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为揭示湿地变化剧烈区湿地格局变化过程及规律,利用GIS和RS技术,结合地学信息图谱与空间自相关方法,对1954-2010年三江平原沼泽湿地格局变化及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:1954-2010年三江平原沼泽湿地面积逐渐减少,88.7%的沼泽湿地丧失,湿地斑块数量呈先增加后减少的趋势;三江平原沼泽湿地的空间聚集性逐渐降低,且空间格局由集中连片分布转变为零星散布;降雨量减少、气温升高及径流量减少,是造成沼泽湿地减少的主要原因之一,地形地貌影响到沼泽湿地的丧失程度,以海拔20~80 m的沼泽湿地面积丧失最多。三江平原沼泽湿地的丧失同时受农业开发、居民点分布、湿地保护区建设影响,距居民点越近,沼泽湿地面积丧失呈指数增加,距保护区越近,沼泽湿地面积丧失越多。 相似文献
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为从景观生态角度揭示江汉平原水域空间变化和影响因素,利用GIS和生态统计技术,通过土地利用转移、空间自相关、景观指数和冗余分析等方法,对2000—2020年江汉平原水域空间格局演变及其驱动因素进行研究。结果表明：2000—2020年,由于人造地挤占耕地、耕地挤占水域空间,江汉平原水域面积减少了36%;水域全局和局部莫兰指数变化明显,边界密度急剧减小,四湖流域等局部水域空间聚集度和连通性显著下降;降水、气温以及耕地和人造地解释了水域景观变化的45.8%,其中降水和气温影响微弱,连片耕地侵占是水域面积减少的主要原因之一,人造地对水域破碎化贡献更大更直接。2000年以来江汉平原水域面积变化显著,分布趋于破碎,形状复杂度和连通性降低,表征农业活动和城镇化的耕地和人造地对水域景观格局影响更为剧烈。 相似文献
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20世纪70年代以来东北三省湿地动态变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以1976年MSS、2001年ETM和2007年CBERS为数据源,利用人机交互目视解译和野外检验方法获取湿地数据,在GIS技术的支持下,利用动态度、转移矩阵、景观格局指数和质心迁移模型,揭示了东北三省湿地景观的时空变化特征。结果表明:30年来东北三省天然湿地大量减少,趋于复杂化;人工湿地快速增加,趋于大规模规则化;大量沼泽湿地转化为人工养殖种植景观;尽管近期在降水增多及采取湿地保护措施下使天然湿地略有增加,但海岸湿地退化趋势仍较明显。 相似文献
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基于CA-Markov模型的吉林省西部土地利用景观格局变化趋势预测 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Markov模型与CA模型均为时间离散、状态离散的动力学模型,CA模型具有模拟复杂系统空间变化的能力,Markov模型具有长期预测的优势。CA-Markov耦合模型既可进行长期预测,又可有效地模拟空间变化。以吉林西部为例,以RS-GIS技术为支撑进行土地利用遥感解译,得出1989年和2004年两期土地利用景观格局分布图;在此基础上利用CA-Markov耦合模型,进行了土地利用景观格局变化趋势预测。结果表明:与1989—2004年的变化趋势一样,到2019年,水田、旱田、居民地和盐碱地面积分别比2004年增加,高、中、低覆盖草地、水域和湿地面积分别比2004年减少。增加的盐碱地主要是在原盐碱地的基础上扩张,侵占草地、水域和湿地,其分布主要集中在中部的地势低洼地带,大安市、通榆县、长岭县和乾安县的盐碱地将连成片,生态环境被严重破坏。修正的Lee-Sallee指数为0.64,表明CA-Markov模型模拟精度较高,该模型预测土地利用景观格局变化是可行的。 相似文献
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大兴安岭北部地区由于在高纬、高海拔双重因素作用下,形成了独特的山地沼泽类型。首先使用Logistic回归模型分析了沼泽湿地与18种环境因子(11种地形因子和7种气候因子)的关系,结合CGCM3未来气候模型(加拿大气候模拟和分析中心推出的第三代全球气候耦合模型)预测未来分布,然后利用Fragstats软件计算景观格局的变化。所建模型具有很高的预测精度(ROC为0.96),预测结果表明:到2100年,SRESB1情景下,大兴安岭北部沼泽的潜在分布面积减少54.16%,南部相对平坦的丘陵和山间平原的沼泽大量消失;SRESA1B情景下,面积减少59.62%,南部林区的沼泽几乎全部消失;SRESA2情景下,面积减少73.51%,沼泽几乎完全退化到北部海拔较高处。另外,沼泽景观格局随气候变暖,平均斑块面积变小,形状指数减小,聚集度减少但幅度不大,这说明沼泽分布趋于破碎化,斑块的形状趋向于简单化,沼泽分布由边缘向中心收缩。 相似文献
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资源型城市景观生态风险的时空分异:以乌海市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究大型露天煤矿开采对西北干旱荒漠区景观生态风险的影响,以及资源型城市转型背景下的时空动态,以资源衰退型的内蒙古自治区乌海市及周边县域为研究区,结合现有景观生态风险评价中的干扰度、脆弱度指标,增加受威胁指数来综合构建资源型城市景观生态风险评价框架。基于乌海市2005—2015年景观类型数据,从时间和空间上分析景观生态风险及其动态。结果显示:(1)2010—2015年景观类型之间转移相较于2005—2010年更剧烈,年变化强度分别为7.43%和3.44%,工矿用地与城市建设用地最活跃,但年增加强度减小。(2)林地、水域和湿地损失度先略增加后大幅度减小,其他土地和草地损失度呈增加趋势,工矿用地先减小后略增加;城市建设用地和工矿用地受威胁指数最大,其余类型的景观受威胁指数均有上升趋势,但其他土地、水域和湿地增加趋势逐渐减慢。(3)2005—2015年景观生态风险指数升高,空间分布总体呈西、中部高而南北低的格局,而不同等级风险区表现为低风险区由边缘向中心转移,而高风险区依托原有高风险区扩展。研究期风险区变化显著的是西部沙地高风险区,矿区东部其他土地因周围分布灌丛和草地,风险始终低于西部其他土地。根据不同风险等级中工矿用地的面积占比情况,将工矿用地占比控制在5%以内可达到控制总体景观生态风险的目的。研究为资源型城市通过合理的景观配置进行生态风险管控提供了依据。 相似文献
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以景观格局视角出发借鉴PSR模型,构建基于压力—状态—响应的环鄱阳湖城市群空间冲突测度模型框架,运用空间统计、数理分析等相关方法对环鄱阳湖城市群的空间冲突强度水平、时空分异特征及演变规律进行研究。设置“生态优先”“经济优先”“规划限制”三种不同城市发展预测情景,借助斑块生成土地利用模拟模型(PLUS模型)模拟三种预测情景下的土地利用空间格局,同时分析不同情景下的城市空间冲突分布状况,并结合研究结果与城市发展现状,提出缓解城市空间冲突的优化策略与建议。结果表明：(1)受到空间压力、空间结构状态以及空间格局等波动变化的影响,环鄱阳湖城市群的空间冲突强度整体呈现大幅度上升趋势。(2)较低冲突区主要分布在研究区域西部、东部的山地,且主要位于研究区域边界地区,呈块状分布;较高冲突区零散分布于整个研究区域内的核心城市内部;低冲突区与高冲突区占比最高,且均呈片状分布在较低冲突区与较高冲突区的过渡区域。(3)生态优先情景下,生态结构优势明显,整体空间冲突强度最低;非生态优先情景下,建设用地扩张使得生态用地发展受到限制,空间冲突强度增加明显。(4)增加森林覆盖率,提升生态用地的面积,降低城市建设用地发展... 相似文献
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大连滨海湿地景观格局变化及其驱动机制 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以2000年和2006年TM卫星影像为主要数据源,配合其它非遥感数据,在遥感与地理信息系统技术支持下,运用景观生态学原理,选取反映景观空间结构和景观异质性的指数,对大连地区湿地的整体景观格局和类型景观格局及其动态变化进行定量分析.结果表明:6年间,大连湿地面积减少了97.62 km2;整体景观多样性指数和均匀度指数降低,优势度指数增加;各类景观格局时间序列上也存在明显差异性变化.湿地景观格局指数的变化, 反映了移山填海工业园区的扩大及养殖业的大力发展等人为活动对景观格局的深刻影响.人为活动已成为大连市湿地景观格局变化的主要驱动因子. 相似文献
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20世纪70年代以来,湿地研究成为国际环境科学和生态学研究的热点领域之一。尤其是景观生态学的兴起为湿地研究注入了新的活力,为在区域尺度上开展湿地的综合研究起到了启发和指导作用。空间格局、生态过程与尺度之间的相互关系是景观生态学研究的核心内容。同样,从景观尺度上来研究湿地空间格局与生态过程及其相互关系是当前湿地科学的研究热点。对景观格局与生态过程的研究方法、湿地主要生态过程、湿地景观格局与生态过程相互关系等方面的国内外研究进展进行了综述。最后分析了目前湿地景观格局与生态过程相互关系研究中存在的问题与不足,未来湿地生态过程以及湿地格局与生态过程相互关系的研究热点及发展趋势。 相似文献
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Camille L. Stagg Donald R. SchoolmasterJr. Sarai C. Piazza Gregg Snedden Gregory D. Steyer Craig J. Fischenich Robert W. McComas 《Estuaries and Coasts》2017,40(3):856-879
Above- and belowground production in coastal wetlands are important contributors to carbon accumulation and ecosystem sustainability. As sea level rises, we can expect shifts to more salt-tolerant communities, which may alter these ecosystem functions and services. Although the direct influence of salinity on species-level primary production has been documented, we lack an understanding of the landscape-level response of coastal wetlands to increasing salinity. What are the indirect effects of sea-level rise, i.e., how does primary production vary across a landscape gradient of increasing salinity that incorporates changes in wetland type? This is the first study to measure both above- and belowground production in four wetland types that span an entire coastal gradient from fresh to saline wetlands. We hypothesized that increasing salinity would limit rates of primary production, and saline marshes would have lower rates of above- and belowground production than fresher marshes. However, along the Northern Gulf of Mexico Coast in Louisiana, USA, we found that aboveground production was highest in brackish marshes, compared with fresh, intermediate, and saline marshes, and belowground production was similar among all wetland types along the salinity gradient. Multiple regression analysis indicated that salinity was the only significant predictor of production, and its influence was dependent upon wetland type. We concluded that (1) salinity had a negative effect on production within wetland type, and this relationship was strongest in the fresh marsh (0–2 PSU) and (2) along the overall landscape gradient, production was maintained by mechanisms at the scale of wetland type, which were likely related to plant energetics. Regardless of wetland type, we found that belowground production was significantly greater than aboveground production. Additionally, inter-annual variation, associated with severe drought conditions, was observed exclusively for belowground production, which may be a more sensitive indicator of ecosystem health than aboveground production. 相似文献
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Tampa Bay Coastal Wetlands: Nineteenth to Twentieth Century Tidal Marsh-to-Mangrove Conversion 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Currently, mangroves dominate the tidal wetlands of Tampa Bay, Florida, but an examination of historic navigation charts revealed dominance of tidal marshes with a mangrove fringe in the 1870s. This study's objective was to conduct a new assessment of wetland change in Tampa Bay by digitizing nineteenth century topographic and public land surveys and comparing these to modern coastal features at four locations. We differentiate between wetland loss, wetland gain through marine transgression, and a wetland conversion from marsh to mangrove. Wetland loss was greatest at study sites to the east and north. Expansion of the intertidal zone through marine transgression, across adjacent low-lying land, was documented primarily near the mouth of the bay. Generally, the bay-wide marsh-to-mangrove ratio reversed from 86:14 to 25:75 in 125?years. Conversion of marsh to mangrove wetlands averaged 72?% at the four sites, ranging from 52?% at Old Tampa Bay to 95?% at Feather Sound. In addition to latitudinal influences, intact wetlands and areas with greater freshwater influence exhibited a lower rate of marsh-to-mangrove conversion. Two sources for nineteenth century coastal landscape were in close agreement, providing an unprecedented view of historic conditions in Tampa Bay. 相似文献
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Aaron T. David Pascale A. L. Goertler Stuart H. Munsch Brittany R. Jones Charles A. Simenstad Jason D. Toft Jeffery R. Cordell Emily R. Howe Ayesha Gray Michael P. Hannam William Matsubu Erin E. Morgan 《Estuaries and Coasts》2016,39(5):1491-1504
Compared to benthic and water-column invertebrate assemblages, considerably less is known about terrestrial arthropods inhabiting estuarine wetlands despite their importance to tidal wetland biodiversity and productivity. We also need to know more about how human modification of estuaries, including efforts to restore estuarine wetlands, affects these assemblages. To address this knowledge gap, we assembled data from multiple studies on terrestrial arthropod assemblages from 87 intertidal wetland sites in 13 estuaries along the west coast of North America. Arthropods were sampled between 1998 and 2013 with fallout traps deployed in wetlands for 1 to 3 days at a time. We describe patterns in the abundance and taxonomic composition of terrestrial arthropods and evaluate the relative ability of natural and anthropogenic factors to explain variation in abundance and composition. Arthropod abundance was highly variable. Vegetation assemblage, precipitation, and temperature best explained variation in arthropod abundance, while river discharge, latitude, and developed and agricultural land cover surrounding sampling sites were less important. Arthropod abundance rapidly achieved levels of reference wetlands after the restoration of tidal influence to leveed wetlands, regardless of surrounding land cover. However, arthropod assemblage composition was affected by the amount of developed land cover as well as restoration age. These results suggest that restoration of tidal influence to leveed wetlands can rapidly restore some components of estuarine wetland ecosystems but that recovery of other components will take longer and may depend on the extent of anthropogenic modification in the surrounding landscape. 相似文献
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不同水资源情景下干旱区未来土地利用/覆盖变化模拟——以黑河中上游张掖市为例 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
应用回归分析方法确定对研究区土地利用/覆盖变化有重要贡献的10种驱动因子,用线性规划方法确定模型输入文件中模拟期间每年的各种土地利用类型面积.用ArcView空间分析的方法建立驱动力文件,利用SPSS13.0软件分析每种驱动力的权重(β值),建立Logistic方程,并将其作为模型输入文件.建立可利用水资源总量分别为18.0×108m3,26.5×108m3,35.0×108m3的3种情景假设,应用CLUE-S模型模拟张掖市2001-2020年土地利用/覆盖变化变化.模拟结果显示:1)三种情景下,耕地的面积都在减少,耕地面积的减少量与可利用水资源总量呈负相关;2)林草地面积在3种情景下均增加,林草地面积的变化与可利用水资源总量呈正相关;3)在3种情景假设下,水域面积的变化都不明显;4)城镇用地面积变化与水量也呈正相关;5)未利用地面积持续减少. 相似文献
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胶州湾滨海湿地的景观格局变化及环境效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在湿地景观类型分类基础上,利用RS及GIS技术提取了1986、1995和2010年胶州湾滨海湿地的Landsat卫星假彩色合成影像的空间属性数据,利用斑块动态度、斑块密度指数、景观多样性指数、斑块破碎化指数研究了胶州湾滨海湿地的景观格局变化及累积环境效应。结果表明,1986～2010年胶州湾滨海湿地总面积减少,河流与河口湿地面积稍有增大,潮间带滩涂和潮上带湿地面积和斑块数减小;养殖池面积增大、斑块数增多,盐田面积减小、斑块数基本未变,增加了湿地公园这种新的人工湿地景观类型。期间,湿地的景观斑块密度指数、多样性指数和景观斑块破碎化指数增大了。上述湿地面积和景观格局变化是由围垦、城市化、港口和道路建设、河流径流量和输沙量减少、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、全球变暖、海面上升等因素引起的,并导致湿地生物多样化水平下降、有害植物入侵、环境净化功能降低、污染和赤潮灾害加重、植被退化演替、渔业资源衰退和湿地生态系统服务价值降低等累积环境效应。为减轻这些不利的累积环境效应,应采取建设湿地自然保护区、控制养殖池和盐田规模、发展工业循环经济和生态农业等措施保护胶州湾滨海湿地。 相似文献
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Changes in groundwater tables brought about by sea level increases in the Delaware River Basin (near Philadelphia) about 2,500 years B.P., initiated wetland development at the Princeton-Jefferson Branch of the Woodbury Creek marshes. Continual increases in sea level pushed groundwater tables further upward, and by approximately 800 years B.P., groundwater tables had risen to the upper limits for woody vegetation at the site. By the time European settlers arrived in the late 1600s nontidal sedge marshes dominated the site. Upon arriving colonists began manipulating the hydrology of the Delaware River Basin by constructing dams and dikes for flood control. Soon many areas were cut off from direct contact with the river. During the next one and one-half centuries sea level continued to rise, and because of channelization of the Delaware River the tidal range doubled. During the early 1900s flood control structures began to fail allowing tidal waters to periodically inundate these protected sites. At that time the site was dominated by a Quercus-Castanea swamp forest with hummocks of Cyperaceae interspersed throughout. In 1940 the dike surrounding the Princeton-Jefferson marsh collapsed and the site was immediately inundated with tidal waters on a regular basis. Within a short period of time tidal freshwater marsh developed and has continued to the present day. It is clear from this investigation that changes in hydrology brought about by cultural modifications have been directly responsible for the ontogeny of this tidal marsh. The influence cultural impacts have had on wetland development at the Princeton-Jefferson marsh suggest that it may be necessary to reevaluate the extent humans have modified the development and structure of the present day upper Delaware River estuary. Although the ability to discern historic vegetation zonation patterns is limited, these marshes can record individual events that have shaped these wetlands through time. Due to differences in the structure of the plant community, rates of decomposition, and processes of accretion, Redfield’s model (1972) of tidal salt marsh development does not apply to the Princeton-Jefferson marsh. Along a submerging coast, the development of tidal freshwater marsh in many estuaries may be necessary for the establishment of brackish and salt marshes by creating and maintaining a suitable habitat for the eventual colonization of more salt-tolerant plant species. The roles these wetlands have played in the development of the estuaries has been underestimated in the past. 相似文献
18.
Nature-based solutions are rapidly gaining interest in the face of global change and increasing flood risks. While assessments of flood risk mitigation by coastal ecosystems are mainly restricted to local scales, our study assesses the contribution of salt marshes and mangroves to nature-based storm surge mitigation in 11 large deltas around the world. We present a relatively simple GIS model that, based on globally available input data, provides an estimation of the tidal wetland’s capacity of risk mitigation at a regional scale. It shows the high potential of nature-based solutions, as tidal wetlands, to provide storm surge mitigation to more than 80% of the flood-exposed land area for 4 of the 11 deltas and to more than 70% of the flood-exposed population for 3 deltas. The magnitude of the nature-based mitigation, estimated as the length of the storm surge pathway crossing through tidal wetlands, was found to be significantly correlated to the total wetland area within a delta. This highlights the importance of conserving extensive continuous tidal wetlands as a nature-based approach to mitigate flood risks. Our analysis further reveals that deltas with limited historical wetland reclamation and therefore large remaining wetlands, such as the Mississippi, the Niger, and part of the Ganges-Brahmaputra deltas, benefit from investing in the conservation of their vast wetlands, while deltas with extensive historical wetland reclamation, such as the Yangtze and Rhine deltas, may improve the sustainability of flood protection programs by combining existing hard engineering with new nature-based solutions through restoration of former wetlands. 相似文献
19.
吉林西部向海湿地环境退化及驱动机制研究 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
向海湿地位于半干旱的吉林西部平原区,特殊的地理位置和水文条件决定了湿地处于动态变化之中.在自然和人为驱动影响下,系统结构和功能发生明显的退化趋势,湿地面积缩小、调节功能削弱,区域荒漠化发展迅速.通过对湿地发育的环境背景条件分析,剖析了湿地退化的现状及驱动机制,水陆界面的脆弱性是湿地退化的环境背景条件,而气候干旱化、上游水的大量截流、水利工程设施及土地资源的不合理开发利用等自然、人为因素的耦合作用,加速了湿地的退化过程.基于湿地退化的现状和驱动机制,河流湿地退化的恢复必须从湿地的水文功能出发,考虑水资源的循环和转化,制定水资源综合利用方案及生态技术和生态工程措施. 相似文献
20.
R. Eugene Turner 《Estuaries and Coasts》2011,34(5):1084-1093
Although the broadly observed increase in nutrient loading rates to coastal waters in the last 100 years may increase aboveground
biomass, it also tends to increase soil metabolism and lower root and rhizome biomass—responses that can compromise soil strength.
Fourteen different multiyear field combinations of nutrient amendments to salt marshes were made to determine the relationship
between soil strength and various nitrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen+phosphorus loadings. There was a proportional decline
in soil strength that reached 35% in the 60- to 100-cm soil layer at the highest loadings and did not level off. These loading
rates are equivalent to those in the flow path of the Caernarvon river diversion, a major wetland restoration project near
New Orleans; 12% of the wetlands in the flow path were converted to open water in 2005. The increased nutrient loading from
the Mississippi River watershed this century has also driven the formation of the low oxygen zone (the “Dead Zone”) that forms
off the Louisiana–Texas shelf each summer. These results suggest that improving water quality in the watershed will aid the
restoration of both offshore waters and coastal wetland ecosystems. 相似文献