGR. The magnitude of bed degradation with less sediment load due to the TGR operation is increased compared with the pre-dam situation. Qualitatively, the overall planform evolution trends in the Shishou bend after the TGR operation are similar to that without the TGR operation. The magnitude of lateral migration has been increased in some part of the channel bend, where the morphological response of the TGR operation exhibits more lateral migration rather than vertical degradation. Scouring at the bank toe enhances bank failure. Decrease of sediment load and weak bank anti-scour ability as well as the significant helical flow can be responsible for intensified bank erosion in the channel bend. 相似文献
14.
Planform dynamics of the Iquitos anabranching structure in the Peruvian Upper Amazon River 
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下载免费PDF全文 Alejandro Mendoza Jorge D. Abad Christian E. Frias Collin Ortals Jorge Paredes Hugo Montoro Jorge Vizcarra Cesar Simon Gabriel Soto‐Cortés 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(7):961-970
The upper reach of the Amazon River has a very dynamic morphology, with the highest rates of migration observed in the entire Amazon River. It has an anabranching channel pattern which alternates between a condition of single channel and anabranching structures; in particular, the anabranching structure near Iquitos City shows an interesting channel behavior. Its channels migrate at different rates, where there are processes of narrowing and widening, and also collision and development of new channels. The temporal evolution of the Iquitos anabranching structure is described during the period from 1985 to 2014. The study is carried out by using satellite images to track the migration patterns, which are contrasted to the underlying geological units in the valley. Bathymetry of the structure and several velocity transects were obtained during a field campaign prior to the 2012 historic flood event. This information allowed for numerical modeling in order to compute the hydrodynamic flow field that complements the temporal analysis, aiming to understand the planform migration patterns after the 2012 flood event. It is observed that the geological units play an important role in modulating the migration rates and planform development of the channels. The channels in the structure are in contention to be the main channel, which become the secondary channel after migration. This causes the channels to experience a rise in bed elevation and narrowing of the channel itself; if this trend continues for several more years, these channels will detach from the Iquitos anabranching structure, thus forming paleo‐channels. This geomorphic process is important for horizontal and vertical soil heterogeneity along the floodplain. In general, the analysis shows a complex interaction between the underlying geological units, flow structure, morphology of the bed and planform migration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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典型枯水年长江干流硅的分布、输送与滞留 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
于特枯水情年对三峡水库溶解硅和长江干流自涪陵至河口段悬浮颗粒物、溶解硅、生物硅和叶绿素a浓度等进行调查.研究表明,在平水期和汛期末,长江干流水体溶解硅和生物硅浓度和通量在其上游受大坝"滞留"效应的影响呈现沿程降低的趋势,中、下游受"两湖"和汉江等的补充作用有明显升高.在枯水年,长江干流水体生物硅浓度占活性硅(溶解硅和生物硅之和)浓度的2%~5%,显著低于平水年的比例(13%),同时也低于世界河流的平均水平(16%).三峡水库在4-12月份减少溶解硅向下游的输送通量,而在1-3月份增加溶解硅的输送通量;水库在枯水年滞留了大约3%~6%的溶解硅.三峡水库内低的初级生产水平和高的生物硅再生速率是其难以对溶解硅形成有效滞留的主要因素.大坝下游会因清水下泄产生潜在的滞留效应,不过还需要更多的数据去量化. 相似文献
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In an effort to further our understanding of multiple channel systems, this paper presents data on the flood response of channels in one of the last wooded, semi-natural anastomosing systems in Europe. The Gearagh, Ireland, is characterized by hundreds of small islands separated by interconnected channels of low slope. These include channels that cross islands at right angles to the main flow and blind anabranching channels. Islands are relatively stable and wooded, with evidence of division by channel erosion and growth by in-channel sedimentation. Four active zone cross-profiles were surveyed, each containing between seven and 13 channels. Velocities were measured in several channels before and during two separate floods. From these observations channels have been categorised into three types: fast (shallow and trapezoidal); slow (deep and more irregular); and flood channels. During the floods, interchannel flows were caused by variations in water surface elevations due to backing-up behind debris dams, and it is suggested that this is the origin of the anomalous cross-island channels and one cause of island division. Another potential cause of island division, blind anabranching channels, is the result of concentrated bank scour between root masses. Biotic components such as debris dams, tree root masses and tree-throw pits play a key role in the partitioning of flow, and cause variations in channel velocities and the overbank velocity distribution. The implications of these observations for channel pattern maintenance are briefly discussed. 相似文献
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三峡水库蓄水引起库区水位抬升,水面面积显著增加,对区域水文循环过程产生了一定影响。为揭示三峡水库蓄水前后水面面积及蒸发损失变化规律,选取三峡库区坝前至寸滩区间作为研究区,利用Landsat影像数据提取1982—2021年水面面积,分区建立水位与面积关系曲线,进而推求库区逐日水面面积。在估计三峡库区水面面积的基础上,结合站点潜在蒸发资料推求水面蒸发损失量。研究结果表明:2010年三峡水库全面运行后,坝前至寸滩库区平均水面面积由蓄水前的372.96km2,增加到761.31km2,较蓄水前增加了1.04倍。同时,三峡水库的蓄泄调节改变了库区河段原有的水文节律,使得库区水面面积的季节性变化特征较蓄水前发生了显著变化。蓄水后,冬季水面面积最大,平均为843.81km2,较蓄水前增加了1.89倍;秋季、春季次之,水面面积分别为818.73和735.28km2,较蓄水前分别增加了97.17%和1.28倍;夏季水面面积最小,为653.03km2,较蓄水前仅增加了39.06%。水库全面运行后,... 相似文献
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三峡水库156m蓄水前后澎溪河回水区藻类多样性变化特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了解156 m蓄水前后三峡水库次级河流藻类多样性变化特征,对2007年7月至2008年1月澎溪河回水区的藻类种群结构的变化进行连续监测.基于三峡水库水位调度特点,将监测期划分为蓄水前、中、后三个时段,即7-9月、10月、11月至翌年1月,应用Shannon-Weaver多样性指数H’对藻类多样性进行评价,通过Connell中度扰动假说理论结合优势藻种探讨蓄水过程水动力变化及藻类多样性的变化特征.结果表明:2007年7-9月蓄水前H’均值为3.466±0.317,10月蓄水期则降为3.246±0.338,而11月蓄水后高水位阶段H’均值上升为3.431±0.352.蓄水前澎溪河回水区具有河流型特征,流量与降雨作为主要的物理扰动因子影响水体扰动强度,进而引起多样性变化.10月蓄水期间水位突升、流量骤降导致水体扰动强度加剧,较蓄水前藻类多样性下降.自11月蓄水后的高水位阶段,降雨较小、流量趋于稳定,水体扰动降低,多样性回升并维持在相对稳定的状态. 相似文献