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1.
松辽盆地中部后裂谷早期正断层系形成机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在松辽盆地后裂谷早期的沉积地层里广泛发育着一个长度相对短、走向变化相对大的正断层系.大庆太平屯区块高精度三维地震勘探结果的构造研究表明, 该层伸展率可达0.0594±0.0209, 由此向上或向下发生明显的减少.这与裂谷盆地地层的伸展率自下而上一般呈单调递减是不一致的, 意味着单纯的区域拉伸不能够解释这种反常现象.笔者认为在成岩过程中沉积物可能发生的体积收缩应该是导致这种伸展率异常的主要原因.文中分析了造成体积收缩的3种可能机制: 生烃、伊利石化脱水和压实收缩, 其中最主要的是压实收缩机制.此外, 构造应力场也明显地影响着该断层系的形成, 造成断层走向分布具有一定的方向性. 相似文献
2.
砂箱实验模拟了正向和外向裂谷的三维演化过程，裂谷作用的方位角α（α为裂谷轴和伸展方向之间的夹角）分别取90°（正向裂谷）、75°、60和45°（斜向裂谷）。实验模型分别在水平和垂向上做切面。正向裂谷模型以长、直的边界断层和内断层与拉伸方向正交为特征。外向裂谷模型以短、分段的边界断层和内部断层为特征。在科向裂谷模型中，边界断层呈雁行排列，并与基底伸展带平行；裂谷内断层与伸展方向大角度相交。在中度外向和斜向裂谷（α＝60°和45°）中，随着拉伸量的增加，裂谷内断层朝着平行于边界断层方向发生旋转。在所有实验中都没有发现走滑或斜滑断层。所有模型中，裂谷边界断层和内部断层沿走向分段，在断层重叠部位形成中继断坡构造。共轭正断层组成的调节带能够实现裂谷系统走向方向上半地堑不对称性的转变和沉降中心的错开。实验产生的断层样式可与现代年轻裂谷中断层样式进行很好的对比，在这些现代裂谷中，也没有发现由基底控制的走滑或科滑转换断层。实验模型得出断层的几何形态可以作为识别正向和斜向裂谷中断层样式的样板。 相似文献
3.
简述了大陆伸展构造的研究历史,并从基本概念、构造样式、变形机制和动力背景等方面对大陆伸展构造进行了综述.伸展是大陆构造一种主要类型,并以正断层为主形成多种构造样式,如地堑、裂谷、拆离断层和变质核杂岩等.大陆伸展的变形机制包括纯剪切、简单剪切及分层剪切模式,并由此产生对称与非对称构造.大陆伸展构造的地表表现形式主要为裂谷或变质核杂岩,两者的形成主要取决于岩石圈的流变学结构.大陆伸展的动力学背景主要包括地幔柱上涌、俯冲板片反转与俯冲带后撤、增厚地壳的重力垮塌以及走滑体系的派生拉张等. 相似文献
4.
中国新生代的伸展构造 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
本文简要论述了中国新生代的伸展构造。新生代期间,中国东部在板块的分离运动和伸展构造作用下发生了区域裂陷,起初由于地壳残薄引起地壳沉降,随后由于热缩减使沉降加速进行。在中国西部,尤其是青藏高原,裂谷系发生在一个以板块聚合运动为主的造山环境中,因大陆碰撞和地体横向逃逸以及巨大的陆内转换边界而相应发生裂谷作用。中国的伸展构造可归为15个地堑系,东部11个,西部4个。它们呈现不同的构造样式:线形裂谷、盆—岭构造和走滑断裂伴生的拉分盆地。本文讨论了中国大陆拉伸作用的几何特征、伸展的运动学和机制。塔魔尼尔(Tapponnier)等提出(1982)的新生代挤出构造模式很好地解释了中国西部的构造轮廓和地堑系的构成。然而,考虑到早第三纪中国东部盆—岭区总的应变格式,一种大尺度的简单剪切运动模式可能比纯剪断裂模式更为可取。 相似文献
5.
塔里木盆地南华纪—震旦纪盆地类型及早期成盆构造背景 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对比塔里木盆地南华系—震旦系盆缘露头和盆内岩心,辅以全盆地震解释成果的制约探讨盆内震旦系分布特征,同时结合大地构造背景恢复探讨其早期原型盆地及构造演化。塔里木陆块在罗迪尼亚超大陆聚合过程中加入较晚并且于南华纪最早裂离,发育新元古代冰碛岩和多期火成岩事件,大陆裂谷广泛发育,在盆地东北和西南地区优先发育,塔东南阿尔金地区进入寒武纪后开始发育。盆地南北缘差异明显,南华—震旦纪北部发育伸展断陷,并且在东北部发生强烈伸展,塔里木北部存在东西向裂谷以及满加尔拗拉谷,震旦系主要分布在塔里木盆地北部,该地区为主要的沉积中心,北部沉积在盆地中部地区尖灭,南部地区可能长期为隆起剥蚀区,南缘在新元古代晚期可能涉及陆缘的俯冲增生改造抬升。 相似文献
6.
中西非裂谷系是沿中非剪切带及邻区发育的一系列中新生代裂谷盆地,其成因机理一直存在争议。中西非裂谷系的构造演化主要经历了三个演化阶段,其中在早白垩世进入强烈断陷期,是盆地形成的重要阶段。以早白垩世中西非裂谷系的地质背景为基础,运用弹性力学有限元数值模拟方法,通过应力场和应变场的分析,为中西非裂谷系形成的力学机制提供依据。模拟结果表明,早白垩世非洲大陆内部走滑和伸展作用并存,中非剪切带不是所谓的"转换断层",而是与中西非裂谷系同时形成和发育的构造。中西非裂谷系是在中新生代泛大陆裂解时期,非洲板块绕西北非地块逆时针旋转,非洲内部不同地块在统一构造应力场作用下,由于伸展和走滑的差异作用形成和发育的。 相似文献
7.
8.
尼日尔三角洲位于非洲大陆西海岸的几内亚湾,由尼日尔河注入大西洋形成的,是世界上最大的三角洲之一。它发育于冈瓦纳大陆裂解形成的中、西非裂谷系和大西洋被动大陆边缘交汇部位,主体位于大西洋洋壳之上,部分位于非洲前寒武纪结晶基底之上。中、西非中生代裂谷系通过控制贝努埃-尼日尔河系的发育,间接控制三角洲的形成演化。尼日尔三角洲是一个进积型三角洲,具有典型的进积三角洲沉积序列,自下而上依次是海相页岩(Akata组)、近海三角洲相砂岩-页岩互层(Agbada组)和陆相冲积砂岩(Benin组)。三个岩石地层单位均规律性穿时,向洋方向变新。尼日尔三角洲层序中发育一大型重力滑动构造。该重力滑动构造的主滑脱面位于Akata海相页岩中,可以划分出前缘挤压构造变形区和后缘拉张伸展构造变形区。挤压构造变形区发育褶皱冲断带,伸展构造变形区发育堑垒构造,两者之间的过渡带发育滑脱褶皱。尼日尔三角洲的重力构造伴生有广泛发育的泥构造。重力动构造的形成可能与新生代喀麦隆火山带(Cameroon volcanic line)有一定的关系。 相似文献
9.
宽裂谷是一类重要的大陆伸展构造样式,野外工作与物理模拟、数值模拟相结合是研究宽裂谷构造样式的主要方法。国外学者对宽裂谷进行了较多研究,集中于其形成与持续时间、构造样式、岩浆活动特征等方面。试图在广泛的国内外文献综合分析的基础上,介绍宽裂谷的定义及其构造特征,通过盆岭省和爱琴海盆地的地质剖面验证宽裂谷构造样式,进而分析其成因机制。宽裂谷的形成受控于区域性的低角度拆离面,它同时控制了变质核杂岩的发育,拆离面之上发育高角度断层控制的掀斜断块。控制宽裂谷构造样式的参数主要有:伸展应变速率及地壳组成、初始的地壳厚度和岩石圈热状态、岩石圈的机械不稳定程度、岩石圈抗张强度与重力的对比关系。动力学机制上,宽裂谷可能主要由被动裂谷成因机制控制;运动学机制上,宽裂谷通常由简单剪切或简单剪切与纯剪分层拆离机制控制。以期对认识中国东北地区宽裂谷系统的构造样式与成因提供帮助。 相似文献
10.
裂谷构造的形成、演化和油气分布(上) 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
使地壳产生变形的应力作用共有四类,即挤压、拉张、剪切和升降作用.其中拉张作用形成的裂谷构造是全球范围性的,其规模并不亚于挤压型构造.由于它们大多数是油气生成和聚集的场所,广大石油地质工作者愈来愈加重视研究这类构造.本文试图从板块构造观点讨论裂谷构造的形成、演化和油气分布.二、裂谷构造的形成和演化裂谷构造的形成与区域引张作用有关.在威尔逊旋回的各个阶段和各种不同的板块构造环境中,均可以见到这类裂谷的形成.它们是:1.与大陆裂开和漂移作用有关的裂谷;2.与俯冲作用有关的弧后裂谷;3.与大陆碰撞作用有关的裂谷. 相似文献
11.
A compilation of new and existing gravity data, as well as geophysical and geological data, is used to assess the cumulative effects of multiple rifting episodes on crustal and upper mantle density structures beneath the Uganda-Kenya-Ethiopia-Sudan border region. This compilation includes new gravity and geological data collected in 1990 in south-western Ethiopia. Variations in the trends and amplitudes of Bouguer gravity anomalies reveal three overlapping rift systems: Mesozoic, Paleogene and Miocene-Recent. Each of these rift systems is a number of 40–100 km long sedimentary basins, and each system is approximately 1000 km long. The Bouguer anomaly patterns indicate that the Ethiopian and East African plateaux and corresponding gravity anomalies are discrete tectonic features. Models of structural and gravity profiles of two basins (Omo and Chew Bahir basins) suggest that pre-Oligocene (Cretaceous?) strata underlie 3 km or more of Neogene-Recent strata within the northern Kenya rift, and that more than 2 km of Neogene-Recent strata underlie parts of the southern Main Ethiopian rift. The superposition of perhaps three rifting episodes in the Lake Turkana (Omo) region has led to 90% crustal thinning (β ≈ 2). 相似文献
12.
The current geodynamics and tectonophysics of the Baikal rift system (BRS) as recorded in lithospheric stress and strain are discussed in the context of self organization of nonlinear dissipative dynamic systems and nonlinear media. The regional strain field inferred from instrumental seismic moment and fault radius data for almost 70,000 MLH ⩾ 2.0 events of 1968 through 1994 shows a complex pattern with zones of high strain anisotropy in the central part and both flanks of the rift system (the South Baikal, Hovsgöl, and Muya rift basins, respectively). The three zones of local strain anisotropy highs coincide with domains of predominantly vertical stress where earthquakes of different magnitudes are mostly of normal slip geometry. Pulse-like reversals of principal stresses in the high-strain domains appear to be nonlinear responses of the system to subcrustal processes. In this respect, the BRS lithosphere is interpreted in terms of the self organization theory as a geological dissipative system. Correspondingly, the domains of high strain anisotropy and stress change, called rifting attractor structures (RAS), are the driving forces of its evolution. The location and nonlinear dynamics of the rifting attractors have controlled lithospheric stress and strain of the rift system over the period of observations, and the same scenario may have been valid also in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic rifting history. The suggested model of a positive-feedback (fire-like) evolution of nonlinear dynamical systems with rifting attractors opens a new perspective on the current geodynamics and tectonophysics of the Baikal rift system. 相似文献
13.
塔里木盆地西南部南华纪裂谷体系的发现及意义 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过系统的地震资料解释,首次在塔西南地区发现南华纪裂谷体系。该裂谷平面上呈NW-SE走向的长条状,长约450km,宽约70~110km。剖面上为一箕状盆地,西南边界为一大型正断层,是裂谷沉积的同沉积断层,裂谷沉积向西南逐渐加厚,向东北逐渐减薄,沉积中心靠近裂谷的西南边界,构成一大型半地堑构造。其中,南华系是一套典型的生长地层,是裂谷沉积的主体;震旦系为裂谷晚期-后裂谷期沉积。塔西南南华纪裂谷是罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解过程中形成的,其油气勘探价值非常值得期待。 相似文献
14.
Interaction of an antecedent fluvial system with early normal fault growth: Implications for syn‐rift stratigraphy,western Corinth rift (Greece) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Continental ‘overfilled’ conditions during rift initiation are conventionally explained as due to low creation of accommodation compared with sediment supply. Alternatively, sediment supply can be relatively high from the onset of rifting due to an antecedent drainage system. The alluvial Lower Group of the western Plio–Pleistocene Corinth rift is used to investigate the interaction of fluvial sedimentation with early rifting. This rift was obliquely superimposed on the Hellenide mountain belt from which it inherited a significant palaeorelief. Detailed sedimentary logging and mapping of the well‐exposed syn‐rift succession document the facies distributions, palaeocurrents and stratigraphic architecture. Magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy are used to date and correlate the alluvial succession across and between fault blocks. From 3·2 to 1·8 Ma, a transverse low sinuosity braided river system flowed north/north‐east to east across east–west‐striking active fault blocks (4 to 7 km in width). Deposits evolved downstream from coarse alluvial conglomerates to fine‐grained lacustrine deposits over 15 to 30 km. The length scale of facies belts is much greater than, and thus not directly controlled by, the width of the fault blocks. At its termination, the distributive river system built small, stacked deltas into a shallow lake margin. The presence of a major antecedent drainage system is supported by: (i) a single major sediment entry point; (ii) persistence of a main channel belt axis; (iii) downstream fining at the scale of the rift basin. The zones of maximum subsidence on individual faults are aligned with the persistent fluvial axis, suggesting that sediment supply influenced normal fault growth. Instead of low accommodation rate during the early rift phase, this study proposes that facies progradation can be controlled by continuous and high sediment supply from antecedent rivers. 相似文献
15.
中国东部及邻区早白垩世裂陷盆地构造演化阶段 总被引：60，自引：0，他引：60
早白垩世是中国东部及邻区强烈的伸展裂陷和岩石圈减薄时期。根据裂陷盆地几何形态特征和展布型式 ,将早白垩世裂陷盆地分为泛裂陷型 (燕山—松辽断陷盆地群、蒙古断陷盆地群等 )、狭窄型 (沂沭裂谷系、伊兰—伊通裂谷带 )和菱形状型 (胶莱盆地、三江盆地、鸡西盆地等 ) 3种类型。通过综合分析和对比不同类型裂陷盆地沉积序列和构造演化历史 ,结合郯庐断裂带和秦岭—大别造山带白垩纪构造演化历史的研究成果 ,区分了中国东部早白垩世 2个显著不同的引张裂陷阶段和一个构造挤压反转阶段。早白垩世早期引张裂陷阶段 ( 1 4 0～ 1 2 0Ma)形成了宽广展布的燕山—松辽断陷盆地系和蒙古断陷盆地系 ,沿郯庐断裂带发生右旋走滑活动 ,控制了断裂带西侧南华北伸展走滑盆地和东侧胶莱、三江等和沿敦—密断裂带走滑拉分盆地的发育 ;早白垩世中期引张裂陷阶段 ( 1 2 0～ 1 0 0Ma) ,沿郯庐断裂带中、北段发生裂谷作用 ,形成沂沭裂谷系和伊兰—伊通裂谷带 ;早白垩世晚期 ( 1 0 0～ 90Ma)在区域NW SE向挤压应力场作用下 ,所有早白垩世裂陷盆地发生不同程度的构造反转 ,沿郯庐断裂发生强烈的左旋走滑运动。最后指出 ,太平洋古板块向东亚大陆边缘俯冲诱发的大陆岩石圈底侵作用、拆沉作用、地幔底辟和对流 ,以及来自西部块体 相似文献
16.
The southwestern Japan Sea and the margin of southwestern Japan feature parallel elongate extensional sub-basins and grabens. These structures are oblique to the trend of southwestern Japan and are interpreted as the remnant of an en-echelon array. Such a right-stepping remnant en-echelon pattern indicates sinistral rifting of the southwestern Japan block from Asia. The major extensional fault trends are parallel over a distance of 600 km. Infinitesimal kinematic relations show that it is unlikely that these faults initiated in response to rotation about the nearby pole determined from paleomagnetic studies. Rather, an earlier stage of rifting about a distant pole is indicated. The rotational pole of this early rifting was probably located at least 6000 km away from the rift and the pole of rotation was offset from the rift trend by a similar distance. Rifting about this distant rotational pole loosened the southwestern Japan continental block from the Asian mainland making it susceptible to a large rotation about a nearby pole. 相似文献
17.
Close relationships between deformation and volcanism are well documented in relatively late evolutionary stages of continental rifting, whereas these are poorly constrained in less mature rifting stages. To investigate the control of inherited structures on faulting and volcanism, we present a statistical analysis of volcanic features, faults and pre‐rift fabric in the Tanzania Divergence, where volcanic features occur extensively in in‐rift and off‐rift areas. Our results show that in mature rift sectors (Natron), magma uprising is mostly controlled by fractures/faults responding to the far‐field stress, whereas the distribution of volcanism during initial rifting (Eyasi) is controlled by inherited structures oblique to the regional extension direction. Off‐rift sectors show a marked control of pre‐rift structures on magma emplacement, which may not respond to the regional stress field. Thus, the use of off‐rift magmatic features as stress indicators should take into account the role of pre‐existing structures. 相似文献
18.
N.N. Puzyrev M.M. MandelBaum S.V. Krylov B.P. Mishenkin G.V. Krupskaya G.V. Petrick 《Tectonophysics》1973,20(1-4):85-95
The largest rift zone of Europe and Asia is located in the region of Lake Baikal. In 1968–1970 deep seismic measurements were carried out along a number of profiles with a total length of about 2000 km within the rift zone and in the adjacent parts of the Siberian platform and the region of the Baikal Mountains. These investigations were of a reconnaissance nature, and therefore the point sounding method was used.A low-velocity region for compressional waves (7.6–7.8 km/sec) has been found and could be traced over a large area in the upper parts of the mantle. The width of this anomalous zone is 200–400 km. The Baikal rift lies in its northwestern part. Within the studied part of the Siberian platform the thickness of the earth's crust is 37–39 km, while in the rift zone it is 36 km, and further to the southeast the crust-mantle boundary lies at a depth of 45–46 km. The Baikal rift proper is bounded in the northwest by a deep fracture zone and does not seem to be associated with any significant “root” or “antiroot” in the relief of the Mohorovi?i? discontinuity.The reduced compressional velocity in the upper parts of the mantle beneath the Baikal zone is considered to correspond to the same phenomena found under the mid-oceanic ridges and the extended rift system in the Basin and Range province of North America. The Baikal rift in the narrow sense of the word lies over the northwestern edge of the anomalous mantle region. This asymmetric position seems to be its main peculiarity. 相似文献
19.
裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式的控制——以西非裂谷系Termit盆地下白垩统为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Termit盆地位于尼日尔东南部,属于西非裂谷系的北延部分,是发育于前寒武系—侏罗系基底之上的中、新生代裂谷盆地。该盆地早白垩世—古近纪经历了"裂谷—坳陷—裂谷"的构造演化过程及"陆相—海相—陆相"的沉积演化过程,表现为晚白垩世大规模海侵、早白垩世和古近纪两期裂谷叠置的特点。基于构造作用影响裂谷盆地层序发育的观点,分析了Termit盆地下白垩统裂谷阶段内的层序地层充填样式。根据裂谷作用的强弱,将早白垩世裂谷阶段划分为裂谷初始期、裂谷深陷期及裂谷萎缩期3个阶段。裂谷初始期层序断裂活动弱,构造沉降小,长轴物源体系较为发育,陡坡带为加积至退积型河流或三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育加积型河流或三角洲体系。裂谷深陷期层序断裂活动强烈,构造沉降大,陡坡带形成退积型水下扇或滑塌扇沉积,缓坡带发育退积型三角洲体系,盆地中心为泥岩充填。裂谷萎缩期层序断裂活动减弱并趋于停止,陡坡带为进积型扇三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育进积型三角洲体系。研究表明:裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式具有明显的控制作用,以构造作用为主线的裂谷盆地层序地层分析方法,能有效预测沉积体系和储层分布。 相似文献
20.
William Bosworth 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1994,83(4):671-688
Large areas of north-east Africa were dominated by regional extension in the Late Phanerozoic. Widespread rifting occurred in the Late Jurassic, with regional extension culminating in the Cretaceous and resulting in the greatest areal extent and degree of interconnection of the west, central and north African rift systems. Basin reactivation continued in the Paleocene and Eocene and new rifts probably formed in the Red Sea and western Kenya. In the Oligocene and Early Miocene, rifts in Kenya, Ethiopia and the Red Sea linked and expanded to form the new east African rift system.This complex history of rifting resulted in failed rift basins with low to high strain geometries, a range of associated volcanism and varying degrees of interaction with older structures. One system, the Red Sea rift, has partially attained active seafloor spreading. From a comparison of these basins, a general model of three-dimensional rift evolution is proposed. Asymmetrical crustal geometries dominated the early phases of these basins, accompanied by low angle normal faulting that has been observed at least locally in outcrop. As rifting progressed, the original fault and basin forms were modified to produce larger, more through-going structures. Some basins were abandoned, others experienced reversals in regional dip and, in general, extension and subsidence became focused along narrower zones near the rift axes. The final transition to oceanic spreading was accomplished in the Red Sea by a change to high angle, planar normal faulting and diffuse dike injection, followed by the organization of an axial magma chamber. 相似文献