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1.
An examination of the relationship between large organizations and local labour markets which draws attention to the role of the extended internal labour market (EILM). This paper explores recruitment strategies in the local labour market amongst 52 major employers in the metal sectors in the Sheffield local labour market. It shows how dependence on the external labour market rather than the internal labour market varies with the different occupations recruited within the local area and that, in some occupations, the EILM plays an important role. Where recruitment difficulties are experienced there are a variety of responses, all of which have particular implications for the amount and type of labour sought from the external labour market. The paper concludes by arguing for a greater emphasis on the recruitment strategies of larger firms in employer surveys to provide new insights into the operation of local labour markets and, in particular, the operation of the EILM. 相似文献
2.
《Geoforum》2016
This paper examines the increasing complexity of interactions between temporary staffing agencies and their client firms within the local labour market of Birmingham, UK. Temporary Staffing Agencies have been identified as active and influential agents in local, national and international labour markets. Their influence on local labour market functioning, national labour regulation and international regulatory frameworks is growing. Existing literature demonstrates the power of large multinational temporary staffing agencies in both established and emerging temporary staffing markets. Such analyses also contend that multinational agencies operate in very different ways to smaller independent ‘back-street’ temporary staffing agencies, with different types of clients and at different ends of the market. However, the research conducted in Birmingham, UK suggests that the reality is more complex. It is argued that there can be more subtle and intricate nuances of relevance to the temporary staffing industry in respect of the relationships that exist between large and small temporary staffing agencies, as well as between such agencies and their clients. We highlight how smaller agencies in Birmingham are utilising a variety of strategies and tactics to creatively ‘bolt-on’ to more formalised national agreements established by multinational agencies with their clients. Moreover, smaller agencies – in some instances – are able to exploit their knowledge of local labour markets to subvert, sabotage and/or infiltrate the activities of multinational agencies in increasingly astute ways. In turn, this generates a series of questions for understanding the nature of ‘market making’ associated with the temporary staffing industry more broadly. 相似文献
3.
There have been many studies of the retail industry in recent years, and of the impact that retailing has had on the spatial arrangement of urban areas and on consumer behaviour. Little attention has been paid, however, to employment in retailing, which is disturbing in view of its growing importance and its rapidly changing nature and composition. This paper examines the nature of the broad structural changes within the industry, and investigates their spatial consequences through a case study of employment generation within a system of suburban retail centres in Canberra, Australia. It is shown that the evolution of suburban centres, particularly those of a regional variety, has had an important and enriching impact on the suburban labour market. The regional centres are also seen to be the focus of the major structural employment changes currently affecting the retail industry. This has some important implications for urban planning. 相似文献
4.
5.
Since the attainment of democracy in 1994 one of the major concerns of the South African government has been to address the
social and economic injustices that characterised the apartheid regime. With tourism on the rise in South Africa and international
arrivals growing at a rate almost triple the global rate, the tourism industry has been identified as one of the important
industries to drive the transformation agenda. This study sought to assess the employment situation in Cape Town’s lodging
sector, identify the existing types of jobs and skills requirements of the sector, determine career aspirations of and skills
development needs for lodging sector employees as well as asses the state of transformation. Study findings showed that the
lodging sector is labour intensive, requires low academic skill, and offers low paying employment following the findings that
about a quarter of the respondents indicated that their jobs didn’t require any formal qualification, the average working
day was 9.2 h and 52% earned below R3,500 a month. The study showed significant differences in income based on race. White
employees earned significantly more than their black and coloured counterparts. However, white employees working as general
labour were also significantly more qualified than their black and coloured counterparts. There was a significant positive
relationship between income and length of service for white employees, but the same wasn’t true for black and coloured employees.
There was a significant negative relationship between length of service and academic qualifications for black employees implying
that black people’s length of service for one employer decreases as they become more academically qualified. Also significant
was skills development opportunities based on gender. Significantly more females than males had attended on-the-job training
programs. 相似文献
6.
Economic transition in central and eastern Europe (CEE) has had a particularly strong impact on industrial cities and regions. Following their economic collapse, most of them are now confronted with serious problems such as high unemployment and vast ecological damage. The paper presents findings from a pan European research project that investigated the problems of these cities and regions as well as the strategies being adopted to cope with structural change. It examines the differences in approaches and addresses the question whether existing EU policy is suitable for supporting the redevelopment of old industrial cities and regions in CEE countries. The paper concludes with recommendations for future directions in policy making. 相似文献
7.
Burush is a small village in the N Sahelian Zone of the Sudan, whose population are basically sedentary agriculturists. The recurring drought conditions of the last two decades have significantly influenced the local resource base, so that the subsistence of the majority of the households was highly challenged. Nevertheless, the people are still surviving and resisting. The explanation of this resistence can be sought in the endogenous coping mechanisms adopted by the people. One of these mechanisms is migration, especially the seasonal labour migration of the heads and grown-up members of households, which used, even in good years, to be highly integrated in the strategies of survival of the majority of households. However under the recurring crop failures and the growing competition in the seasonal labour opportunities, this seasonal migration is changing gradually into stays of longer duration in the traditional destinations of seasonal labour. On the other hand, the male members of households are actively involved in migration of long duration, especially into the urban centres. Yet, the constributions of these migrant members to the subsistence of their households are limited, because of the rising costs of living in uurban centres as compared with the incomes. The rehabilitation of Burush lies obviously in the development of long-term strategies which aim at strengthening the endogenous resilience mechanisms. 相似文献
8.
This paper focuses on what observers have perceived to be a failure of development leading to a ‘crisis of youth’ as increasing numbers of young people find it more difficult to gain education, access to health, a job and meet standard of living aspirations. For some, a possible escape is offered by migration to Europe, the United States or Australia, often illegally. For those remaining behind, however, international development agencies offer a ‘globalisation of solutions’ to employment, gender inequality and poverty through the millennium development goals and the programmes to attain them. In this paper we do not take the failures of development at face value but look at local contexts to present a more complex picture of the relation between education, work and social life. Based on fieldwork conducted in urban areas of The Gambia and Ghana, we argue that rather than education as a catch-all solution we need to give more attention to the costs incurred by and for young people in pursuing education and training, to the operation of and actual opportunities in labour markets, and to patterns of gender socialisation which give women limited scope to exercise agency. This paper explores key gender dimensions of work and education among low-income urban youth noting that despite on-going efforts to increase young women’s enrolment in schools and access to employment, gender inequalities have been far from eradicated. Our field interviews reveal how social expectations that women should perform the bulk of reproductive labour in their youth as well as in adulthood and constraints placed on young women’s personal freedom in respect of their social relationships reduce time dedicated to education and establish fewer contacts relevant to securing paid employment. The result is for men to end up with more educational qualifications, more skills, and higher-paying jobs, even if unemployment among young people in general remains a major problem. 相似文献
9.
David Turnock 《GeoJournal》2000,50(2-3):75-90
Human capital was crucial for development under central planning, but transition states finding their way in a global world
must also rely heavily on human assets. Investors are much concerned about the quality and adaptability of labour, as well
as transport, business services (including assistance from national and local government) and political stability. Since Eastern
Europe is not making full use of its substantial human resources, this collection examines different aspects of a complex
issue. while civil society is being reconstructed, the growth and efficiency of labour markets in constrained by poor demographic
performance, restrained migration, problems of cohesion among ethnic minorities and high levels of stress. The focus then
moves to economic diversification through endogenous potentials, regional and local development and cross-border development.
Finally, it is suggested that human resources can best be harnessed under conditions of sustainability and that substantial
progress is being made to safeguard the environment of the region in terms of pollution control and conservation of cultural
landscapes.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
The political turning point in the former GDR and the transformation processes that have been observed since then have significantly
affected economic and social structures in the new Federal States. Gender roles, however, were subjected to even more dramatic
changes. Whilst many women experienced the employment policies of the GDR era as beneficial, social researchers often designate
them as the losers of unification nowadays. This is largely because the abundance of State support measures for employed women
and mothers has been drastically reduced and women as a group have been hit hardest by the crisis on the East German labour
market. Using two cases (Mecklenburg-Westpommerania and Thuringia), this paper aims to illustrate the impact of the transformation
process on the everyday (working) lives of women. We are particularly concerned with a comparative analysis of how women experience
and deal with regional disparities in East Germany.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Prof. Dr. Elisha Efrat 《GeoJournal》1977,1(4):41-46
Conclusions The industrialization of the development towns is one of the main factors in the creation of a modern productive economy in a new social environment. The proportion of Israel's large industrial plants that have been located in the developments town is much larger than the corresponding proportion of all the country's industries. The tendency to establish relatively large industries in the development towns will probably continue for a considerable time, and it will necessitate the chanelling of large government resources to the development regions.A more serious obstacle is the shortage of labour, and particularly of skilled labour. In contrast to the supply of capital, this difficulty cannot be solved by administrative decisions taken in accordance with an agreed economic policy. What is needed here is a revolution in vocational training, and a diversification in plant sizes, the smaller plants supplying services to the larger industries.Vocational education is one of the most important conditions for the success of the industrialization process in the development towns. Jews have no technological and industrial tradition, and when they established their state, they did not attach sufficient importance to the rapid training of a labour force that would be able to take its place in the new factories. In making up for this omission, it is important to avoid concentrating on the conservative and traditional trades, and attention should be paid to the needs of the newer and more sophisticated industries. 相似文献
12.
Philip S. Morrison 《GeoJournal》2004,59(2):127-136
The neo-classical rationale for deregulation of the labour market argues that capital and labour should have greater choice
in their relationship with each other, in particular employers should have greater flexibility to affect wages and conditions
in accord with specific product markets and local conditions. Decentralised decision making, it is argued, will lead to greater
market efficiency than a centrally controlled system of employment relations and wage setting. Such was the rationale for
the Employment Contracts Act (ECA) in 1991. Although it did even out the relative power granted to capital and labour the
Employment Relations Act (ERA) introduced a decade later preserved the general thrust of the 1991 legislation. The ECA completed
the dismantling of centralised regulation of employment relationships in New Zealand. But over ten years later there is still
no clear consensus on its labour market impact. The immediate effects of the legislation on unionisation and levels of work
stoppages are relatively easy to document. However, outcomes related to the functioning of the labour market as a whole –
unemployment rates, labour force participation rates, wage levels, labour productivity and on-the-job-training – have proved
far more difficult to tie directly or even indirectly to the ECA. It is argued here that the impact of the ECA on efficiency
and growth has been extremely modest and that any net improvement in conventional labour market measures has been negligible. Rather the Act has been more influential in redistributing
available paid work, including the redistribution of a greater share of the surplus from labour to capital itself. Any categorical
conclusions on the impacts of the ECA and the ERA require a far more carefully specified research design than has been applied
to date.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Transnational elites in global cities: British expatriates in Singapore's financial district 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Jonathan V. Beaverstock 《Geoforum》2002,33(4):525-538
Skilled international migration is as an important process of both contemporary globalization and the global city. The establishment of a transnational elite of expatriate labour in international finance plays a vital part in the accumulation of capital within international financial centres (IFCs). Expatriate labour has become a major determinant of the IFC, creating financial capital through complex social relations, knowledge networks, practices and discourses. The principal argument being made in this paper is that expatriates are major agents in the accumulation and transfer of financial knowledge in the IFC, and that such processes are undertaken through expatriate global–local knowledge networks and other social practices. The paper is divided into three major parts. Following a discussion of transnational elites as expatriates in global cities, which also conceptualises their contribution to the spatialization of financial knowledge networks, the empirical study investigates the working, social and cultural knowledge networks and practices of British expatriates in Singapore. Finally, the paper revisits the conceptual work on transnational elites and suggests that expatriates were deeply embedded in global–local relations in the workplace and the business/social sphere through interaction with local ‘western educated/experienced' Singaporeans, but were disembedded from the local in the home and other household social spaces due to the invisibility of the local population in their interactions. Both the theoretical and empirical analyses suggests that expatriates are flow in the Castellian spatial logic of the network society. 相似文献
14.
M. Romann 《GeoJournal》1978,2(6):499-506
Over a decade after the reunification of Jerusalem, two major issues arise concerning the urban reality created after 1967. First, the extent to which West and East Jerusalem in fact now form one urban unit and second, the nature of relationships which exist between Jews and Arabs, especially in the socio-economic area.The examination of the residential pattern, the provision of services and of employment, might provide us with some important insights.It may be stated that after reunification the once existent physical dividing line between West and East Jerusalem has virtually no significance, whether one considers the basic landuse pattern or the kind of movement of people, goods and services. However, there continues to be a line which separates the Jewish from the Arab population. Indeed, while segregation characterizes the pattern of residence, the location of private enterprise and the consumption of certain public services, mutual contact and interdependence do occur to a greater extent in various economic areas and particularly in the commercial and labour markets.In many respects this new urban reality resembles that which had existed before the city was divided. After 1967 as before 1948, it was the basically different socio-economic characteristics which distinguished between Jews and Arabs — as well as the particular political situation — which for the most part determined the patterns of co-existence of the two communities in Jerusalem. 相似文献
15.
《Geoforum》2017
This paper explores the precarious working conditions in the Chinese restaurant industry in Sweden – a country considered to have one of Europe’s most liberal labour immigration policies. Drawing upon a theoretical framework inspired by scholarship on precarious work and time geography, the paper argues that precarious work performed by migrant labour can be usefully understood through three interrelated temporal processes that, when they work together, produce and maintain precarious work-life situations. They are: (1) work-time arrangements: that is, actual working hours per day and over the annual cycle, the pace and intensity of work and the flexibility demanded of migrant workers in terms of when work is carried out, (2) the spatio-temporal ‘waiting zones’ indirectly produced by immigration policies that delay full access to labour markets and in which precarious work-time arrangements consequently arise, and (3) migrant workers’ imagined futures, which motivate them to accept precarious work-time arrangements during a transitory period. The paper thus also illuminates that the Chinese chefs in Sweden’s restaurant industry are not just passive victims of exploitative work-time arrangements. Rather, waiting – for a return to China or settlement in Sweden – may be part of migrants’ strategies to achieve certain life course trajectories. 相似文献
16.
As a legacy of the centrally planned economy, the economies in transition of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have a unique
potential to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions through the improvement in their high energy intensities. Since much of
this `low-hanging fruit' in energy-efficiency improvements can be highly cost-effective, many developed countries facing difficulties
in meeting their greenhouse gas (GHG) emission targets domestically are eager to find such opportunities in the CEE region.
Therefore, studies analysing the potentials and costs of carbon dioxide reduction through technology improvement in the region
have come into the limelight. While there are a few excellent studies in the region aimed at analysing climate change abatement
potentials, they all embark on different assumptions, methodologies and boundary conditions. It is hence difficult, if not
impossible, to compare and analyse the results of these studies across different authors, countries or time horizons. Consequently,
the purpose of this paper is to place four leading studies on GHG mitigation through technology improvement from the CEE region
into an internationally comparable framework. Four studies were selected from three countries, Poland, Hungary and Estonia,
which are all the results of major national and international efforts to assess costs and potentials of GHG reduction. The
paper places their assumptions, methods and final results into a framework which enables policy-makers and project designers
to compare these across geographical and technological boundaries. Since other studies from around the globe have been analysed
in this framework in the literature, this paper provides a vehicle for the findings of these four studies to be compared to
others worldwide. In addition, the paper highlights a few areas where similar studies to be completed in the future in the
region may be enhanced by incorporating features used in GHG mitigation research in other parts of the world.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
《Geoforum》2016
This article follows the industry employment histories of all individuals who at some point have been affiliated with the declining German or the dismantling Swedish shipbuilding industry during 1970–2000. We analyse the situation of the individual workers leaving shipbuilding, investigating the extent to which they were employed at all, tended to move to related sectors within or outside the region, and whether such moves were beneficial for the individuals. Combining insights from labour geography and redundancy studies with evolutionary economic geography, we find remarkably similar results for the West German and Swedish cases. Our findings indicate a notable impact of the regional industry structure on the labour market outcomes for workers leaving shipbuilding. This suggests that more attention should be devoted to the specific structures of the absorptive capacity of regional labour markets. The findings are discussed within the context of a mature industry. 相似文献
18.
W.J. Cowie 《Geoforum》1983,14(1):55-73
This paper critically evaluates theories of settlement pattern and change which have commonly been employed by geographers. Those discussed include central place, growth pole and modernization theories, as well as notions of settlements as a product of adaptation to environmental conditions, as central places, or as nodes of retail distribution. In all instances criticism centres on the applicability of those notions to the African rural scene. It is suggested that not only are most concepts inappropriate in this context, but they are also partial and historically relative. More suitable, normative concepts of settlements and settlement systems are suggested. 相似文献
19.
Detailed estimates of economy-wide disaster losses provide important inputs for disaster risk management. The most common models used to estimate losses are input–output (IO) and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. A key strength of these models is their ability to capture the ripple effects, whereby the impacts of a disaster are transmitted to regions and sectors that are not directly affected by the event. One important transmission channel is household migration. Changes in the spatial distribution of people are likely to have substantial impacts on local labour and housing markets. In this paper, we argue that IO and CGE models suffer from limitations in representing household migration under disaster risk. We suggest combining IO and CGE models with agent-based models to improve the representation of migration in disaster impact analysis. 相似文献
20.
Girmachew Adugna Zewdu 《GeoJournal》2018,83(5):1019-1034
Although Ethiopia has seen a reduction in refugee flows over the past decade, documented and undocumented labour migration has significantly increased. International migration has changed from that born out of conflict to irregular migration mainly driven by economic reasons. The source of migrants has expanded from urban centres to include rural areas, making them an important source of low-skilled labour for the international labour market. Based on a qualitative study, this paper explores the process and pattern of Ethiopian migration to South Africa, an emerging destination in the global South. This migration corridor is increasingly characterised by its irregularity. The paper also reflects how migration patterns shape the pattern of remittance flow, along with the way in which migrants and their networks substitute the function of financial institutions engaged in the remittance industry. It also highlights the features of remittances utilisation in emerging rural migrant community in Southern Ethiopia. 相似文献