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1.
Herman van der Wusten 《GeoJournal》2000,51(1-2):129-133
Capital cities are politico-administrative centers. They are command centers, they symbolize authority and also the unit that is governed. Primarily they are capitals of states, but other governance systems may also have capitals. In the European context there are now regional capital cities and at least the concept of a European capital. Particularly on account of their symbolic function but also for the uses made of its appearance in political life, the cityscape of capital cities is an interesting topic for research. There are different types of capital cities in Europe that give rise to different cityscapes. Existing urban networks and types of political regime are important in this respect. Although cityscapes are pretty stable, they are differently perceived over time and uses made of them also change. A research agenda for this intersection of historical, cultural and political geography should concentrate on the evolution of these cityscapes, their perception and the uses made of them in the acting out of politics. 相似文献
2.
Evert Lagrou 《GeoJournal》2000,51(1-2):99-112
The paper describes the different capital city functions that are accomodated in Brussels. There are in fact five different capitals in Brussels in search of a place. Their locations are conditioned by Brussels' eventful history. The analysis subsequently focuses on the rather negative relation between the local public intellectuals and the city's European capital functions. The location of the European headquarters within the existing urban fabric – unlike Luxemburg and Strasbourg – has caused residential expulsion and further confrontations with the local community during all expansions.Brussels has the most politically decisive institutions. The competition with Luxemburg and Strasbourg has in the past given rise to dubious building processes and hidden agendas regarding the further construction of the necessary space for Europe.Unlike most other capitals Brussels has a low degree of esteem from its citizens. The After-May 68- Movement reacting initially against the CIAM-realisations during the 1970s, continues its activities up until today against two highly symbolic projects: the North Station area called the Manhattan Quarter and the European Headquarters. The movement launched the term Brusselization on the international forum and continues to promote the negative image of its city – notwithstanding the complete change of the official urban planning.The article is a plea for the integration of the actual one-sided advocacy planning within a more comprehensive urban planning approach where strong and soft functions are more in balance. This can also improve the quality of the new European campus now under consideration to accomodate the entry of the East European states in the Union. 相似文献
3.
Paul Claval 《GeoJournal》2000,51(1-2):73-81
Capital cities reflect the nature and organization of the states they control. Their functional role is higher in centralized systems, societies where the state is the source of all legitimacy, and countries using Continental Law. It is lower in federal systems, pillarized societies and countries, which are ruled according to a Common Law. The symbolic status of capital cities is higher when the state is the source of all legitimacy, lower in consociationalist societies. Theses processes were responsible for the development of two types of political capital cities and one type of economic and cultural capital cities during the nineteenth century. A partial standardization of the functions and statuses of capital cities occurred later. The European Union is neither a state nor a super-state since its main responsibilities are still in the economic field, it lacks a huge administrative bureaucracy and does not have definitive territorial limits. The European Union has officially three capital cities, Strasbourg, Luxembourg and Brussels. The really important one is Brussels. Its functions are nevertheless quite different from those of national capital cities during the first half of the twentieth century. European capital cities are thriving because most of them managed to become economic metropolises. The result is that the European Union has a complex and rapidly evolving system of capital cities. 相似文献
4.
György Enyedi 《GeoJournal》1994,32(4):399-402
Budapest is going to take over Vienna's gateway functions esp. in case Berlin succeeds to be a global city of Central Europe and will develop a parallel urban system like the present one of London and Paris for Western Europe. Budapest will be able to fulfill the role of a subregional continental centre. To prove these expectations, the paper discusses the competitiveness of the Hungarian capital, compared to Prague and Warsaw. The advantageous position of Budapest lies partly in its geographic situation, partly in the reforms giving way to private enterprise in the last decades of socialism. Most of the Central European post-communist capital cities, with the exception of Ljubljana and Bratislava, are large and developed enough to enter a European urban competition. Belgrade and Zagreb will be delayed due to the civil war in their region; Bucharest and Sofia have infrastructural, economic and social problems, while Budapest, Prague and Warsaw may have an opportunity to join the developed European urban network. Their chances are examined in this study, with special regard to the Hungarian capital. 相似文献
5.
Russian cities at a crossroads 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The research project `Changes in the Russian urban system after the dissolution of the Soviet Union' supported by the German
Science and Research Society aims to reveal the impact of change in (1) the national and regional urban network, (2) the type
and condition of Russian cities, and (3) the factors and actors affecting urban development. In this contribution the focus
is made on the first task. The authors argue that visible stabilisation of the Russian urbanisation under crisis and/or under
a new stage involves a good deal of restructuring and qualitative change. The hierarchy of the nation-wide functional centres
is in flux. Within regions `alternative' foci attract industries, capital and people, and compete with regional capitals.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Mauri Palomäki 《GeoJournal》1991,24(3):257-267
The emergence of a real West European capital requires a transfer of national decision-making power to a European common body or a form of federalism in Europe. The first uniting phases and later some voting results in member countries of the EEC point to an emergence of a possible future political core area in the Benelux countries. There is a large choice of cities in Europe as to the position of a future federal capital. Using the location of the headquarters of European international organizations, large firms, financing firms, and taking the accessibility of the cities into consideration, Brussels, London and Paris receive a nearly equal and high position in rankings. This, and an abundance of smaller international centers, point to an existence in Europe of a system of highest level decision-making centers rather than a single capital city. To a great extent this three point construction is located inside the European megalopolis. The whole supranational decision-making city system is very marginally oriented to the west within the continent. The modest share of Germany in these activities is conspicuous. Economically, however, it is now the strongest country in Europe. The future of the decision-making city system may, therefore, still see considerable change.An earlier Finnish language version of this paper entitled Euroopan ylikansalliset päätoksentekokeskukset by Mauri Palomäki and Matti Hiltunen appeared in Terra 102, 1 (1990) 相似文献
7.
Francisco Javier Monclús 《GeoJournal》2000,51(1-2):57-63
Planning strategies in Barcelona are linked to its capital city aspirations. Like other European cities, capitals and non-capitals, Barcelona throughout the course of the 20th century has drawn upon a number of different planning strategies, directed towards reinforcing its prestige at both a national and international level. During this period Barcelona has sought to become Spain's second capital, the cultural capital, the industrial capital, capital of Catalonia, capital of the West Mediterranean, etc. Always in competition with Madrid, the aspirations of capital status ranking have been ambiguous. The dream of the great monumental Barcelona of the start of the century tried to emulate the European capital cities (especially Paris). By contrast more recent strategies emphasise the new role that Barcelona can play within a south-west European macro-region. The subject raised in this paper then is two-fold. On the one hand the continuity or not in the capital aspiration starting from the recuperation of Catalonia's autonomy, with its corresponding urbanistic and architectonic connotations. On the other hand the originality and analogies between strategies carried out in Barcelona, in relation to other European cities, capitals and non-capitals. 相似文献
8.
Economic transition in central and eastern Europe (CEE) has had a particularly strong impact on industrial cities and regions. Following their economic collapse, most of them are now confronted with serious problems such as high unemployment and vast ecological damage. The paper presents findings from a pan European research project that investigated the problems of these cities and regions as well as the strategies being adopted to cope with structural change. It examines the differences in approaches and addresses the question whether existing EU policy is suitable for supporting the redevelopment of old industrial cities and regions in CEE countries. The paper concludes with recommendations for future directions in policy making. 相似文献
9.
Guiseppe Dematteis 《GeoJournal》1997,43(4):331-338
A recent study on the European integration of the Italian urban system shows that globalisation processes do not necessarily separate cities from their regional networks. The most successful cases of recent urban development in Italy are associated with the formation of metropolitan networked regions in which a major metropolitan centre is linked with cities of a lower level by hierarchical, complementary and synergetic relations. The paper examines the result of an analysis carried out on 148 major Italian daily urban systems. It takes into account two sets of indicators: one referring to the supraregional network interactions, measuring the degree of globalisation, and one referring to the proximity interactions inside the regional networks, measuring the degree of regional cohesion. They allow the definition of typologies of urban systems founded on a (normally positive) correlation between supraregional functional openness and regional integration. 相似文献
10.
Philipp Schmidt-Thom Stefan Greiving Hilkka Kallio Mark Fleischhauer Jaana Jarva 《Quaternary International》2006,150(1):103
Europe experiences different natural hazards and subsequent risks that have various effects on the development of its regions. The spatial significance of hazards can be expressed as an economic risk when combining hazard potential with vulnerability data. Two examples of European natural hazard maps on floods and earthquakes, as well as the resulting risk profiles of regions (combination of hazard potential and vulnerability) give a first impression on the spatial characters of hazards in Europe and their potential impact on further spatial development. The economic risk maps enable a view on the spatial dimension of the economic damage potential of flood and earthquakes, pointing out comparable situations across Europe with the aim to facilitate targeted responses and policies. The spatial character of a hazard is either defined by spatial effects that might occur in case of a disaster or by the possibility of spatial planning responses. The integration of the economic vulnerability of a region (regional GDP per capita, population density) leads to a classification of areas according to their economic risk or damage potential towards hazards. These synthetic risk profiles are presented as risk maps of European regions in administrative boundaries. Obtained information can be of interest for spatial planning and development strategies, e.g. economic risk profile of regions can influence the targets of investments and could thus be an important background for structural funding. 相似文献
11.
Zoltán Cséfalvay 《GeoJournal》1994,32(4):351-361
After 1989, the East Central European countries had to face three major challenges: stabilization and modernization of their economies and the transition to a market economy. Hungary, partly because of the early liberalization of the command economic regime enjoyed a significant competitive edge in the region in all three areas. The stabilization, modernization and restructuring of the economy was followed by the strengthening of processes of regional differentiation, the fast gaining on, and loosing of importance by certain areas and settlements. The capital city and the agglomeration area around it became the centre of the Hungarian as well as East Central European economic changes in all respects, the Western Transdanubian area is speedily integrating with the North Italian, Austrian, Southern German economic region, while the Southern parts of the country are presently in a state of transition and a prolonged crisis can be forecasted for the Eastern regions of the country. 相似文献
12.
Until recently the traditional spatial configuration of the European geography was based upon the core-periphery model. The
‘pentagon’, broadly defined as lying between London, Paris, Milan, Munich and Hamburg, was seen as the core area characterised
by having the highest concentration of economic development in the European Union (EU), with the remainder of the European
territory viewed as peripheral, albeit to varying degrees. In a number of cases such peripheral areas equated with clear regional
disparities. The elaboration of the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) (CEC, European spatial development perspective, towards balanced and sustainable development in the territory of the
European Union, 1999) challenged this core-periphery model. European spatial planning policies, aimed at encouraging social
and economic, and with ever increasing importance, territorial cohesion, seek amongst other aspects to encourage the development
of a balanced and polycentric urban system. This paper adopts a network analysis approach to the analysis of air passenger
flows between some 28 principal European metropolitan urban regions. The evaluation of these flows contributes to an enhanced
comprehension of the spatial dynamics of the European metropolitan territory which goes beyond that deriving from the more
standard analyses of the individual components of the urban system. Several indicators are used, deriving from gravitational
modelling techniques, to analyse the complexity of the air passenger flows. A multidimensional scaling (MDS) technique is
introduced in order to interpret and visualise the resulting spatial configuration and positioning of the different metropolitan
centres within the conceptual European ‘space of air passenger flows’, thereby contrasting with the more traditional map-based
geographical image of Europe, based upon Cartesian coordinates.
相似文献
| Malcolm C. BurnsEmail: |
13.
From early modern times until the present, Russia (temporarily extended to the USSR) had two capital cities: Moscow and Petersburg. Moscow was the original capital, it was succeeded by Petersburg from the beginning of the 18th century. From the early 20th century onward Moscow again became the capital, but it became a different kind of capital at the end of the 20th century. The paper describes the evolution of the representation of the state function in the appearance of the capital cities by way of the state buildings, the monuments, the street names. In addition it analyses the fate of the former capitals (first Moscow, then Petersburg) in terms of their symbolic functions. Petersburg originated as a capital turned to the outside emphasizing Russia's European vocation, while Moscow was at first the inward looking capital city representing the distinctive spiritual values of Russia. Changes had to do with the changes in the nature of the successive political regimes and with the changing roles of the two cities within those regimes. 相似文献
14.
Yichun Xie 《GeoJournal》1993,29(2):197-200
Great changes have taken place in China's urban and regional development since the economic reforms were launched at the end of 1978. Four phases are distinguished according to major policy changes. During the agricultural reforms and the initial stage of open door policy (Phase I), there was a rapid growth of small cities and towns and regional emphasis shifted from the interior to the coast. Phase II was characterized by urban reforms and the increasing involvement of foreign capital. Cities, especially large cities, grew fast and economic activities became concentrated along the coast. The economic rectification (Phase III) witnessed retarded growth and stagnant urban development. In the new surge of economic reforms (Phase IV), opening-up to the outside world became the first priority. The previously restricted opening-up of coastal regions has been replaced by a full-dimensional opening-up. The torrent of capturing foreign capital is moving towards China's remote hinterlands along its great rivers. 相似文献
15.
Corporate knowledge transfer via interlocking directorates: a network analysis approach 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper explores spatial changes to knowledge transfer by Canadian and American corporate networks from 1976 to 1996. Results support facets of a World Cities approach for Canada. Toronto lies at the top of the hierarchy, while Montreal, Calgary, and Vancouver fall into a third tier of specialized regional cities. The American knowledge network also possesses facets of the world cities approach. The world city, New York, lies at the top of the hierarchy. Further down, Chicago is a specialized national city, while a number of regional centers have emerged to play a larger role over the twenty-year study period. A third tier of cities has emerged to play the critical role of specialized regional cities. This geographical phenomenon can be explained in terms of industry, headquarters locations, and network maturity. Finance, insurance and real estate, as well as “other manufacturing” are three sectors of the economy that are prominent in the network. In Canada, these sectors have increasingly centralized in Toronto while decentralizing in the United States. Similarly, the headquarters location of American firms is decentralizing from New York and Chicago, while Canadian headquarters continue to be centralized in Toronto. Finally, results indicate that the potential for knowledge transfer depends upon maturity of the system under investigation. The mature US network with a large pool of qualified business individuals is better suited for knowledge transfer at the regional level. The Canadian network is less developed and not appropriate for regional systems of knowledge transfer. The result is a Canadian corporate knowledge threshold that encompasses the entire country while a number of much smaller corporate knowledge thresholds appear across the United States. 相似文献
16.
Kefa M. Otiso 《GeoJournal》2005,62(1):117-128
Kenya has been promoting equitable urban and regional development since the 1970s despite the lack of a clearly formulated national urban policy or an urban and regional development policy. A key element of the country’s equitable urban and regional development effort is the promotion of secondary cities that would relieve population pressure in the countryside, help to better integrate the country’s rural and urban economies, help to reduce congestion and improve the quality of life in the metropolitan cities of Nairobi and Mombasa, and help increase the modernization spin-off which urban centers provide to the surrounding rural areas. Using recent census and economic survey data, this paper examines the current state of Kenya’s secondary cities in the context of its urban and regional development strategies. The paper finds that: (1) the country’s urban and regional development strategies have failed to work as planned largely because of insufficient devolution of power and fiscal responsibility to municipal and other local government units, (2) the country’s secondary cities are faced with immense challenges that undermine their ability to live up to expectations, (3) some of these cities have significantly grown economically over the last four decades despite immense challenges, and (4) Nairobi’s dominance of Kenya’s economy continues because of policies that unwittingly concentrate investments there. The paper concludes with strategies that could enhance the country’s urban and regional development programs and, in the process, aid the development of its secondary cities. 相似文献
17.
The notion of empire has often been regarded in Europe as a matter of diffusion and expansion; something which happened over there rather than close to home. Yet the form, use and representation of modern European cities have been shaped by the global history of imperialism in ways that continue to matter even in an apparently post-imperial age. The signs of empire were prominently displayed within the built environments of all the major cities of late-nineteenth century Europe, as they came (in different ways) to play the role of regional, national and imperial capitals. In what was evidently a pan-European discourse on the imperial city between the mid-nineteenth century and the mid-twentieth, national models were defined in relation to other national models, in a spirit of competition as much as emulation. This paper examines the case of London. British architects and planners frequently complained that London lagged behind its rivals in the struggle for imperial primacy, given the absence of state-sponsored projects to parallel Haussmann's rebuilding of Paris or Leopold's grand plans for Brussels. At the intra-urban scale, the imperial city had a geography which mattered: in the case of London, different parts of the city were associated with different aspects of empire. More generally, it is clear that national debates over imperial urbanism were conditioned not simply by understandings of the global reach of European empires, but also by attitudes towards social, cultural and political change within Europe itself. 相似文献
18.
Kenya has been promoting equitable urban and regional development since the 1970s despite the lack of a clearly formulated national urban policy or an urban and regional development policy. A key element of the country’s equitable urban and regional development effort is the promotion of secondary cities that would relieve population pressure in the countryside, help to better integrate the country’s rural and urban economies, help to reduce congestion and improve the quality of life in the metropolitan cities of Nairobi and Mombasa, and help increase the modernization spin-off which urban centers provide to the surrounding rural areas. Using recent census and economic survey data, this paper examines the current state of Kenya’s secondary cities in the context of its urban and regional development strategies. The paper finds that: (1) the country’s urban and regional development strategies have failed to work as planned largely because of insufficient devolution of power and fiscal responsibility to municipal and other local government units, (2) the country’s secondary cities are faced with immense challenges that undermine their ability to live up to expectations, (3) some of these cities have significantly grown economically over the last four decades despite immense challenges, and (4) Nairobi’s dominance of Kenya’s economy continues because of policies that unwittingly concentrate investments there. The paper concludes with strategies that could enhance the country’s urban and regional development programs and, in the process, aid the development of its secondary cities. 相似文献
19.
A thousand years of loneliness? Globalization from the perspective of a city in a European periphery
Anders Lfgren 《Geoforum》2000,31(4)
Most cities face the challenge of increasing global and local change. Much of what has been said about cities in a globalized world has been concerned with large metropolitan cites. It has been postulated that increased competitiveness is the relevant response, and that urban governance has to change from managerialism to entrepeneurialism in order to cope with this challenge. The first part of the paper discusses some aspects of this body of theory, and the relevance for sub-national regional capitals. It also discusses how the scope of strategies depend on changing national and regional policies. The second part uses the case of Trondheim to discuss how these cities perceive and deal with globalization. Four policy options are discussed; the clientist strategy, the competitive strategy, the isolationist strategy and finally the option of doing nothing at all. The article concludes that global challenges will force local government in small cities to forge new strategies, but the preferred option is a clientist strategy rather than an entrepreneurial one, and the scope of strategy is national rather than global. Thus, when dealing with small peripheral cities and globalization, the range of perspectives must be extended beyond entrepreneurialism and competitiveness. 相似文献
20.
城市地下空间开发是缓解“城市病”、实现城市可持续发展的重要举措。欧美等发达国家和地区已经积累了丰富的城市地下空间开发的经验和教训。通过调研国际上一些主要城市的地下空间开发利用状况,剖析了当前国际城市地下空间开发的现状、问题及发展趋势,以指导我国城市地下空间开发。目前,国际城市地下空间开发形成了以缓解城市交通拥堵、扩大城市生存空间、建立集约型城市、构建舒适宜居城市环境为导向的开发模式,并以建设绿色、智慧的立体化城市为未来的发展趋势。我国应在充分吸收和学习国际上城市地下空间开发的经验和教训基础上,结合自身城市特点,高质量开发城市地下空间。 相似文献