共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
对1983年通过不同改良措施（播种羊草、耙地、围栏封育）处理过的退化羊草草原群落特征进行比较研究,结果表明：虽然经过23 a的恢复,土壤条件仍有差别,经过耙地处理土壤容重最小,含水量最高;三种改良措施的增产效果都很明显,播种羊草、耙地、围栏封育的群落地上生物量比围栏外分别提高了127.30%、146.64%、138.04%;播种羊草和耙地处理的根茎禾草所占比例较高,而围栏外和围栏封育处理的丛生禾草所占的比例较高;三种改良措施中,旱生植物的绝对生物量都低于围栏外;耙地处理后群落多样性最高,而围栏外均匀性指数最高。综上所述：经过耙地改良所产生的效果维持时间最长,而播种羊草和围栏封育改良的后效依然存在。 相似文献
2.
Central Ningxia is a desert-steppe area with a sparse population and fragile ecosystem. Having an annual average rainfall of 180-350mm, the area is dominated by animal husbandry and dry land farming. As the population grows, livestock increased and farmland expanded, which leads to damages of primitive grasslands vegetation and serious degeneration of steppe ecosystem due to over-grazing. Southern Ningxia is a populous loessic hilly area subject to serious soil erosion. Since 1975, the local … 相似文献
3.
We analyzed the structural differences associated with grazing exclusion on vegetation by studying 24 grazed-ungrazed paired sites in Patagonia (Argentina). Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of grazing on plant species composition, plant diversity, the relative abundance of plant functional types, and the vertical and horizontal structure of the plant community. This study across the shrub-grass steppes of Patagonia highlights some important characteristics of the vegetation response to a major disturbance factor we show that shrub encroachment is not a generalized response of the steppe to grazing. Grazed areas presented lower richness and diversity than exclosures. Physiognomic changes (as describe by relative abundance of plant functional types) were less important than those observed at the species level. These results shown that the status of the shrub-grass steppes of the Occidental district of Patagonia can not be characterized in terms of contrasting physiognomic states as in the case of the grass steppes of the Subandean district. Forbs and a few mesophytic and xerophytic grasses are the key elements to identify the condition of the steppe. Monitoring programs should focus on the relative abundance of these components. 相似文献
4.
归纳总结了内蒙古防沙治沙技术发展历程,并按照时间顺序划分了群众经验总结阶段、试验与观测研究阶段、快速发展阶段和新发展阶段等4个阶段。重点介绍了8项典型沙障固沙技术和4项治沙造林配置模式等具体内容,展望了产业治沙技术模式、沙障新材料及其铺设装备以及沙障+乔灌草疏林型配置技术模式等流动沙地治理技术发展趋势。 相似文献
5.
研究了科尔沁沙地疏林草地、针茅草原和草甸植被盖度、地上和地下生物量、物种多样性对围封和放牧的响应。结果表明：（1）围封与放牧草地的优势植物不同,围封草地植物群落优势植物为多年生禾本科植物,放牧草地中一年生植物和小半灌木优势明显。（2）围封和放牧草地的植物盖度、凋落物量、地上生物量和物种丰富度存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高了植被盖度和地上生物量,由疏林草地、针茅草原到草甸,植物盖度和地上生物量逐渐增加,而3种草地植被凋落物量大小顺序为针茅草原> 疏林草地> 草甸;放牧条件下植物盖度、凋落物量和物种丰富度差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）3种草地之间的地下生物量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但围封与放牧之间、不同土壤层次之间地下生物量存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高草地的地下生物量（P<0.05）;草地地下生物量随着土壤深度表现出下降趋势（P<0.05）。长期放牧增加了草地一年生植物和小半灌木植物的优势,消除了不同草地之间植被盖度和物种丰富度的差异;而围封能提高草地多年生禾本科植物的优势、增加其物种丰富度,对于草地质量和植物多样性的恢复和保育具有积极作用。 相似文献
6.
An ecosystem approach for determining environmental water allocations in Australian dryland river systems: the role of geomorphology 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The allocation of water for environmental purposes is a key management issue in many dryland regions. Many different methods have been developed for determining environmental water requirements but these are not directly applicable to dryland rivers because of inherent flow and habitat variability. An ecosystem approach for determining environmental water allocations in dryland regions is presented in this paper. This four-step process involves (1) a hierarchical characterisation of the river system, to assess what mesohabitats are present and where they are located; (2) the determination of flows that would inundate these habitats and perform other key ecological processes; (3) hydrological analyses in which the key hydrological signatures of the river are identified and the impact of water resource development on these is determined; and (4) the derivation of a water management decision tree that enables managers to allocate water to consumptive users during individual flood pulses (events). It is recommended that the flood pulse should be the focus for environmental flow management in dryland regions. If rivers are indeed nested hierarchies, then a change in hydrological behaviour at the scale of a flood pulse will, with time, extend throughout the hydrological hierarchy. Current environmental flow management strategies in dryland river systems are essentially focused at the flow regime and history scale; this is inappropriate given the inherent flow variability of these systems. The ecosystem approach is outlined for the Condamine-Balonne River, a large dryland system in Australia. 相似文献
7.
先以机械沙障固沙、再进行生物固沙,是常见的治沙模式。近年来传统材料沙障与新型材料沙障的固沙效果差异一直引人关注。用中子水分仪分别测定流沙、高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）蜂巢式沙障和半隐蔽草方格沙障内的土壤含水量,通过对比流沙和两种机械沙障铺设下的土壤含水量、土壤蓄水量对降雨的响应关系以及在植物不同生长时期下的不同土层土壤含水量变化,评价其固沙效果。结果表明：（1）两种机械沙障对土壤水分都有较好的蓄积效果,且HDPE蜂巢式沙障蓄水量高于草方格沙障（P < 0.001）;（2）在较长的干旱时间里,草方格沙障的土壤蓄水量变化比新型HDPE蜂巢式沙障滞后;（3） HDPE蜂巢式沙障和草方格沙障都有较好的保水效果,但HDPE蜂巢式沙障因高度持久的优势,保水效果更高;（4） HDPE蜂巢式沙障60~110 cm土层的土壤含水量明显高于草方格沙障土壤含水量且固沙时间越长效果越明显,从铺设中期开始HDPE蜂巢式沙障60~110 cm土层土壤含水量为7%的情况连续出现,有时部分土层会出现土壤含水量在8%以上的情况;（5） HDPE蜂巢式沙障对植物个体生长的间接作用比草方格沙障大。 相似文献
8.
Foy Lake in northwestern Montana provides a record of annual-to-decadal-scale landscape change. Sedimentary charcoal and pollen analyses were used to document fire and vegetation changes over the last 3800 years, which were then compared to similar records from AD 1880 to 2000. The long-term record at Foy Lake suggests shifts between forest and steppe as well as changes in fire regime that are likely the result of climate change. Fire activity (inferred from the frequency of charcoal peaks) averaged 18 fire episodes/1000 years from 3800 to 2125 cal year BP, and increased from 16 fire episodes/1000 years at 2125 cal year BP to 22 episodes/1000 years at 750 cal year BP, a period when the pollen data suggest that steppe vegetation yielded to increasing patches of forest cover. Between 2125 and 750 cal year BP, increased forest cover produced more background charcoal than before and after this period, when vegetation was dominated by steppe. Between 750 and 75 cal year BP steppe has expanded and fire episode frequency averaged 33 episodes/1000 years, increasing to a maximum of 40 episodes/1000 years at ca. 300 cal year BP and then decreasing to present levels. Since AD 1880, the pollen record indicates an increase in shrubs and grasses from AD 1895 to 1960 as a result of vegetation changes associated with timber harvesting and livestock grazing. No fires have been documented in the Foy Lake watershed since AD 1880. Charcoal from the extralocal fires of AD 1910, burning over 4,111,249 ha in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, however, is present in Foy Lake. Between AD 1970 and 2000, increased arboreal pollen in the record is consistent with observations that the forest has become more closed. The activities of Euro–Americans have led to a decline in forest cover between AD 1880 and 1970, followed by a recent increase as trees are now growing in areas previously occupied by steppe. Euro–Americans are likely the cause of a reduction in fire activity in watershed since AD 1880. 相似文献
9.
Porous wind barriers are widely used and proven more efficient than solid barriers. In this study, the shelter quality of wind barriers of different porosity, row space and row number was compared based on wind-tunnel measurements. The 14 cm-high (H) scaled models of wind barriers were placed perpendicularly to the wind direction in the wind tunnel, and rough elements were placed upwind of the models to obtain a reasonable self-simulation zone and Reynolds number. The results show that the airflow field changes little in the area above one-row wind barriers. In the area below the models, the airflow field is rearranged into four energy regions. The best shelter effect achieved downwind is always obtained using a 0.35-porosity wind barrier, so we suggest the optimal porosity of 0.3–0.4 for wind barriers in sand-control engineering. The shelter effect comparison of two-row 0.35-porosity wind barriers indicates that 6 H is the optimum row space. Two-row and three-row wind barriers obviously provide better shelter than one-row barriers. Therefore, we suggest 5–7 H as the optimal row spacing for multi-row wind barriers. Our results indicated good agreement with previous studies regarding porosity, row number and row space, with some exceptions about wind barrier design regarding porosity. 相似文献
10.
Plant allometric relationships were studied at the end of the 1999–2000 growing season for eight grasses. Logarithmic regressions were developed relating above-ground biomass to dimensional measurements or to tiller density. Basal diameters (the longest and the greatest perpendicular to the first) and plant height (defined as that reached by vegetative tillers) were recorded on individual plants of tussock grasses. The number of tillers per 1 m2 plot was counted for a rhizomatous grass. Our study proved that regression models including basal area or a combination of basal area and height as independent variables gave a good fit to the biomass data for tussock grasses. Density of tillers proved to be a good predictor of biomass for a rhizomatous species. A validation test using 20% of the data not used for estimating the regression equations indicated that these models made accurate prediction of grass biomass. Further work is needed to prove if there are year-to-year differences between models. 相似文献
11.
库布齐沙漠HDPE网和植物纤维网沙障防沙试验效应 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
在库布齐沙漠流动沙丘区建立HDPE网和植物纤维网工程沙障试验区,采用MetOne 014A/024A型8通道风速仪、8方位集沙仪、风蚀插钎,观测试验沙障影响下的风速、输沙量和地表侵蚀堆积,对比分析不同规格HDPE网、植物纤维网方格沙障和HDPE网前沿高立式阻沙沙障的防风固沙效应。结果表明：（1）一定孔隙度（50%）的方格沙障中心风速垂直变化幅度与变化规律,仅与沙障平面规格和高度（h）密切相关,与试验材料基本无关。相同平面规格的方格沙障,高度（h）大者降风效应显著;相同高度的方格沙障,小规格降风效应较为显著;（2）试验沙障及其防沙体系对风沙流输沙产生明显影响,相近地貌部位,5.0m×5.0m（h=100cm）植物纤维网方格中心输沙量远小于1.0m×1.0m（h=20cm）HDPE网方格和流动沙丘区,大规格高立式沙障固沙效应优于小规格低立式沙障;（3）试验沙障的地表侵蚀堆积状态仅与沙障规格有关,沙障材料的影响不明显。 相似文献
12.
A recent wave of participatory and ‘integrated local and scientific knowledge’ methodologies have been conceived, trialled and published in an attempt to offer solutions to the challenges of conducting dryland environmental assessment from a socio-ecological perspective. Some of the key ideas and approaches within this literature are synthesized and reviewed here. Three conceptual elements that, in combination, remain largely absent within the dryland assessment literature, are identified: (1) drylands as political, cultural and economic systems, (2) drylands as complex resilient systems, and (3) drylands as temporally-embedded systems. These conceptual elements are then combined in presenting a new methodological approach, which is based on the participatory modelling of ecosystem services and participatory assessment of future scenarios. It is an approach to environmental assessment that is sensitive to the needs and experience of present and future stakeholders and creates potential avenues for co-operative management decisions and socially-acceptable policies. 相似文献
13.
半干旱荒漠草原带沙化草地封禁治理效果研究 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：8
如何依靠大自然的力量充分发挥生态系统的自我修复能力加速水土流失的治理,是进入21世纪我国社会经济的发展对水土保持生态建设提出的新要求。围封禁牧是半干旱荒漠草原带生态修复的有效措施。宁夏盐池县花马池镇四墩子的治理模式为半干旱荒漠草原封禁治理提供了重要的经验。封禁当年的植被盖度达50%以上,禾本科牧草多度增加,地上生物量上升;而劣质毒害草多度减少,地上生物量下降。采用柠条林带作为生物围栏是沙化草地封禁治理的重要措施,既增加了草地的植被盖度,加强了防风固沙效益,又增加了草地的产草量。暖棚养殖能有效提高养羊效益,也是确保封禁治理成功的重要措施。 相似文献
14.
降水波动是气候变化的主要指标之一,其在半干旱荒漠草原区植被变化中起着主要的驱动作用。在考虑到年降水量与生长期降水量的前提下,本文通过地面植被盖度反射光谱模型构建和基于3S技术的区域植被盖度分布格局反演,分析了荒漠草原不同植被盖度分布面积对降水的响应。结果表明:在荒漠草原区,不同植被盖度的区域面积和年降水量、生长期降水量呈波动变化。年降水量和生长期降水量与不同植被盖度区域面积可以拟合成线性、幂函数、指数和对数函数曲线关系。植被盖度小于10%的区域面积随着降水量的增加而下降,植被盖度大于10%区域面积随着降水量的增加而增加,盖度10%是低盖度与高盖度间相互转化阈值。当植被盖度为<2%、2%～6%、10%～15%、15%～20%、20%～25%时,拟合的曲线关系能较好地表达不同植被盖度区域面积随降水量变化的趋势(p< 0.01)。荒漠草原不同植被盖度区域面积的波动变化主要与多根葱、阿尔泰狗娃花、松叶猪尾菜和小画眉草等草本植物生长响应降水变化密切相关。 相似文献
15.
机械沙障组合对土壤含水量及温度的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
工程治沙技术的应用日益广泛,机械沙障是最早应用于防治风沙危害的工程措施之一,然而对于机械沙障如何影响沙土物理性质的研究较少。利用中子水分仪和温度计,对宁夏沙坡头地区两种机械沙障组合（直立式沙障+平铺式沙障）下不同土层的土壤含水量和温度进行测定分析,以未铺设沙障的裸沙为对照,为揭示工程固沙措施间接防风固沙机理提供科学依据。结果表明：机械沙障布设初期,直立式沙障加平铺式双层网明显提高了土壤温度,但随着布设时间的推移逐渐趋于稳定;机械沙障直接影响着土壤水分的再分配,不同机械沙障组合对土壤水分的再分配有着不同的影响,且有一定的蓄水保水作用。 相似文献
16.
HDPE功能性固沙障防风效应试验 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
根据仿生学原理,按照普遍使用并取得显著防护效益的草方格上疏下密式孔隙结构,采用抗紫外线性能强、耐极端气温和抗老化性强的HDPE材料制作出相似孔隙结构的功能性固沙障。通过风洞模拟试验,对比分析HDPE均一型与功能性固沙障的防风效应。结果表明：（1）均一型和功能性固沙障的有效防护距离随着风速的增大呈现指数衰减。（2）在低风速（<14 m·s-1）条件下,均一型固沙障的总有效防护距离比功能性固沙障大;而在高风速（>14 m·s-1）条件下,均一型固沙障的总有效防护距离比功能性固沙障小。无论风速大小,功能性固沙障网间的有效防护距离都远大于均一型。（3）均一型和功能性防沙网均可用于替代传统的防沙材料,具有极大的应用价值和推广前景。功能性防沙网适宜作较矮的半隐蔽式格状沙障,而均一型防沙网更适宜作高立式阻沙沙障。 相似文献
17.
Criticisms of conventional knowledge production systems target their inability to address complex issues involving natural resources. In response, several researchers have adopted participatory research methodologies, incorporating more holistic problem-solving approaches that greatly value the knowledge and abilities of stakeholders. This case study explores forest science researchers' engagement strategies with stakeholders and how researchers can incorporate alternative approaches to knowledge production. We conducted semistructured interviews with forest science researchers, asking direct questions about how they define and work with stakeholders. Analysis revealed a great awareness among researchers for the need to cooperate with stakeholders and to incorporate their knowledge and abilities into the research process, as well as lamentations over structural, institutional, and resource limitations inhibiting the adoption of these practices. Our results reveal both how forest science researchers and institutes work with stakeholders and how they can better incorporate these stakeholder engagement methodologies into their research practices. 相似文献
18.
Wind erosion is a major contributor to land degradation and desertification. According to the Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation, the dryland territories of Mongolia are significantly affected by wind erosion. We used the wind erosion equation model in an ArcGIS environment to evaluate wind erosion across Mongolia. The individual factors of the wind erosion equation were parameterized using the following datasets: (a) monthly climatic data from 45 meteorological stations; (b) 16-day composites of MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data; (c) a SRTM DEM with a 90 m spatial resolution; and (d) the soil map of Mongolia. The results revealed the significant influence of aridity on wind erosion. The desert and semi-desert ecosystems were more vulnerable to wind erosion, hence more affected. The map of wind erosion revealed three major wind erosion regions where the maximum soil loss of 15–27 t/(hm2?a) was observed. In general, the wind erosion potentials for the entire country of Mongolia are 15–27 t/(hm2?a) in the deserts and semi-deserts, 10–15 t/(hm2?a) in the dry steppes and 5–10 t/(hm2?a) in the steppe regions. 相似文献
19.
陕西黄土高原土壤干层对植树造林的影响 总被引：20，自引：10，他引：10
根据野外考察和陕北、关中土壤含水量测定,讨论了陕西黄土高原土壤干层的分布范围及其对恢复植被的影响。资料表明,黄土高原土壤干层分布普遍,向南分布已达关中平原地区。不同植被带土壤干层发生原因有一定差别,干层发育程度有明显不同。在生态环境建设中,应根据不同地区土壤干层发育强度差别恢复不同类型的植被。在以往划分的延安以南的落叶阔叶林带,土壤干层发育较轻,可采取草、灌、乔木相结合的措施逐步恢复森林植被。在延安到长城之间的森林草原带,土壤干层发育严重,应当先发展草灌植被,后恢复森林草原植被。在长城以北的草原带应自然恢复草原植被。在土壤干层发育严重的地区,造林一般不能带来环境效益与经济效益,反而会导致深部土壤水分的过量消耗等不良后果,是不适于造林的地区。在黄土高原退耕还林还草的生态建设中,不论是发展人工林还是发展草灌为主的植被,都不宜选择耗水多、生长快的植物种,而应当发展生长适中偏慢的乔、灌、草种。 相似文献
20.
Better understanding of plant community structure in relationship to land use history and nitrogen (N) will facilitate grassland conservation and projections of community succession under future N deposition. We conducted a field experiment in northern China to examine the influence of 2-year N addition on species composition and community structure in three temperate grasslands with different land use history: steppe fenced for two years (ST), steppe fenced for five years (SF), and old field grassland fenced for five years (OF). The results showed previous farming reduced species diversity and plant cover, which is mainly caused by decrease in perennial grasses (PG) and forbs (PF). Nitrogen addition increased plant cover, especially the PG cover, but had little effects on species diversity. Nitrogen enrichment also has a tendency to alter community composition by decreasing proportional cover of PF but increasing that of PG and annuals and biennials (AB), suggesting enhanced dominance of PG under increasing N deposition. Irrespective of the short-term (2 years) experimental periods, our findings highlight the dominant role of land use history in structuring plant community, and have valuable implications for grassland conservation and model projections of ecosystem succession under global scenarios of N deposition in the semi-arid grasslands. 相似文献