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1.
大型高尾矿库隐患治理是"十三五"期间遏制重特大事故的重要任务和重点工程之一。高应力下尾矿材料的细观结构和宏观力学特性演化、大型尾矿坝沉积规律及复杂条件下高尾矿坝的劣化理论是其中的关键问题。为揭示尾矿细观结构特性,对尾矿材料进行了光学显微镜观察、电镜扫描和CT扫描处理,建立了尾矿材料的三维重构模型;为揭示高压下尾矿材料的力学特性,对尾矿进行了高应力三轴试验、高应力渗透固结联合试验,研究了高应力下尾矿材料的强度、渗透和固结特性;为揭示尾矿的沉积特性,进行了尾矿材料的大型模型试验,得到了矿浆流动、淤积形态、尾矿料物理力学性质的空间分布以及夹层结构在空间内的分布规律;为揭示高尾矿坝的失稳机制,通过理论分析与数值模拟,对高压下尾矿的强度准则进行了讨论,高尾矿坝的稳定性分析建议使用强度折减法;为揭示尾矿的排渗设施淤堵机制与服役性能,进行了尾矿-土工布渗透试验以及微观观测,发现细粒尾矿更容易产生物理淤堵,且化学淤堵程度与溶液中离子的种类和浓度有关;为了推进尾矿坝风险管控技术,搭建了尾矿库重大风险评估监测系统平台,以便实现尾矿库基础数据的提取、实时风险预警等智能化功能。通过以上坝体劣化理论研究、溃坝灾害评估与预警,提升了我国大型高尾矿库筑坝与灾害防控水平。 相似文献
2.
Karen A. Hudson-Edwards Mark G. Macklin Jerry R. Miller Paul J. Lechler 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2001,72(3)
The Río Pilcomayo rises on the Cerro Rico de Potosí precious metal-polymetallic tin deposits of Bolivia, and flows in a southeasterly direction for ca. 600 km to Bolivia's southern border with Argentina. Mining of the Potosí deposits has occurred continuously since 1545, generating large quantities of waste materials in the headwater of the basin. In addition, a tailings dam breach at the Porco mine in 1996 released an estimated 235 000 m3 of tailings and fluid into the upper reaches of the Río Pilaya, the largest tributary to the Pilcomayo.Concentrations of As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ag, Tl and Zn in contemporary channel sediments upstream of the Pilaya confluence are significantly elevated above background values. Elevated levels appear to be associated with pyrite- and other sulphide mineral-bearing tailings materials transported more than 200 km downstream of the Potosí mines. Significant downstream declines in elemental concentrations occur within 15 km, and again between 150 and 200 km, from the mines. The initial decrease in concentrations is due to the rapid dilution of nearly pure tailings effluent released to the river from milling facilities near Potosí. The latter decrease results from a combination of geomorphic processes including the storage of sediment-borne metals within the channel bed and the influx of ‘clean’ sediment from several large tributaries. Downstream of the Pilaya confluence, concentrations of Cu, Pb, Hg and Zn are only slightly elevated above background values, and Ag, Cd, Sb and Tl cannot be distinguished from background levels. These data suggest that while the Porco tailings spill may have had a significant short-term impact on sediment and water quality along the lower reaches of the Río Pilcomayo, its longer-term impacts were limited. Metals stored and eroded from alluvial deposits of historical age in upstream reaches appear to be an important source of metals to the river today. An additional, and perhaps more significant source, is the release of tailings effluent to the river from modern milling operations. The transport of these contaminants downstream of Icla (203 km from Potosí) appears to be restricted by aggradational processes occurring in the vicinity of Puente Sucre. In addition, downstream of the confluence of the Río Pilaya, inputs of large amounts of ‘clean’ sediment have caused dilution of the metal contaminants. Data from other studies where similar geomorphic processes have occurred suggest that the metals in the upper Pilcomayo may eventually be moved downvalley as the aggradational processes are reversed and channel stabilisation occurs. Thus, the most significant impacts of metal contamination may not be realised in downstream areas for decades. 相似文献
3.
我国原矿、精矿消费量和尾矿产出量巨大,这些矿产品中有毒有害污染物的溶解释放(称为"溶出")已经成为一个普遍存在的环境问题。本文阐述了目前国内外矿产品污染物溶出的研究现状,总结了研究矿产品中污染物溶出最常用的四种模拟试验方法(湿度室试验、淋滤柱试验、静态浸泡试验、萃取试验)的应用进展。湿度室试验可模拟自然风化过程,确定污染物溶出速率和产物;淋滤柱试验可模拟降水和喷淋过程,提供污染物吸附和解吸附动力学依据;静态浸泡试验可模拟被水浸泡过程,探明溶出规律和产物;萃取试验可对污染物进行形态分析,评估介质中污染物的流动性、稳定性等。污染物溶出的各种影响因素由强到弱依次是pH值、淋溶浸泡时间、温度、固液比、矿石粒径,多数情况下pH值越大、浸泡时间越长、温度越高、固液比越小、粒径越小越有利于污染物的溶出。溶出是一个长期和具有潜伏性的过程,其内部发生一系列物理化学反应,显示出与扩散效应不同的规律。目前这方面的研究对象还主要集中于废弃的尾矿,对经运输、堆放并在人类生活区使用的原矿、精矿产品的污染物溶出有待进一步研究,需要对其溶出污染进行预测和评估,采取有效措施控制和治理矿产品的污染。 相似文献
4.
Impact of AMD on water quality in critical watershed in the Hudson River drainage basin: Phillips Mine,Hudson Highlands,New York 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sivajini Gilchrist Alexander Gates Zoltan Szabo Paul J. Lamothe 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(2):397-409
A sulfur and trace element enriched U–Th-laced tailings pile at the abandoned Phillips Mine in Garrison, New York, releases
acid mine drainage (AMD, generally pH < 3, minimum pH 1.78) into the first-order Copper Mine Brook (CMB) that drains into
the Hudson River. The pyrrhotite-rich Phillips Mine is located in the Highlands region, a critical water source for the New
York metro area. A conceptual model for derivation/dissolution, sequestration, transport and dilution of contaminants is proposed.
The acidic water interacts with the tailings, leaching and dissolving the trace metals. AMD evaporation during dry periods
concentrates solid phase trace metals and sulfate, forming melanterite (FeSO4·7H2O) on sulfide-rich tailings surfaces. Wet periods dissolve these concentrates/precipitates, releasing stored acidity and trace
metals into the CMB. Sediments along CMB are enriched in iron hydroxides which act as sinks for metals, indicating progressive
sequestration that correlates with dilution and sharp rise in pH when mine water mixes with tributaries. Seasonal variations
in metal concentrations were partly attributable to dissolution of the efflorescent salts with their sorbed metals and additional
metals from surging acidic seepage induced by precipitation. 相似文献
5.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(3):661-667
This paper describes the geochemical testing of mine tailings sourced from the Black Swan Ni Mine located near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Acid–base accounting was used to provide an indication of the acid generating capacity of two kinds of mining tailings: disseminated-ore tailings from the Cygnet Tailings Dam Storage Facility (CTDSF) and massive-ore tailings from the Silver Swan Tailings Dam Storage Facility (SSTDSF). All of the tailings in SSTDSF have acid generating potential which is consistent with previous research reports. New findings in this paper reveal that approximately 16% of the tailings in CTDSF have the potential to be acid generating. In contrast, previous reports state that the disseminated-ore tailings are classified as non-acid forming. Most of the potential acid generating tailings in the CTDSF are found in the upper-middle sections of the tailings profile, but some are located at the bottom of the tailings dam. The upper-middle section of the tailings is oxidized because these tailings have interacted with atmospheric O2 and rain and surface water. Oxidation of the bottom tailings in the CTDSF may be due to infiltration of ground water into hidden fractures under the east bank of CTDSF, which caused these tailings to oxidize under closed and reduced conditions.The acid drainage in the tailings dam storage facility was observed 3 a, after the development of the Black Swan Nickel project. This delayed production of acid drainage was likely due to the slow rates of acid neutralization provided by alteration gouge minerals such as Mg/Fe-carbonates (magnesite–siderite series) associated with the Ni ores. The acid drainage leaking from the tailings dams has contaminated neighboring ground water via increased acidity and heavy metals.Because of the potential acid generation in some of the disseminated ore tailings, it is inadvisable to use disseminated ore tailings as cover materials in the storage facility to isolate the underlying potentially-acid-forming tailings from O2 and water, as proposed by previous research reports. 相似文献
6.
Geological impact of some tailings dams in Sardinia,Italy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This article deals with the results of a survey carried out in Sardinia on both active and abandoned tailings dams, and we also discuss the geological impact of tailings dams of two mines: the Masua mine, a large syngenetic Pb-Zn deposit located in Cambrian limestones, and the Montevecchio mine, a Pb-Zn vein deposit near a Hercynian granite intrusion. The characteristics and metal content of material in the dams were analyzed. A high contamination of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) was found both in the soils and water of Rio Montevecchio, a stream draining the tailings dams and other mining operations in the area.The study indicates that a control plan to minimize heavy metal pollution must be drawn up for all mines of the area, whether active or abandoned. 相似文献
7.
Tailings, waste products of the ore-dressing processes, are usually stored in a slurry form and pumped into sedimentation pond which is surrounded by natural heights and/or artificial walls. The database of International Commission of Large Dams and United Nations Environment Programme showed that several hundreds of tailings dam have failed since 1910. One of the reasons of these failures is slope instability. Construction of mine tailings dams in Turkey has started to increase, particularly in the recent decade. This paper focuses the study undertaken to assess the geotechnical characteristics and stability of downstream slope of a tailings dam at a copper-zinc mine in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. At the mine site there are two tailings dams located at two different elevations. The upper dam was completely filled and is out of service. Increasing amount of tailings filling the pond of the lower dam resulted in a limited storage, and therefore, it has been decided that heightening of the dam about 7 m to improve its storage facility would be necessary. For the purpose, a series of investigations in the vicinity of the tailings dam and some geomechanical laboratory tests were carried in conjunction with the use of empirical methods to determine mechanical properties of the current dam material, tailings and the rockfill material that will be used for heightening of the dam. The results of the static and pseudo-static stability analyses based on the methods of limit equilibrium and numerical modelling indicated that circular and non-circular failures are the most critical modes of failure for the dam and safety factor gradually decreases when the tailings rise up to a specific elevation in the pond. However, the ranges of the calculated safety factors from both methods are considerably similar and suitable for heightening of the dam by 7 m in terms of stability. The results suggest that any instability is not expected under both static and dynamic conditions after the current height of the tailings dam is increased by 7 m, if the slope geometry considered in the analyses is not changed and the tailings in the pond do not rise up to an elevation of about 475 m. In addition, magnitude of permanent settlement of the dam due to a probable earthquake was also assessed using two empirical methods and the results from both methods showed similar amount of settlements which were in tolerable limits. 相似文献
8.
《Applied Geochemistry》2002,17(8):1105-1114
Tailings from the Macraes Au mine cyanidation process are stored in an impoundment about 0.6 km2 and 80 m deep whose pH is maintained near 8 by the neutralizing capacity of the gangue minerals. The tailings are sandy (>50 μm particles), have a hydraulic conductivity of about 10−2 m/day, and contain 0.1–1.0 wt.% S and 0.1–1.5 wt.% graphitic C from the primary deposit. Concentrations of As in the pore water of the mixed tailings, which are a combination of various tailings types, range from 0.1 to 20 ppm, HCO3- is 100 to 200 ppm, and dissolved SO4 is 100–1700 ppm. The mixed tailings will be stored in this impoundment in perpetuity after mining ceases. Confidence in the long-term pH stability of these tailings can be gained from examination of mineralogically and chemically similar geological analogues in the immediate vicinity. A sequence, typically about 5 m thick, of sands and gravels derived from the Macraes mineralized zone 12–28 ka ago contains rounded detrital sulfide mineral grains which are unoxidized despite their close proximity to the surface and the occasional incursion of oxygenated waters. These sediments have a hydraulic conductivity of about 10−4 m/day. Saturating water pH is currently 7–8. Sands with 0.2–0.8 wt.% organic C host SO4-reducing bacteria (SRB), and local cementation by authigenic framboidal pyrite has occurred. SRB were found in water-saturated sediments with decreased hydraulic conductivity and alkaline and anoxic conditions. These bacteria are involved in the formation of authigenic framboidal pyrite, reducing the cycling of dissolved Fe in the sediments. Carbon is not a limiting factor in this process as organic matter is present in the sandstone and ground water contains up to 180 ppm HCO3-. Comparison of the 28 ka old sediments with the modern tailings suggests that the chemical behaviour of the two will be similar, possibly with the crystallization of authigenic pyrite in the tailings over the long term. As long as the present slightly anoxic and circumneutral pH environmental conditions are maintained in the mixed tailings impoundment, sulfide decomposition and acidification are unlikely. 相似文献
9.
A. Mlayah E. Ferreira da Silva F. Rocha Ch. Ben Hamza A. Charef F. Noronha 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2009
In the Northwest of Tunisia, mining works have occurred in an area of vital water reserves and resources (Oued Mellègue and Oued Mejerda), which represent nearly 81% of total potential of water in the region. Demographic growth, insufficient drinkable water, agriculture and industrial plants are factors responsible for the strong demand of this resource. Water supply is done by an interconnected battery of dams built on the major watercourses, the first of which, the Mellègue dam, was erected in the 1960s. Nowadays, most of the mines are closed for almost two decades although one is still active: (Jerissa for Fe). It is important to emphasise the fact that there are millions of cubic metres of abandoned tailings, mainly from Pb–Zn–Ba mines, which are not surveyed, representing a serious threat to the environment. 相似文献
10.
There is growing recognition among political ecologists of the need to examine shifting natural resource regimes and their
effects on livelihoods in “First World” places. This emerging literature has variously examined the “Third World within,”
the persistence of “subsistence activities” in the “First World,” and the “reterritorialization” of land tenure and access.
However, much of this work has tended to focus on traditional extractive industries in the American West, indigenous claims
to lands and resources in the U.S. and Canada, and non-timber resources on public lands. In contrast, we use a case study
of African-American sweetgrass basket-makers, associated with the Gullah culture, in South Carolina’s lowcountry to examine
the ways in which ongoing amenity-driven residential development is fundamentally reshaping resource access on private lands.
Historically, basket-makers harvested the materials (primarily sweetgrass or Mulenbergia filipes) needed for their culturally
important art form from accessible, rural, and privately held tracts of land in close proximity to their communities, but
development pressures and changes in resident interpretation of property rights has decreased access to basket-making resources.
The case is particularly illuminating, as it examines the emergence of ‘conservation subdivisions’ in the region and raises
important questions about what “rural uses” and users are being conserved through responses to exurban, suburban, and urban
development in formerly rural areas. 相似文献
11.
云南省个旧地区锡多金属矿以锡矿资源闻名于世界,自20世纪50年代以来,经历大规模矿产开发,目前共有尾矿库31座,积存尾矿超过1.9亿t。面对数量如此巨大的潜在资源与污染源,查明尾矿中元素的含量、分布特征及其控制因素显得尤为重要。本文针对个旧地区尾矿类型复杂、成矿及共伴生元素多样等特点,以"面上控制、重点剖析"的原则,采用概查和详查两种调查方法,对矿区内的尾矿库进行了系统的地球化学调查,完成了19个尾矿库的概查和2个尾矿库的详查工作,取得了如下认识:(1)个旧矿区不同尾矿库间的物质成分和元素含量差别较大。同一尾矿库中元素分布也不均匀,在横向上和垂向上均有分异性;(2)入选矿石类型、排砂过程中的重力分选作用和选矿工艺的差异是影响尾矿库中元素分布的主要因素;(3)总结和梳理了一套尾矿地球化学调查方法技术;(4)个旧矿区尾矿中成矿与伴生元素Sn、Cu、Fe、Pb、Zn、In、Ga、As等元素含量普遍较高,具有巨大潜在利用价值,同时As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn等元素对周边环境存在较大风险,值得重视。 相似文献
12.
A. Gabriel Villavicencio Pierre Breul Claude Bacconnet Daniel Boissier A. Raúl Espinace 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2011,29(6):1073-1084
Dams are often used for storing mine tailings. These structures present failure mechanisms that can lead to major risks for
surrounding populations. In view to managing these risks, it is necessary to take a probabilistic approach in predicting their
behaviour. The application of such approaches is limited by the difficulty of obtaining experimental data to estimate the
variability of the parameters and conditioned by the relevance of the probability models chosen to represent this variability.
This article proposes (1) a probabilistic modelling of the index properties of the mine tailings constituting these dams based
on statistical analyses and (2) a method using dynamic penetration tests to estimate on site the mine tailings friction angle
and its variability. This method, applied to chilean tailings dams proposes a single model for all tailings dams in order
to associate a probability law to the effective friction angle (ϕ′). The procedure is illustrated on the probabilistic study
of slope stability carried out at the global scale of a dam and also at the local scale of each of its constituent layers. 相似文献
13.
柿竹园千吨尾矿库尾矿中锡的赋存状态研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
截至2004年,柿竹园多金属矿山约有1万多吨的锡未被回收而进入了尾矿库,开展尾矿中锡的赋存状态研究对综合回收利用尾矿,解决矿产资源短缺问题具重要的意义。本文用ICP-MS、XRF、XRD、激光粒度仪、电子探针等实验手段,研究了柿竹园千吨尾矿库中Sn的赋存状态和分布特征。结果发现尾矿中Sn分布较均匀,随深度的变化不大。在较细粒尾矿中Sn主要以独立锡石和石榴子石中类质同象的形式存在,在较粗粒尾矿中主要是以类质同象形式存在。 相似文献
14.
15.
Anthony Bebbington 《Geoforum》2012,43(6):1152-1162
Based on the 2011 Annual Cultural and Political Ecology Specialty Group Lecture, this paper makes the case for a political ecology of the subsoil. Arguing that subsoil resources have received comparatively little attention within the wider corpus of political ecological writing, the paper explores several ways in which the extraction of mineral and hydrocarbon resources is constitutive of, and constituted by, wider capitalist political, economic and institutional arrangements. Drawing on material from El Salvador and the Andean countries, the paper explores the contemporary governance of extractive industries, and points to significant convergence among the approaches taken by neoliberal and ostensibly post-neoliberal regimes alike. The intersections between the extractive economy, livelihoods and patterns of social protest are also explored. Through these examples, the paper also highlights the ways in which “activist political ecologists” play important roles in counter-movements seeking to re-govern the extractive economy. These countermovements are found in both civil society and different parts of the state. Such activist political ecologists are central to the broader enterprise of an “underground political ecology” and are often vital to the success of scholarly interventions in such political ecologies. 相似文献
16.
《Applied Geochemistry》2003,18(2):221-239
The Aznalcóllar tailings dam at Boliden Apirsa's Aznalcóllar/Los Frailes Ag–Cu–Pb–Zn mine 45 km west of Seville, Spain, was breached on 25 April 1998, flooding approximately 4600 hectares of land along the Rı́os Agrio and Guadiamar with approximately 5.5 million m3 of acidic water and 1.3×106 m3 of heavy metal-bearing tailings. Most of the deposited tailings and approximately 4.7×106 m3 of contaminated soils were removed to the Aznalcóllar open pit during clean-up work undertaken immediately after the spill until January 1999. Detailed geomorphological and geochemical surveys of the post-clean-up channel, floodplain and valley floor, and sediment and water sampling, were carried out in January and May 1999 at 6 reaches representative of the types of river channel and floodplain environments in the Rı́o Guadiamar catchment affected by the spill. The collected data show that the clean-up operations removed enough spill-deposited sediment to achieve pre-spill metal (Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Tl, Zn) concentrations in surface sediment. These concentrations, however, are still elevated above pre-mining concentrations, and emphasise that mining continues to contaminate the Agrio-Guadiamar river system. Dilution by relatively uncontaminated sediment appears to reduce metal concentrations downstream but increases in metal and As concentrations occur downstream, presumably as a result of factors such as sewage and agriculture. River water samples collected in May 1999 have significantly greater dissolved concentrations of metals and As than those from January 1999, probably due to greater sulphide oxidation from residual tailings with concomitant release of metals in the warmer early summer months. These concentrations are reduced downstream, probably by a combination of dilution and removal of metals by mineral precipitation. Single chemical extractions (de-ionised water, CaCl2 0.01 mol l−1, CH3COONH4 1 M, CH3COONa 1 M and ammonium oxalate 0.2 M) on alluvial samples from reaches 1 and 6, the tailings, pre-spill alluvium and marl have shown that the order of sediment-borne contaminant mobility is generally Zn>Cd>Cu>Pb>As. Pb and As are relatively immobile except possibly under reducing conditions. Much of the highly contaminated sediment remaining in the floodplain and channel still contains a large proportion of tailings-related sulphide minerals which are potentially reactive and may continue to release contaminants to the Agrio–Guadiamar river system. Our work emphasises the need for pre-mining geomorphological and geochemical data, and an assessment of potential contributions of contaminants to river systems from other, non-mining sources. 相似文献
17.
《Applied Geochemistry》1999,14(6):747-759
A study of O2 penetration and pore water geochemistry of the flooded tailings at Stekenjokk has been performed. The results show that there is a diffusion of elements from the tailings pore water to the overlying water. The presence of elements such as Ca, Mg, S, Si, Ba and Sr are likely the result of diffusion of older process water trapped in the tailings. Oxygen concentrations in the tailings measured with microelectrodes show that there is O2 available down to 16 to 17 mm depth in the tailings. Pore water analyses show that there are subsurface maxima for the elements Cu, Zn, Ni, Co and Cd at depths of 0.25 to 2.75 cm. The highest concentrations of almost all elements were found where previously oxidised material was deposited before the flooding. Lower pH is measured in the uppermost part of the tailings compared with the pond water and the tailings pore water at depth. Oxidation of sulphides in the uppermost part of the tailings is probably occurring. A decrease in oxidation rate can be expected in the future due to deposition of organic material at the tailings surface. Flooding seems to be an efficient remediation method at Stekenjokk. 相似文献
18.
A laboratory study of covers made of low-sulphide tailings to prevent acid mine drainage 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Covers with capillary barrier effects (CCBE) are considered to be one of the most effective ways to control acid mine drainage (AMD) production from mine wastes. The use of low-sulphide tailings in CCBE has been proposed recently for cases where other types of material may be unavailable near the mining site. This paper presents leaching column test results showing that CCBEs with a moisture-retaining layer made of slightly reactive tailings, with three different sulphide contents, can effectively limit the production of AMD from the acid-generating tailings placed underneath. With these layered covers, the leachate pH was maintained near neutrality throughout the testing period. When compared to uncovered tailings, the efficiency of the cover systems for reducing the amount of contaminants in the percolated water was determined to be greater than 99% for zinc, copper and iron. This study shows that the use of low-sulphide tailings can improve the ability of a CCBE to limit gas diffusion by consuming a fraction of the migrating oxygen. 相似文献
19.
铜矿和钨矿在经过开采和选矿过程后产生大量的尾砂,尾砂的抗剪强度直接影响到尾砂筑坝的稳定安全性和材料的创新利用。尾矿库现场取回尾砂的级配曲线不同于选矿产生的全尾砂,选用合适的尾砂抗剪强度参数以及对不同尾砂抗剪强度的比较和分析有助于评估尾矿库的溃坝安全性。为了深入研究铜、钨两种尾砂的抗剪强度及异同点,针对不同粒径范围的铜、钨尾砂进行了直剪试验、X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜分析。直剪试验结果表明,干燥尾砂表现出无黏性土的强度性质,相同粒组尺寸的铜尾砂抗剪强度要高于钨尾砂的抗剪强度;铜尾砂和钨尾砂在含水率为15%情况下的抗剪强度表现出一定的黏聚力,使其抗剪强度相对于干燥状态下提高了16.7%~83.8%;随着含水率从10%增加到20%,细粒钨尾砂的内摩擦角变化不大,含水量的增加使得钨尾砂的黏聚力较明显地减小并使得抗剪强度降低。X射线衍射分析结果显示铜尾砂和钨尾砂都以石英为主晶相,其余矿物成分大都是以硅酸盐为主的次生矿物;5000倍扫描电镜照片显示细粒尾砂颗粒的表面附着一定量的黏土矿物,黏土矿物的存在导致了尾砂抗剪强度随含水率增加而发生变化。 相似文献