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1.
The Folk&Ward (F&W) and the log-hyperbolic methods are applied to a small - and easy to overlook - number of typical sand sized grain-size distributions from the Danish Wadden Sea. The sand originates from the same source, and the pattern of change in the grain-size distributions is, therefore, exclusively linked to dynamic sorting. In general, the F&W parameters reflect the observed grain-size trends far better than the corresponding log-hyperbolic parameters. The log-hyperbolic “typical log grain size”, ν, is sensitive to changes in skewness and cannot replace mean grain size, Mz, in grain-size trend analysis. The four log-hyperbolic parameters describing dispersion δ, τ− 1, κ− 1 and ζ are not able to give an unambiguous picture of spreading trends. The F&W sorting parameter, Sd, can therefore not be replaced by any of the log-hyperbolic parameters in grain-size trend analysis. In skewed grain-size distributions, there seems to be a general defect in the log-hyperbolic approximation of the best represented tail. This makes χ less sensitive to indicate the correct sign of slightly skewed grain-size distributions than Sk. However, when examining trends, the relative change between χ and Sk by and large seems to be the same. The log-hyperbolic peakedness parameter, ξ, is preferable to the F&W peakedness (kurtosis) parameter, Kg, because the latter is hypersensitive to small, insignificant variations in a grain-size distribution. By contrast, the concept of peakedness as defined by ξ, seems to relate more directly to sedimentary environmental conditions. In conclusion, the log-hyperbolic method has both advantages and disadvantages when compared with the F&W method. It is thus suggested that a sensible combination of the two methods could be advantageous to sediment trend analysis. 相似文献
2.
Grain sorting in gravel-bed streams and the choice of particle sizes for flow-competence evaluations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Flow-competence assessments of floods have been based on the largest particle sizes transported, and yield either the mean flow stress, mean velocity, or discharge per unit flow width. The use of extreme particle sizes has potential problems in that they may have been transported by debris flows rather than by the flood, it may be difficult to locate the largest particles within the flood deposits, and there are questions concerning how representative one or a few large particles might be of the transported sediments and therefore of the flood hydraulics. Such problems would be eliminated for the most part if competence evaluations are based on median grain sizes of transported sediments, or perhaps on some coarse percentile that is established by a reasonable number of grains. In order to examine such issues, the gravel-transport data of Milhous from Oak Creek, Oregon, and of Carling from Great Eggleshope Beck, England, have been analysed in terms of changing grain-size percentiles with varying flow stresses. A comparison between these two data sets is of added interest because the bed material in Oak Creek is segregated into well-developed pavement and subpavement layers, while such a layering of bed materials is largely absent in Great Eggleshope Beck. The analyses show that the trend of increasing sizes of the largest particles in the bedload samples (diameter Dm) with increasing flow stresses is consistent with similar dependencies based on sieve percentiles ranging from the medians (D50) to the 95th percentiles (D95). This indicates that the largest particles are an integral part of the overall distributions of bedload grain sizes, and respond to changing flow hydraulics along with the rest of the size distribution. In Oak Creek, the median grain size shows the largest change with increasing flow stresses, followed by D60, and so on to D95 which shows the smallest change. The variations in Dm continue this trend, and are similar to those for D95. This systematic variation of grain-size percentiles in Oak Creek is consistent with changes in the overall distributions which tend to be symmetrical and Gaussian for low discharges, but become skewed Rosin distributions for high discharges. In contrast, in Great Eggleshope Beck the several percentiles and Dm show the same rate of shift to coarser sizes as flow stresses increase. This results in part from differences in sampling techniques wherein the bedload samples from Great Eggleshope Beck represent a complete flood event, while shorterterm samples at a specific flow stage were obtained in Oak Creek. As a result of the integrated sampling in Great Eggleshope Beck, the bedload grain-size distributions are more complex, commonly with a bimodal pattern. However, after accounting for differences in sampling schemes in the two streams, contrasting patterns in changing grain-size distributions remain, and these are concluded to reflect grain sorting differences as the bedload grain-size distributions approach the distributions of the bed materials. It is surprising that if criteria commonly employed to demonstrate the equal mobility of different grain sizes are used in the comparison, then Great Eggleshope Beck is far closer to this condition in spite of its minimal development of a pavement. It is concluded that the respective shapes of the bed-material grain-size distributions, in particular their degrees of skewness, are more important to the observed sorting patterns than are the effects of a pavement layer regulating grain entrapment to produce an equal mobility of different grain sizes. Therefore, the comparison has established that flow-competence relationships will differ from one stream to another, depending on the pattern of grain sorting which is a function of the bedmaterial grain-size distribution. 相似文献
3.
Breaks in the slope of log-probability plots of cumulative grain-size distributions of bed material are compared with frequency distributions of bedload and suspended sediment over a range of discharges at two stations on the Platte River in south-central Nebraska. The break between suspension and intermittent suspension as determined from the bed-material curve coincides with the upper limit of the grain-size overlap between bedload particles and suspended-sediment particles, whereas the break between intermittent suspension and traction corresponds to the grain size at the lower limit of overlap of bedload particles and suspended-sediment particles. Although grain-size distributions of bedload change little with discharge, the size of the coarsest grains in suspension increases with increasing discharge. Thus, the length of overlap of bedload and suspended-sediment distributions increases with increasing discharge. The limits of grain-size overlap of bedload and suspended-sediment distribution curves associated with near-flood discharges most closely approximate the breaks in the bed material grain-size distribution. 相似文献
4.
Ricardo Hernandez-Moreira Sadegh Jafarinik Sydney Sanders Christopher G. St. C. Kendall Gary Parker Enrica Viparelli 《Sedimentology》2020,67(4):1951-1972
Turbidity current and coastal storm deposits are commonly characterized by a basal sandy massive (structureless) unit overlying an erosional surface and underlying a parallel or cross-laminated unit. Similar sequences have been recently identified in fluvial settings as well. Notwithstanding field, laboratory and numerical studies, the mechanisms for emplacement of these massive basal units are still under debate. It is well accepted that the sequence considered here can be deposited by waning-energy flows, and that the parallel-laminated units are deposited under transport conditions corresponding to upper plane bed at the dune–antidune transition. Thus, transport conditions that are more intense than those at the dune–antidune transition should deposit massive units. This study presents experimental, open-channel flow results showing that sandy massive units can be the result of gradual deposition from a thick bedload layer of colliding grains called sheet flow layer. When this layer forms with relatively coarse sand, the non-dimensional bed shear stress associated with skin friction, the Shields number, is larger than a threshold value approximately equal to 0·4. For values of the Shields number smaller than 0·4 the sheet flow layer disappeared, sediment was transported by a standard bedload layer one or two grain diameters thick, and the bed configuration was characterized by downstream migrating antidunes and washed out dunes. Parallel laminae were found in deposits emplaced with standard bedload transport demonstrating that the same dilute flow can gradually deposit the basal and the parallel-laminated unit in presence of traction at the depositional boundary. Further, the experiments suggested that two different types of upper plane bed conditions can be defined, one associated with standard bedload transport at the dune–antidune transition, and the other associated with bedload transport in sheet flow mode at the transition between upstream and downstream migrating antidunes. 相似文献
5.
A computer code using sequential fragmentation/transport theory was used to deconvolute and characterize a large grain-size data set taken from the AD 79 Vesuvio deposits. The results allow us to interpret transport and deposition processes. Four principal morphological classes of grain-size spectra were recognized in the AD 79 deposits: 1 unimodal distributions with coarse modes and very good sorting; 2 polymodal distributions in which relative fractions of each subpopulation are considerably variable; 3 polymodal distributions, but with one mode greatly prevailing over the other ones; 4 flat spectra in which a large number of size classes show the same loading. Because different eruptive, transport and deposition conditions may have operated on pyroclasts which occur in the same bed, we have assigned grain-size subpopulations, with different modes to specific mechanisms of particle movement and sedimentation depending on the size range of the particles and the textures of the beds. The fragmentation/transport processes considered here occur either within dilute flows (as fall, traction, saltation and suspension loads) or in high-concentration flows (as a fluidized system or one with an extremely high sedimentation rate). Variation in strength and position of modes throughout the entire vertical section of AD 79 products illustrates changes in transport and deposition processes with time. Size spectra from Vesuvio quantitatively demonstrate contemporaneous deposition from fall and surge mechanisms as well as contributions from different levels of hydrovolcanic products. In contrast, vertical variations in size spectra within individual pyroclastic flow deposits suggest variation from high particle concentration near the base of the bed to more dilute depositional conditions towards the top. Lateral variations in size spectra for one marker horizon show how a local pyroclastic flow in a channel grades into a surge on the margins. This study supports the model of continuous modification in loadings of several discrete subpopulations during deposition from a single explosive cloud. 相似文献
6.
Grain-size distributions of gravels transported as bedload in Oak Creek, Oregon, show systematic variations with changing flow discharges. At low discharges the gravel distributions are nearly symmetrical and Gaussian. As discharges increase, the distributions become more skewed and follow the ideal Rosin distribution. The patterns of variations are established by goodness-of-fit comparisons between the measured and theoretical distributions, and by Q-mode factor analysis. Two end members are obtained in the factor analysis, having (respectively) almost perfect Gaussian and Rosin distributions, and the percentages of the two end members within individual samples vary systematically with discharge. Transformation from Gaussian to Rosin distribution with increasing discharge may be explained by processes of selective entrainment of grains from a bed of mixed sizes. Samples of bed material in Oak Creek follow the Rosin distribution. At high discharges, the transported bedload approaches the grain sizes of that bed-material source and mimics its Rosin distribution. Random-selection processes must be more important to grain entrainment at lower discharges, so that the resulting Gaussian distributions of transported bedload reflect similar distributions of bed stresses exerted by the stream flow. The results from Oak Creek demonstrate that the competence of the flow is reflected in the entire distribution of transported gravel sizes. A sequence of layers of fluvial gravels, modern or ancient, might show systematic variations between coarse Rosin and finer-grained Gaussian distributions, and these could be used to infer frequencies of various discharges and to establish a relationship to the source sediment. With further study, analyses of changing bedload grain-size distributions and their transport rates will lead to a better understanding of downstream variations in grain sizes of bed sediments and how their distributions reflect the progressive development of textural maturity. 相似文献
7.
Computation of the grain-size distribution of the suspended load above a sand bed must take into consideration: (1) sorting processes from the bed to the bed layer and (2) sorting between the bed layer and suspension. Grain-size distributions of the bed layers above sand beds of three different types have been computed in this work, both by the Einstein and the Gessler methods. Using these as references, suspended load distributions have been obtained in each case by the Rouse suspension equation. A new formula has also been developed in partial modification of Hunt's method for direct computation of bed load and suspended load from a bed's grain-size distribution and flow parameters. Comparison of the computed data with actual observations in laboratory flumes show that no one method is particularly superior to the others, but the present method is advantageous because it affords direct computation of the suspended load from a bed's grain-size distribution, without going through an intermediate stage (bed load). The possible sources of error in each of the methods have been discussed. 相似文献
8.
东江是珠三角网河区入汇河流之一,属少沙河流,其上游浅滩-深潭序列密集分布,河床结构的演变特性尚不清晰。选取东江浅滩-深潭序列河段进行现场河床质与推移质测量,结合试验得到不同流量和坡降中水流与河床在无上游来沙补给中的互馈机理。试验结果表明:浅滩与深潭交替造成沿程平均流速不连续变化,浅滩中部在洪水流量的塑造下容易产生紊动能峰值。无上游来沙条件下,序列中粗化层的形成、破坏过程交替与循环发生,其中静态分选是主导因素且导致沿程级配不连续。流量与坡降的增大促进浅滩-深潭序列发育,同时使得深潭与浅滩的纵向长度缩短;有上游来沙条件下推移质输沙率增大,无来沙条件下输沙率减小。 相似文献
9.
Sediment is sorted in river bends under the influence of gravity that pulls the heavier grains downslope and secondary flow that drags the finer grains upslope. Furthermore, when dunes are present, sediment is also sorted vertically at the dune lee side. However, sorting functions are poorly defined, since the relation to transverse bed slope and the interaction between lateral and vertical sorting is not yet understood for lack of data under controlled conditions. The objective of this study is to describe lateral sorting as a function of transverse bed slope and to gain an understanding of the interaction between lateral and vertical sorting in river bends. To this end, experiments were conducted with a poorly sorted sediment mixture in a rotating annular flume in which secondary flow intensity can be controlled separately from the main flow velocity, and therefore transverse bed slope towards the inner bend and dune dimensions can be systematically varied. Sediment samples were taken along cross-sections at the surface of dune troughs and dune crests, and over the entire depth at the location of dune crests (bulk samples), which enabled comparison of the relative contribution of vertical sorting by dunes to lateral sorting by the transverse bed slope. The data show that lateral sorting is always the dominant sorting mechanism in bends, and bulk samples showed minor effects of vertical sorting by dunes as long as all grain-size fractions are mobile. An empirical bend sorting model was fitted that redistributes the available sediment fractions over the cross-section as a function of transverse bed slope. Comparison with field data showed that the model accurately reproduces spatially-averaged trends in sorting at the bend apex in single-thread channels. The bend sorting model therefore provides a better definition of bend sorting with conservation of mass by size fraction and adds to current understanding of bend sorting. The implication for numerical modelling is that bend sorting mechanisms can be modelled independently of dunes, allowing the application of the active layer concept. 相似文献
10.
Comprehensive field measurements of flow and sedimentary processes have been made with the aid of stable scaffolding bridges spaced along the length of a bend of the River South Esk, Scotland. At river stages between about two-thirds full and bankfull, channel width, mean depth and mean flow velocity at a cross-section vary little in the streamwise direction. Flow resistance reaches a maximum at these stages, and the bed topography is stable and in equilibrium with flow and bedload transport. Stable flow geometry is thus related in some way to energy conservation, and to maximization of flow resistance. Detailed observations over a large range of river stages of mean velocity distributions, secondary circulation, water surface configuration, bed shear stress and resistance to flow, bed configurations and bed load transport rates agree with much (but not all) of the comparable published experimental studies and selected theoretical work. Generalized physical models of flow and sediment transport in natural curved channels (Engelund, 1974; Bridge, 1977) are demonstrated to be sound in basis and can simulate the bend studied very well. Although there is a pressing need for further development of these models, the results lend confidence to their use in simulating ancient river sedimentation. Sediment deposited on point bars is the result mainly of bedload transport over a range of near-bankfull stages. The areal distribution of grain-size characteristics and bed configurations at these stages give rise, with lateral deposition, to vertical facies sequences that vary substantially in the streamwise direction. 相似文献
11.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-2):23-34
The event-based bedload yields of a small gravel-bed river (the Esconavette Torrent) have been concomitantly determined by surveying coarse sediment deposition in a trap and by monitoring the active layer of the bed and the displacement of painted tracers. The geometry of the active layer was obtained by means of scour chains and topographic resurveys. The cumulative bedload yield of 4 flow events measured in the trap and by the chain and tracer approach was respectively 174 and 153 m3. The consistency between those two field-based estimates confirms that the deployment of scour chains and tracers in gravel-bed rivers have the potential to provide a robust assessment of bedload transport. This potential theoretically depends on the spatial density of scour chains and the ability of the tracing technique to fit the grain size distribution of the active layer. The results demonstrate that a distance between scour chains that represents 10-15% of the active channel width is sufficient for a rather accurate determination of event bedload transport rate by reconstruction of scour and fill throughout a cross-section. 相似文献
12.
The nature of flow, sediment transport and bed texture and topography was studied in a laboratory flume using a mixed size-density sediment under equilibrium and non-equilibrium (aggradational, degradational) conditions and compared with theoretical models. During each experiment, water depth, bed and water surface elevation, flow velocity, bed shear stress, bedload transport and bed state were continuously monitored. Equilibrium, uniform flow was established with a discharge of about 0.05 m3 s?1, a flow depth of about 0.01 m, a flow velocity of about 0.81–0.88 m s?1, a spatially averaged bed shear stress of about 1.7–2.2 Pa and a sediment transport rate of about 0.005–0.013 kg m?1 s?1 (i.e. close to the threshold of sediment transport). Such equilibrium flow conditions were established prior to and at the end of each aggradation or degradation experiment. Pebble clusters, bedload sheets and low-lying bars were ubiquitous in the experiments. Heavy minerals were relatively immobile and occurred locally in high concentrations on the bed surface as lag deposits. Aggradation was induced by (1) increasing the downstream flow depth (flume tilting) and (2) sediment overloading. Tilt-induced aggradation resulted in rapid deposition in the downstream half of the flume of a cross-stratified deposit with downstream dipping pebbles (pseudo-imbricated). and caused a slight decrease in the equilibrium mean water surface slope and total bedload transport rate. These differences between pre- and post-aggradation equilibrium flow conditions are due to a decrease in the local grain roughness of the bed. Sediment overloading produced a downstream fining and thinning wedge of sediment with upstream dipping pebbles (imbricated), whereas the equilibrium flow and sediment transport conditions remained relatively unchanged. Degradation was induced by (1) decreasing the downstream flow depth (flume tilting) and (2) cutting off the sediment feed. Tilt-induced degradation produced rapid downstream erosion and upstream deposition due to flow convergence with little change to the equilibrium flow and sediment transport conditions. The cessation of sediment feed produced degradation and armour development, a reduction in the mean water surface slope and flow velocity, an increase in flow depth, and an exponential decrease in bedload transport rate as erosion proceeded. A bedload transport model predicted total and fractional transport rates extremely well when the coarse-grained (or bedform trough) areas of the bed are used to define the sediment available to be transported. A sediment routing model, MIDAS, also reproduced the equilibrium and non-equilibrium flow conditions, total and fractional bedload transport rates and changes in bed topography and texture very well. 相似文献
13.
14.
SUPRIYA SENGUPTA 《Sedimentology》1979,26(1):63-82
Grain-size frequency distributions of suspended loads at different flow velocities and over sand beds of four different grain-size patterns were studied in a laboratory flume. The proportion of bed material which went into suspension increased with decrease of grain-size in each case, but the modes of the suspended loads occurred in the size classes intermediate between the coarsest and the finest. With increase of flow velocity, as also with decrease of the bed's mean grain-size, the total amount of material in suspension markedly increased, mainly due to addition of particles to the medium size classes. The coarsest grains in the bed resisted erosion due to their weight, whereas the finest ones were either not available in sufficient quantities or resisted erosion due to their homogeneity. The finest of the erodible grains which were abundantly available in bed were therefore, lifted up in large quantities. This size sorting took place at or near the bed surface and was closely related to the process of bed form migration. Large accumulation of medium sized particles in suspension at high velocities led to lognormal grain-size distributions when the nature of the bed (source) material was suitable. At lower velocities, or over other types of bed materials, the phi (log)-probability plots of cumulative grain-size distributions of the suspended loads resolved into a number of straight lines. Mixtures of linear segments on phi-probability graphs therefore, need not necessarily indicate different modes of sediment transportation, as is commonly believed, but might reflect the conditions of flow and the nature of the source material. 相似文献
15.
针对长江中游瓦口子至马家咀河段(弯曲分汊河段)的水沙运动特点,给出了二维水沙数学模型尤其是推移质不平衡输沙计算的模式,主要包括推移质不平衡输沙方程、床沙级配方程、河床变形方程;对模型中的几个关键问题提出了处理方法,如非均匀沙起动及输移规律、床面混合层厚度等.利用大量的水流及河床变形资料,率定了模型的一些参数,进行了水面线、流速分布及河床变形的详细验证.在此基础上,根据设计部门提供的进出口水沙边界条件,预测了三峡工程蓄水初期该河段的冲淤过程与分布及航道条件的变化. 相似文献
16.
Multivariate statistics were used to characterize and test the effectiveness of grain-size frequencies as environmental discriminators. Sediment from the following two depositional systems along eastern Lake Michigan were studied: (1) a closed system with respect to available grain sizes (Little Sable Point), and (2) an open system (Sleeping Bear Point-Manitou Passage). Principal components analysis shows that grain-size distributions are composed of two or more subgroups that reflect surface creep bedload, mixed suspension bedload, and uniform suspension. Discriminant function and principal latent vector analyses of the Little Sable Point environments show that, when available sediment is limited with respect to grain size (0.5 φto 3.0 φ), similar size distributions can occur in environments supposedly characterized by different energy conditions. Sediment in the Sleeping Bear Point-Manitou Passage system is not restricted to available grain sizes and the environments discriminated very well (α < 0.001). The grain-size distributions are such that they reflect differences in energy conditions within the environments. It is apparent that the grain sizes available to a depositional system control to a great extent the effectiveness of environmental discrimination. 相似文献
17.
The stability of river channels and their suitability as habitat for aqueous organisms is strongly controlled by the rate of bedload transport. Quantification of bedload transport rates in rivers is difficult, not only because of the temporal variation in transport, but also because of the cross‐channel variation in transport. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the effect of cross‐channel variation in bedload transport on the uncertainty of width‐integrated transport rates; and to use this knowledge (ii) to improve guidelines for bedload sampling. This was done through a thorough statistical evaluation of stochastic and systematic uncertainties involved in bed‐load transport measurements. Based on this evaluation, new guidelines are presented for determination of the number of samples and sampling positions across the channel that are required for bedload measurements in several types of sand‐bed rivers and gravel‐bed rivers. The guidelines relate to bedload measurements made with pressure‐difference (Helley‐Smith type) samplers that require numerous bedload samples of short duration at several positions across the channel. The results show that generally more sampling positions across the channel are required in gravel‐bed rivers than in sand‐bed rivers. For gravel‐bed rivers with unknown cross‐channel distribution of transport, at least 10 sampling positions are recommended, whereas for most sand‐bed rivers five positions suffice. In addition, at least 12 short‐duration samples are required at each position to obtain bedload estimates with uncertainties below 20%. If the same level of uncertainty is desired in the case of high spatial and temporal variation in transport rates, the number of short‐duration samples needed per sampling position increases to 40. 相似文献
18.
Open‐framework gravel (OFG) in river deposits is important because of its exceptionally high permeability, resulting from the lack of sediment in the pore spaces between the gravel grains. Fluvial OFG occurs as planar strata and cross strata of varying scale, and is interbedded with sand and sandy gravel. The origin of OFG has been related to: (1) proportion of sand available relative to gravel; (2) separation of sand from gravel during a specific flow stage and sediment transport rate (either high, falling or low); (3) separation of sand from gravel in bedforms superimposed on the backs of larger bedforms; (4) flow separation in the lee of dunes or unit bars. Laboratory flume experiments were undertaken to test and develop these theories for the origin of OFG. Bed sediment size distribution (sandy gravel with a mean diameter of 1·5 mm) was kept constant, but flow depth, flow velocity and aggradation rate were varied. Bedforms produced under these flow conditions were bedload sheets, dunes and unit bars. The fundamental cause of OFG is the sorting of sand from gravel associated with flow separation at the crest of bedforms, and further segregation of grain sizes during avalanching on the steep lee side. Sand in transport near the bed is deposited in the trough of the bedform, whereas bed‐load gravel avalanches down the leeside and overruns the sand in the trough. The effectiveness of this sorting mechanism increases as the height of the bedform increases. Infiltration of sand into the gravel framework is of minor importance in these experiments, and occurs mainly in bedform troughs. The geometry and proportion of OFG in fluvial deposits are influenced by variation in height of bedforms as they migrate, superposition of small bedforms on the backs of larger bedforms, aggradation rate, and changes in sediment supply. If the height of a bedform increases as it migrates downstream, so does the amount of OFG. Changes in the character of OFG on the lee‐side of unit bars depend on grain‐size sorting in the superimposed bedforms (dunes and bedload sheets). Thick deposits of cross‐stratified OFG require high bedforms (dunes, unit bars) and large amounts of aggradation. These conditions might be expected to occur during high falling stages in the deeper parts of river channels adjacent to compound‐bar tails and downstream of confluence scours. Increase in the amount of sand supplied relative to gravel reduces the development of OFG. Such increases in sand supply may be related to falling flow stage and/or upstream erosion of sandy deposits. 相似文献
19.
OCTAVIO E. SEQUEIROS BENOIT SPINEWINE RICK T. BEAUBOUEF TAO SUN MARCELO H. GARCIA GARY PARKER 《Sedimentology》2010,57(6):1463-1490
Turbidity currents in the ocean are driven by suspended sediment. Yet results from surveys of the modern sea floor and turbidite outcrops indicate that they are capable of transporting as bedload and depositing particles as coarse as cobble sizes. While bedload cannot drive turbidity currents, it can strongly influence the nature of the deposits they emplace. This paper reports on the first set of experiments which focus on bedload transport of granular material by density underflows. These underflows include saline density flows, hybrid saline/turbidity currents and a pure turbidity current. The use of dissolved salt is a surrogate for suspended mud which is so fine that it does not settle out readily. Thus, all the currents can be considered to be model turbidity currents. The data cover four bed conditions: plane bed, dunes, upstream‐migrating antidunes and downstream‐migrating antidunes. The bedload transport relation obtained from the data is very similar to those obtained for open‐channel flows and, in fact, is fitted well by an existing relation determined for open‐channel flows. In the case of dunes and downstream‐migrating antidunes, for which flow separation on the lee sides was observed, form drag falls in a range that is similar to that due to dunes in sand‐bed rivers. This form drag can be removed from the total bed shear stress using an existing relation developed for rivers. Once this form drag is subtracted, the bedload data for these cases collapse to follow the same relation as for plane beds and upstream‐migrating antidunes, for which no flow separation was observed. A relation for flow resistance developed for open‐channel flows agrees well with the data when adapted to density underflows. Comparison of the data with a regime diagram for field‐scale sand‐bed rivers at bankfull flow and field‐scale measurements of turbidity currents at Monterey Submarine Canyon, together with Shields number and densimetric Froude number similarity analyses, provide strong evidence that the experimental relations apply at field scale as well. 相似文献
20.
波罗的海西部达斯浅滩海底沉积物各粒级的空间分布由物源区向外有规律变化,反映出沉积水动力条件的控制作用,反过来也为根据沉积物各粒级的空间分布反演近海底优势水流方向和速度提供了依据。利用沉积水动力经验公式及分选系数梯度、Z统计量等设计了反演优势流向和流速的方法,并应用于该海区,估计了该区海底以上1m的近海底优势水流方向及优势流速。与有限的实测及模拟资料进行对比,估计的海流模式吻合较好,但流速的数值可能总体上偏高,需要用更多实测资料来校正和标定。 相似文献