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1.
基于国土空间规划视域下分析了中国工矿城镇发展的主要影响因素。结合国土空间规划对工矿城镇发展的要求,探讨了将国土空间规划要求落实到工矿城镇发展中的政策和技术路径,并按照空间规划融合统一的国土空间规划思路,提出了工矿城镇发展融入国土空间规划的设想。通过对中国陕北煤炭资源集中开采区工矿城镇发展的分析和案例总结,结合国土空间规划的政策和技术,针对陕北煤炭资源集中开采区工矿城镇未来发展,总结提出了5种不同发展模式;在国土空间规划的视域下,探讨工矿城镇发展的理论模式,为今后工矿城镇及区域协调发展提供依据和实践参考。 相似文献
2.
Labour shortage was an integral feature of the communist system of economic management and one that seemed most unlikely to
persist in the face of systemic transformation. A casual examination of the unemployment rates that have emerged throughout
most of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) during the course of the past decade might suggest that this early assumption was
correct. However, within the region the aggregate rate of joblessness, as well as the behaviour of national output, mask the
fact that certain, major urban centres appear to have weathered well the storms caused by exposure to western markets and
stringent fiscal and monetary policies. In these centres transformation has meant, to a greater or lesser degree, industrial
modernisation and this begs the question of whether the human capital portfolios of the inherited labour force match up to
the requirements of the new environment. This paper examines the meaning of the concept of labour shortage and presents the
findings from a survey of employers in four leading cities of three major CEE economies designed to elicit if, and how, manpower
requirements are being met in the present climate. The results indicate that, somewhat paradoxically, labour shortage persists
in the more flexible markets of the post-communist era and that firms do not expect the situation to change radically in the
near future.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Y. Takahashi 《GeoJournal》1981,5(6):573-574
After WW II, water demand in Japan for municipal and industrial use has increased drastically in those large cities and industrial regions with rapid urbanization and high economic growth. This was true especially in the decades of 1950 and 1960.Water shortage continues to be serious in some large cities in summer months. The author attempts to explain the reasons for this water shortage by explaining the relation between population growth and water demand in large cities. To meet these water shortages, there has been active development of water resources including construction of dams and saline barriers in large river basins and modernization of the water use system to increase its efficiency and re-use capacity for sewage treatment etc.At the same time, water resources development projects have been encountering various environmental problems as well as increased local protest in the 1970s. The author discusses the present dimensions of these problems and also presents several ideas regarding water resources planning for the future. 相似文献
4.
The prospects of an adjustment policy based on collective learning in old industrial regions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper aims to discuss the possibilities of adopting a policy based on collective learning in old industrial regions. This is particularly interesting because old industrial regions are believed to have lost their learning capabilities, as indicated by notions of `technological' and `institutional' lock-in. Moreover, the success stories where positive effects of interactive learning have been observed (Silicon Valley, Baden-Württemberg) all share the lack of an industrial past.First, we specify how a theoretical framework based on interactive learning, which tries to explain the industrial decline of old agglomerations, may look like, and how such an approach differs from other approaches. Then, we set out a policy framework that aims to deal with the process of structural adjustment and which incorporates the ideas of interactive learning based on socio-cultural factors. In this respect, we distinguish between two possible routes of adjustment, which reveal a complex interplay between different types of agglomeration economies, innovations and restructuring processes. Finally, we devote attention to the problems such a policy based on the notion of the learning region may face, such as the problem of how to overcome a negative lock-in situation caused by localized path dependency. 相似文献
5.
China’s climate change mitigation strategies and efforts are based on accurate regional carbon emission efficiency (CEE) estimates. Decision-making units which are all data envelopment analysis (DEA)-effective cannot be ranked by using the original DEA model. While previous studies omit environmental factors when gauging resources or environmental efficiency. In this study, we combine a Ruggiero three-stage model with a super-efficiency DEA model (SE-DEA) to solve these two problems. Following this method, we consider environmental factors and thereby compare provincial CEE in China in the new production frontier. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) provincial CEE values differ significantly in the first stage and the third stage; (2) in the third stage, only Eastern China reaches the SE-DEA relatively effective level, where CEE rankings in descending order are: Eastern, Central, and Western China; (3) provinces are divided into four categories in terms of provincial CEE values and per-capita GDPs, and therefore, regional climate and development policies could be oriented due to different categories. This efficiency evaluation methodology and the results obtained in our study not only contribute to understanding this issue, but also could be of specific interest to climate change policy makers in China. 相似文献
6.
Mr. J. Sargent 《GeoJournal》1980,4(3):205-214
This paper outlines the main changes in industrial location in Japan since the end of World War II. After a brief introduction, the paper discusses the growth of industrial regions between 1955 and 1965, and gives particular attention to the establishment of heavy industrial complexes in coastal locations and to the growth of assembly-line industries in inland locations. Some reference is also made to the role of local government inducement policies. The paper then turns to an examination of trends since 1965, and considers the significance of external diseconomies, changes in local government policy, labour shortage, improvements in transport and communications, and regional development policy. The paper argues that these factors have been responsible for a limited dispersal of manufacturing away from the main industrial regions. In conclusion, the paper briefly considers the implications of current economic trends for industrial location. 相似文献
7.
随着我国能源供给侧结构性改革以及煤炭去产能政策的实施,我国关闭煤矿数量逐年增加,煤矿关闭后产业如何转型成为迫切需要解决的问题.而关闭煤矿大都集中在煤炭资源型城市,关闭煤矿的发展与煤炭资源型城市发展密不可分,其优势产业的选择应与所在城市产业转型方向相一致,才能使关闭煤矿资源得到有效利用,促进当地经济高质量发展.依据新结构... 相似文献
8.
This paper examines environmental problems associated with Third World cities. It concentrates on environmental problems as they relate to health and living conditions, especially for lower income groups. After an outline of urban growth trends, these problems are discussed on three different geographic scales. At the regional level, the paper discusses how cities draw on a wider area for natural resources (and usually for labour) and have environmental impacts which stretch far beyond their boundaries, although the most pressing impacts tend to be on their immediate hinterland. At the city-wide level there are problems of disposing of household, human and industrial wastes and of associated problems of air and water pollution. At the level of the home or workplace there are problems of inadequate space and ventilation, inadequate infrastructure and basic services, and lack of provision for the safeguarding of human health. The final section discusses how governments might tackle the causes of these environmental problems on each of these scales. 相似文献
9.
我国煤炭城市实现可持续发展的思路与对策研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
我国共有煤炭型城市63座,其中典型的煤炭城市31座,一半以上分布于东北三省和山西省。煤炭型城市的稳定及可持续发展面临的主要问题有：经济结构单一,煤炭企业普遍亏损,生态破坏与环境污染严重,下岗失业人员增多、社会矛盾突出,城市布局分散、功能弱化。实现煤炭型城市可持续发展应遵循以下基本思路：①加强煤炭资源的综合开发与深度加工;②积极探索和发展非煤替代产业;③建立现代企业制度,调整企业组织结构;④加强生态型城市建设。煤炭型城市实现可持续发展不仅要有内部动力,还要有外部支持系统、相应的政策措施作保证,如建立煤炭型城市经济转型储备基金,运用政府补偿的财政支持手段,实施产业援助等优惠政策,尽可能减低各种税费支出,尽快将环境补偿费纳入资源补偿费的范畴。 相似文献
10.
F.E. Ian Hamilton 《Geoforum》1982,13(2):121-132
Polish regional policy and planning has long traditions and post-war socialist policies demonstrate important continuities with the 1930s. Regional policy since 1945 has progressed from sets of individual decisions on reconstruction through more coordinated policies for uniform development, for rational location and for activation of backward regions. Lack of adequate coordination and rigorous accounting, though, often meant excessive concentration of development in existing industrial areas and key urban centres. In the 1960s fashionable growthpole concepts were applied to medium-sized city development without maintaining adequate balance between continued growth in larger cities and new smaller-town development. Reform, long overdue, is required to implement the national spatial plan for the 1990s. 相似文献
11.
This article argues for a possibly new significance of geographical location in the information age, a significance amounting
to more than mere spatial anchoring, on the one hand, and to less and different than absolute destiny, on the other. Hence,
we show a possible change in the significance of geographical location from destiny in the industrial age to potential opportunity in the information age, a transition which applies to geographical units (i.e. cities, regions) and to individuals. First
we discuss geographical location as destiny in the industrial age for both geographical entities and individuals. Second,
we highlight a transitional period spanning through the 1970s and 1980s during which geographical location lost much of its
absolute nature, becoming more of an anchor. Third, we present a conceptual framework for geographical location possibly turning
into opportunity in the information age, again for both geographical units and individuals. We demonstrate that this potential
opportunity has only partially materialized by individuals in the international use of online shopping, showing that their
adoption is wider in North America, and differentiated in Europe. We further demonstrate a partial dissemination of opportunities
for cities and regions by focusing on FDI. Finally, in the fourth and concluding section, we briefly discuss pertaining policy
issues for the enhancement of locational opportunities. 相似文献
12.
建设用地定额标准是控制土地利用的有效工具。近年来各地高等院校建设快速发展,而相关的用地标准涵盖内容不全,致使新建校区用地规模过大、容积率偏低等问题较为普遍。通过对教育部及北京、江苏、上海等省市相关的高校用地定额标准的对比分析,并结合上海部分高校的调查,提出合理确定规划指标、优化土地利用结构布局与比例等完善高校用地定额标准的建议。 相似文献
13.
14.
With the socio-economic change from rural to industrial, Spain has experienced an enormous urbanisation boom during the last 20 years. This has produced a concentration of high-rise apartment blocks not only in the big cities but also in medium-sized towns and even within the medieval town centres. More astonishing, compared with Central Europe, seems however, the spatial distribution of the social classes which, with a centre-periphery gradient, still corresponds to the model of the pre-industrial town. The paper investigates the impact of town planning, house building policy, and behavioural aspects on these structural patterns. 相似文献
15.
Zarina Patel 《Geoforum》2006,37(5):682-694
The reshaping of South African cities is being guided by policies aiming to build socially and environmentally just communities. Despite widespread commitment to this goal, there is little consensus on what it means and how it should and could translate into practice. The paper shows that despite the emphasis on environmental justice and building sustainable communities in policy, the institutional context for implementation (including expert driven and deliberative approaches) do not always deliver on this mandate. Consequently, policy outcomes do not reflect those of the communities and households it is meant to serve, raising challenging moral and ethical questions for institutions involved in environmental governance. This paper shows how the institutional context of environmental assessment combined with the role played by the values held by environmental practitioners charged with influencing decision-making result in the perpetuation of environmental injustices. The lack of a clearly defined profession and professional body, reflecting a diversity of values, debating, regulating, defining and defending a set of principles to guide decision-making in cities is identified as a possible reason for the lack of congruence between the values reflected in policy with those held by the communities these interventions are intended to serve. The resulting value added by sustainable cities interventions in the light of this mismatch is therefore questionable, raising challenges regarding international calls for local action as well as an increasing policy focus in South Africa on the local level as the agent of political and spatial transformation of cities. 相似文献
16.
Recent policy initiatives for the inner cities and regions of Britain were reviewed in the context of the continued and deepening processes of metropolitan decentralisation of population and economic activity and of regional divergence in levels of economic well-being. The result is a policy focus on those areas considered as being on the margins of economic viability. Research evaluating past policy indicates only modest potential for the success of such a focus. Policies having a growth stimulation objective may be better centred outside these most marginal areas. Policies having a welfare objective may achieve greater efficiency if they have no particular spatial dimension. 相似文献
17.
Eri Hirakawa Akiko Murakami-Kitase Takamoto Okudaira Jun Inoue Hideo Yamazaki Shusaku Yoshikawa 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(3):833-840
Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) are produced by the high-temperature combustion of fossil fuels and emitted in to
the atmosphere. The distribution and concentration of SCPs in sediments have been used as a proxy for the distribution of
pollutants emitted to the atmosphere. However, the effect on the distribution of SCPs due to industrial activity at nearby
industrial cities is yet to be quantified. To clarify the origin of SCPs of ~20 μm in size that are preserved in sediments,
we evaluated the abundance, surface morphology, and chemical composition of SCPs in sediment core samples recovered from industrial
cities in Japan (Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagasaki) and China (Beijing), with the cities being located at least ~500 km away from
each other. Vertical profiles of SCP concentration in sediment cores from the Japanese cities and Beijing are different, reflecting
the contrasting industrial histories of the two countries. The SCPs from different cities show contrasting morphological and
chemical characteristics, suggesting that ~20 μm SCPs in sediments from the industrial cities could represent the local combustion
history in detail, as the influx of local SCPs is dominant at such sites. 相似文献
18.
Thea Dukes 《GeoJournal》2008,72(1-2):105-119
The European Community Initiative URBAN, explored in this article for seven countries in general and for two individual cities in the Netherlands in more detail, is a micro example of the ongoing struggle between European and national policy actors who contest each others’ authority. The programme, aimed at solving social-economic problems in deprived neighbourhoods in European cities, has acted as a catalyst for new forms of cooperation.Whether it has directly contributed to Europeanization at the local level seems questionable, but it has certainly helped some city administrations to enter the European stage. Whereas European urban policy discourse could not be found at the Dutch urban level in the mid 1990s, the discourse has become dispersed and is now increasingly used. 相似文献
19.
As former industrial cities have experienced radical changes to the bases of their economies, the imperatives of finding new roles and functions has often led to the adoption of cultural policies. These are diverse and partial but have become part of place promotion policies designed to attract visitors and investors. The connection with a literary figure offers one exploitable quality and this paper explores the adoption of Dylan Thomas, poet and writer, as an icon for Swansea. What emerges is the existence of a diversity of interested individuals and groups, who start from different positions but work towards a common goal. The tensions about the life and works of the poet, evident over the 50 years since his death are still there but the key players, including the City and County of Swansea, are finding ways of reconciling their differences in the ‘production’ of Dylan Thomas. This use of a writer and his local connections forms part of the more general process of making a cultural policy for the city. 相似文献
20.
Chen Mengxiong 《Environmental Geology》1987,10(3):141-147
Since the establishment of new China, great attention has been paid by the government to the investigation of groundwater
resources. On the basis of regional hydrogeological mapping covering most parts of the territory, an overall evaluation of
groundwater resources in China is about 872 billion m3/a, in which the amounts of pore water, fissure water, and karst water are calculated separately, and the consumption of groundwater
is also accounted for. Much prospecting work has been carried out for the development of well irrigation as well as the urban
water supply of industrial cities. This extensive work has provided a scientific basis for the rational development and utilization
of groundwater resources.
According to statistics, 11.3 million ha of arable land are irrigated with water from wells, and the annual exploitation of
underground water has reached 40 billion m3. In 27 cities of North China, the output of groundwater reached 6.86 million m3/d, which amounted to 87% of the total water consumed. The distribution and different hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater
resources in various regions are discussed in this article, including some environmental hydrogeological problems related
to the exploitation and utilization of groundwater. In short, it is evident that groundwater resources play a significant
role in both urban and rural water supply, and promote the development of agriculture and industries in China. 相似文献