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1.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):460-470
Abstract Taking a clue from classic time-series decomposition, this article demonstrates a spatial filtering and search technique that permits the partitioning of a measure of marginality, here measured as the percent of the population living at less than 50 percent of the poverty level, into macro, meso, and micro components. This approach supports theory that has argued for scale-specific explanations of spatial marginality. The technique also offers promise for many other types of investigations such as disease incidence, microclimate dynamics, and consumer preferences. 相似文献
2.
Brad G. Peter Joseph P. Messina April N. Frake Sieglinde S. Snapp 《The Professional geographer》2018,70(2):239-250
Successful scaling of agricultural development strategies is fundamental to increased production and yields, yet targeting efforts frequently fail to fully consider the underlying biophysical drivers of agricultural marginality, particularly at fine spatial resolutions. We present a heuristic for intelligent targeting, utilizing remotely sensed information to identify the intersection between marginal conditions for performance of a staple crop and the optimal niche for technologies that improve crop performance. Here, we explore the geographic potential of maize diversification with pigeonpea, a crop with soil productivity enhancing properties. Overall, 79 percent of agricultural land in Malawi exhibits climate conditions optimal for pigeonpea cultivation and, in total, approximately 51 percent of Malawian maize-based farming is expected to receive some benefit from pigeonpea integration, with 9 percent receiving predictable and substantial benefits. These findings illustrate the geographic scaling potential of pigeonpea in Malawi and provide direction for informed pigeonpea deployment and market development across the country. 相似文献
3.
Research into human spatial behavior has tended to rely solely on evidence provided by the research subjects themselves. Subjects' accounts of where they were and for how long were logged and integrated into time‐space diaries. In the past few years, a number of studies have exploited advanced tracking technologies instead of the traditional diary technique, however these were mostly transport studies focusing on vehicular movement. This article explores the implementation of tracking technologies as a tool for gathering data on pedestrian spatial behavior. The article considers two of the principal tracking technologies available today: satellite navigation systems and land‐based navigation systems. The makeup and properties of each technology are detailed, and their potential as data‐gathering tools on pedestrian spatial behavior is evaluated. 相似文献
4.
Spatial accessibility measures are an important policy tool for managing healthcare provision and reducing health inequality. The two‐step floating catchment area technique, in common with many alternative methodologies, requires that demand‐side population be estimated using spatial interpolation techniques. This article studies the implications of adopting differing spatial representations of population on healthcare accessibility modeling outcomes. Results indicate that a dasymetric model yields lower accessibility scores than a standard pro rata model. More important, the difference is spatially disproportionate, suggesting that the degree of disadvantage experienced in rural areas may be greater than has previously been recognized. 相似文献
5.
Spatial Scale Problems and Geostatistical Solutions: A Review 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The concept of spatial scale is fundamental to geography, as are the problems of integrating data obtained at different scales. The availability of GIS has provided an appropriate environment to re‐scale data prior to subsequent integration, but few tools with which to implement the re‐scaling. This sparsity of appropriate tools arises primarily because the nature of the spatial variation of interest is often poorly understood and, specifically, the patterns of spatial dependence and error are unknown. Spatial dependence can be represented and modelled using geostatistical approaches providing a basis for the subsequent re‐scaling of spatial data (e.g., via spatial interpolation). Geostatistical techniques can also be used to model the effects of re‐scaling data through the geostatistical operation of regularization. Regularization provides a means by which to re‐scale the statistics and functions that describe the data rather than the data themselves. These topics are reviewed in this paper and the importance of the spatial scale problems that remain is emphasized. 相似文献
6.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(5):208-219
ABSTRACTGeography textbooks contain chapter or review questions that may engage students in spatial thinking. This research used Jo and Bednarz’s (2009) Taxonomy of Spatial Thinking to evaluate the percentage of spatial thinking questions in four university-level world geography course textbooks. The results from this study were then compared to the findings in Jo and Bednarz’s (2009) analysis of high school geography textbooks. Thirty-five percent of university level textbook questions are related to spatial thinking compared to twenty-four percent in high school geography textbooks. The results provide information useful to stakeholders, such as teachers, administrators, and textbook writers and may help these stakeholders to consciously incorporate the three components of spatial thinking as defined by the National Research Council (2006). A simplified taxonomy for identifying spatial-thinking concepts in textbook review questions is also suggested. 相似文献
7.
This study examines spatial accessibility of pharmacies in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Two popular geographic information systems (GIS)—based methods are compared: the proximity method uses the distance (travel time) from the nearest pharmacy, and the two‐step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method considers the match ratio between providers and population as well as the complex spatial interaction between them. The study indicates that disproportionally higher percentages of African‐Americans are in areas with shorter travel time to the nearest pharmacies than whites, but suffer from poorer accessibility measured by the 2SFCA method—that is, fewer pharmacies per 10,000 residents. Seniors, particularly those of seventy‐five years or older, tend to be disproportionally concentrated in areas that not only are closer to pharmacies, but also have more pharmacies per 10,000 residents. The two methods used in the study capture different elements in spatial accessibility: one being physically close to a facility and another adding the crowdedness in service. Both properties can be valuable for residents. The two may not always coincide with each other in spatial variability, as it is the case for racial disparity in our study area. However, when they do, as in the case for seniors, it may imply a true (dis)advantage for a demographic group in terms of both properties of spatial accessibility. 相似文献
8.
Kathleen R. Weimer Carson J. Q. Farmer Colleen E. Reid 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):762-769
The overuse of cesarean sections (C-sections) in the United States is a contested issue. The rate of C-section births in 2015 at 32 percent was over double the World Health Organization recommendation of 10 to 15 percent. We employed spatial statistical methods and data visualization techniques to assess the temporal and spatial trends in C-section rates by county across the United States. Although the national rate of C-section remained stable at the beginning and end of this study period, an increase in rates from 1997 to 2009 was reflected simultaneously in national, state, and individual county rates. Local indicators of spatial dependence did not show spatial clustering as being connected to, or driving, the change, yet the visualization methods used here show details on individual county deviance from local temporal trends. By highlighting counties that do not follow the trends of their neighbors, we identify exceptional locations that could help further the study of the determinants of changing C-section rates in the United States. Key Words: cesarean sections, exploratory spatial data analysis, medical geography, spatial statistics. 相似文献
9.
Spatial dimensions of New Zealand's environmental management 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
New Zealand's regional council boundaries drawn as part of the 1989 local government reforms privilege integrated catchment management. This privilege is now challenged by calls to both fragment and amalgamate councils and centralise decision‐making but with little analytic assessment of the spatial differentiation to support them. The spatial underpinnings of these calls were explored using a case study that assessed the spatial dimensions of environment management. Analysis of the Land Environments and River Environment Classification databases and councils' planning documents highlights challenges local governments face in applying integrated natural resource management within single purpose jurisdictions and implications for wider sustainable development policy. 相似文献
10.
基于GIS的区域经济空间结构演化研究--以河南省为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章基于GIS,以河南省为例,对区域经济空间结构演化进行研究,通过对IDW方法和Kriging方法的比较,认为利用IDW方法对一个区域经济的空间结构进行研究更为合适。并且在区域经济研究中,利用GIS技术实现了经济数据与图形数据之间的关联,使区域经济的空间结构模式和发展趋势以图形的形式清晰直观地表现出来,增强了其可视性,更利于问题的发现、分析和解决,从而为促进区域经济空间结构的优化提供了科学依据。 相似文献
11.
基于空间插值分析的指标空间化及吉林省玉米种植区划研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以吉林省为例,构建玉米种植区划指标体系,并利用空间插值技术和辅助信息对降水、土壤和玉米单产等指标的空间模拟进行重点研究。其中,将多元回归+残差内插相结合对气象站点观测的降水数据进行了空间模拟;将相关性较高的变量作为协因子,并结合土壤类型数据,利用Cokriging插值,获取了土壤属性空间模拟数据;利用耕地质量空间分布数据对玉米统计单产数据进行修正得到玉米单产空间模拟数据。然后,开展吉林省玉米种植适宜性评价和区划研究,将吉林省分为高度适宜区、中度适宜区、低度适宜区和不适宜区4个等级;并结合农业综合分区,得到13个不同的玉米种植区域。 相似文献
12.
U.S. unconventional hydrocarbon production is a driver of economic growth, but mineral wealth ownership is poorly understood and shrouded in “local wealth” mythology that claims royalties from hydrocarbons mostly benefit people who live near sites of production. Mineral property tax appraisals, as proxies for mineral wealth from Live Oak County, a representative Eagle Ford Shale county in Texas, show that 96 percent of assessed mineral wealth concentrates among energy firms and individuals in Texas metropolitan regions; 1.95 percent of mineral wealth remains “local” to the production county, challenging local wealth myths. Deviating from nation-state scalar approaches, local and regional spatial studies of other energy regions might reveal similar wealth distributions, enabling generalizations about hydrocarbon production economic outcomes. 相似文献
13.
Common perception is that tornadoes travel in paths from the southwest quadrant of directions toward the northeast. This study examines path directions for 6,194 tornadoes that occurred in the eastern two‐thirds of the United States during the twenty‐three‐year period 1980–2002. At the national scale, nearly 70 percent of tornadoes included in the study propagated from the west, west‐southwest, and southwest, with west‐southwest being the highest frequency origin direction. Nevertheless, distinct seasonal and regional variations were found. In central and northern areas of the country, a more westerly or northwesterly path origin prevails during late spring and summer. The midtropospheric flow, convective typology, and synoptic patterns of tornado outbreaks are thought to contribute to the distributions observed in the climatology. 相似文献
14.
Neil Stuart 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):601-602
In this paper, we examine the applicability of spatial optimization as a generative modelling technique for sustainable land‐use allocation. Specifically, we test whether spatial optimization can be used to generate a number of compromise spatial alternatives that are both feasible and different from each other. We present a new spatial multiobjective optimization model, which encourages efficient utilization of urban space through infill development, compatibility of adjacent land uses, and defensible redevelopment. The model uses a density‐based design constraint developed by the authors. The constraint imposes a predefined level of consistent neighbourhood development to promote contiguity and compactness of urban areas. First, the model is tested on a hypothetical example. Further, we demonstrate a real‐world application of the model to land‐use planning in Chelan, a small environmental amenity town in the north‐central region of the State of Washington, USA. The results indicate that spatial optimization is a promising method for generating land‐use alternatives for further consideration in spatial decision‐making. 相似文献
15.
Poverty among inner‐city residents is associated with their marginal status in the labor market. Marginalization in the labor market begins during youth when important educational and employment decisions are made. Analysis of 1990 U.S. Census tract data for San Antonio, Texas identifies the lack of a high school diploma, poverty, non‐employment, and non‐enrollment in school as conditions of marginality for youth. Spatial patterns of youth labor market marginalization show concentrations in the inner city and in sectors on the West, South, and Eastside. Regression analysis reveals that levels of youth marginalization are associated with neighborhood context represented by the employment, behavioral, and ethnic characteristics of the overall residential population of a census tract. 相似文献
16.
David I. Stern 《The Professional geographer》2000,52(1):37-49
This paper surveys some recent developments in time series econometrics and examines to what degree they might have useful analogs in spatial econometrics. Spatial analogs of stationary vector autoregression models might be useful in modeling groups of spatial series, but the literature on non‐stationarity and cointegration does not have a useful purely spatial analog. With the exception of some special cases, pure spatial series cannot be integrated processes. However, cointegration might apply to space‐time processes. Space‐time cointegration and Granger causality methods are developed and applied to explaining reductions in sulfur emissions in Europe. 相似文献
17.
The topic of geoprivacy is increasingly relevant as larger quantities of personal location data are collected and shared. The results of scientific inquiries are often spatially suppressed to protect confidentiality, limiting possible benefits of public distribution. Obfuscation techniques for point data hold the potential to enable the public release of more accurate location data without compromising personal identities. This paper examines the application of four spatial obfuscation methods for household survey data. Household privacy is evaluated by a nearest neighbor analysis, and spatial distribution is measured by a cross-k function and cluster analysis. A new obfuscation technique, Voronoi masking, is demonstrated to be distinctively equipped to balance between protecting both household privacy and spatial distribution. 相似文献
18.
Maj-Lena Linderson 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2003,85(2):183-196
The aim of this study is to analyse the spatial variability of meso‐scale precipitation in Scania and to assess the influence of synoptic scale atmospheric circulation. The modes of spatial variation are revealed by EOF analysis of monthly precipitation totals between 1963 and 1990, which were obtained from a dense rain‐gauge network in Scania, southern Sweden. The influence of local physiography on the spatial distribution of precipitation is assessed by GIS techniques using a digital elevation model of Scania. The relation to synoptic scale atmospheric circulation is analysed using regional circulation indices and weather types. It is shown that the daily precipitation distribution in the area is significantly influenced by synoptic scale pressure patterns. Nevertheless, the covariability of the monthly precipitation within Scania is high. About 80% of the precipitation variability is connected to the passage of low‐pressure centres over or close to the region, which are likely to produce precipitation over the whole area. A wind‐direction dependency found in the distribution indicates that there might be a limit between precipitation regimes within the landscape. Topography greatly influences the spatial distribution in Scania. The distribution of land and surrounding sea is also an important factor and makes the relationship between physiography and precipitation rather complex. The physiographical effects vary over a single year. The dampening effect of the sea on the atmospheric temperature influences the local stability in coastal areas and results in seasonally dependent precipitation patterns. 相似文献
19.
The Decision‐Making/Accountability Spatial Incongruence Problem for Research Linking Environmental Science and Policy 
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下载免费PDF全文 Increasingly, scholars engage policy makers around fundamental, complex questions on environmental change in interdisciplinary settings. Researchers attempting to develop robust contributions to knowledge that can support policymaker understandings in this context face significant inferential challenges in dealing with the spatial dimension of their phenomenon of interest. In this paper, we extend an understanding of well‐defined methodological challenges familiar to applied spatial scientists by explicitly articulating the Decision‐Making/Accountability, Spatial Incongruence Problem, or DASIP. Three case studies illustrate how spatial incongruences matter to researchers who work on complex, interdisciplinary problems, while seeking to understand decision‐making or policy‐related phenomenon: urban heat‐island mitigation research in Arizona, water transfer conflicts in Kansas, and hydraulic‐fracturing debates in Texas. With such examples, we aim to evoke a deeper understanding of this problem in applied research and also inspire thinking about how scholars might innovate methods for creating knowledge about environmental change that supports spatially accountable decision making. 相似文献
20.
Selima Sultana 《The Professional geographer》2005,57(1):66-82
Using a sample from the comparatively most privileged group of black males, those married and living with a working spouse, this article investigates how race‐based residential locations and the spatial structure of labor markets affect commuting experiences. This research uses the most sophisticated commuting data available at the time the research was conducted, the 1990 5 percent Public‐Use Microdata Samples for the Atlanta Metropolitan Area, and again confirms severe spatial mismatch problems for central‐city blacks, regardless of socioeconomic status, household formation, and access to automobiles. However, the situation with black males living in suburban areas differs significantly as those in the southern (predominantly black) suburbs show considerable evidence of spatial mismatch, whereas the northern (predominantly white) suburbs show no such evidence. 相似文献