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1.
Summary Starting from the eqts. (1) and (4) resp. (19) which are valuable for the streaming of an ideal gas in the space, where the plane resp. spheric wave is propagated adiabatically, it follows that for such a motion instead of the Euler's equation the eqts. (11) resp. (20) are valid. In the discussed cases the eqts. (1), (4) and (19) are the fundamental equations and reflect the Newton's principles of dynamics. In our two special cases the one dimensional Euler's equation follows from the fundamental eqts. (1), (4) and (19) only approximately.
Zusammenfassung In zwei Beispielen wird gezeigt, dass die Gültigkeit der Eulerschen Bewegungsgleichungen nicht allgemein ist.
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2.
目的:探讨通过64层螺旋CT螺距参数的设置,降低新型冠状病毒肺炎患者筛查的辐射剂量和扫描时间的可行性。方法:前瞻性选择需进行新型冠状病毒肺炎筛查患者,按扫描时间随机分为大螺距组和对照组,每组各16例。大螺距组选择1.375∶1螺距,对照组选择0.984∶1螺距。对肺纹理、支气管、纵膈结构的图像质量;胸主动脉、竖脊肌、双肺肺实质;辐射剂量的客观数据进行评价和分析。结果:32例图像均符合影像诊断要求。伪影、肺纹理评分差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组右肺CT值分别是（-804.62±45.43） HU和（-852.12±28.13） HU、左肺CT值分别是（-808.13±37.74） HU和（-858.77±19.95） HU,均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组的扫描时间分别为（2.14±0.15） s和（3.14±0.28） s,具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组记录所得的容积CT剂量指数（CTDIvol）是（7.88±0.89） HU和（11.17±1.08） HU、剂量长度乘积（DLP）是（279.14±36.33） HU和（387.25±47.86） HU均具有统计学意义（是P<0.05）,有效剂量（ED）分别是（3.91±0.51） HU和（5.42±0.67） HU具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:新型冠状病毒肺炎患者CT筛查检查中,使用大螺距扫描,能够减少辐射剂量、显著缩短了扫描时间,在不影响病灶诊断的前提下,降低病人接受到的辐射剂量和放射技师感染的风险,具有实际工作意义,有待进一步推广验证。   相似文献   

3.
Manganese oxide has been widely investigated for oxidation of arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)) due to its high redox potential; however, it becomes extremely unstable after reuse. Here, As(III) oxidation activity and stability of manganese oxide in the presence of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is investigated. Batch experimental results reveal that manganese oxide/PMS exhibits high catalytic activity for As(III) oxidation compared to manganese oxide or PMS alone. Addition of PMS to manganese oxide not only reveals long‐term stability for As(III) oxidation, but also shows high As(III) oxidation activity in the presence of coexisting ions such as As(V) and phosphate. Quenching tests reveal that As(III) oxidation in the manganese oxide/PMS system is attributed to activation of PMS by manganese oxide at different oxidation states (Mn(III) and Mn(IV)), and the generation of sulfate radicals that are responsible for As(III) oxidation.  相似文献   

4.
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry is ideally suited to measure the sub-lethal impacts of photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides on microalgae, but key relationships between effective quantum yield [Y(II)] and the traditional endpoints growth rate (mu) and biomass increase are unknown. The effects of three PSII-inhibiting herbicides; diuron, hexazinone and atrazine, were examined on two tropical benthic microalgae; Navicula sp. (Heterokontophyta) and Nephroselmis pyriformis (Chlorophyta). The relationships between Y(II), mu and biomass increase were consistent (r(2)0.90) and linear (1:1), validating the utility of PAM fluorometry as a rapid and reliable technique to measure sub-lethal toxicity thresholds of PSII-inhibiting herbicides in these microalgae. The order of toxicity (EC(50) range) was: diuron (16-33nM)>hexazinone (25-110nM)>atrazine (130-620nm) for both algal species. Growth rate and photosynthesis were affected at diuron concentrations that have been detected in coastal areas of the Great Barrier Reef.  相似文献   

5.
At present,there are many methods of calculating seismic time-fractal.However,there isn’t aquantitative result about the precision of every method.So,in this Paper,we use the digitalimitation of theoretic model to solve precision estimate problems of calculating the precision ofone dimension distribution of theoretic models with Cantor multi-fractal set,we obtained someresults as follows:(1)There exists many problems such as rules,numbers of samples,basicpoint selection,the diffence resulted from different methods and so on.(2)The fixed-massmethod(MAS)and the minimal spanning tree method(MST)can give good structure charac-teristics with different q value,while the counting-boxes method can’t.And the error of thefixed-radius method(RAD)in the range of-q is too big.(3)There are scale problems of rulesfor multi-fractal,it is objective reflection for non-rule area.(4)MST has the boundary prob-lem,while MAS and RAD don’t.(5)With increasing sample number,the precision of allfractal-dimension values becomes  相似文献   

6.
Recent evaluations of acute and chronical toxicity of arsenic resulted in a reduction of the standard value for total arsenic from 40 μg/L to 10 μg/L in drinking water which will be valid in Germany after a transition period as from January 1996. Arsenic is well known as substance of deep groundwaters, mainly of geogenic origin and normally found as As(III) or As(V). As(V) is well removable by flocculation and filtration after adding iron salts. As(III), however, has to be oxidized first to As(V). Therefore, it is important for treatment techniques to be able to distinguish between As(III) and As(V). A modified determination of As(III) using flow injection analysis was installed and optimized in order to investigate whether As(III) may be oxidized to As(V) by bacteria in natural waters. The results showed that at 4°C, no As(III)-oxidation was observed within 14 days. At room temperature, however, in the bacteria-containing samples, an As(III)-oxidation was found starting after 3 to 7 days. After 14 days, no As(III) was left over. In contrast, in the sterile samples, no As(III)-oxidation could be observed within 14 days. These results demonstrated that microbial processes influence the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in natural waters.  相似文献   

7.
Two biotic indices, ATZI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) and Benthic Quality Index (BQI) have been recently introduced within the EC Water Framework Directive to assess the quality of marine habitats: both are based on sensitivity/tolerance classification and quantitative information on the composition of soft-bottom macrofauna. Their performance, especially with regard to sampling effort was assessed based on two data sets collected in Southern Baltic and one from the Gulf of Lions Mediterranean. AMBI was not affected by sampling effort but BQI was. Two modifications were proposed for BQI (i.e., BQI) (1) the removal of the scaling term (i.e., BQI(W)), and (2) the replacement of the scaling term by different scaling term (i.e., BQI(ES)). Both modified BQIs were largely independent of sampling effort. Variability was slightly lower for BQI(W) than for BQI(ES). BQI was highly correlated with BQI(W) and with BQI(ES) both in the Southern Baltic and in the Gulf of Lions. However, the proportions of stations, which were not attributed the same ecological quality status (EcoQ) when using BQI and its two modified forms were always high. Differences in ecological classification were mostly due to the scales used to infer EcoQ. Based on this study we recommend to use BQI(ES) in future studies because it apparently constitutes the best compromise in (1) being independent of sampling effort, (2) limiting the variability in computation in relation with sampling effort, (3) being correlated with BQI and corresponding EcoQ.  相似文献   

8.
A series of Co-60 compounds, considered as potentially useful tracers of groundwater movement, were prepared and evaluated in soil column and batch studies. The compounds were: potassium hexacyanocobaltate (III), K3Co(CN)6; potassium ethylenediamminetetraacetato-cobaltate (III), KCo(EDTA); ammonium 12-tungstodicobaltoate (III), (NH4)8[Co(II)Co(II)W12O42] · 20 H2O; chloraquotetrammine cobalt (III) chloride, [Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2; and sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III), Na3Co(NO2)6. The performance of K3 60Co(CN)6 and K 60Co EDTA were dependent on their environment and more especially on the type and amount of clay present. The EDTA cobalt complex cannot be used in soils that are basic or where a large fraction of the clay is saturated with Na+ and/or Ca++. Of the other radioactive tracers tested, none were suitable for groundwater tracing because of instability in aqueous solution (Na3Co(NO2)6), variable anionic structure under acid conditions ((NH3)8[Co(II)Co(II)W12O42] · 20 H2O), or preferential uptake by the clay fraction ([Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2).  相似文献   

9.
The time-space evolution of an extratropical cyclonic precipitation field over U S A is simulated in a stochastic setting as outlined in Kavvas et al. (1988). The birth of a cyclonic storm is characterized by the simultaneous birth of a cyclone center and births of subsynoptic precipitation areas (SPA) at preferred locations around the cyclone center. The precipitation cores and cells which are used as the fundamental building blocks of the SPAs are approximated by circular precipitation areas (CPA) of different sizes. The time space evolution of the precipitation field after the birth is governed by (1) the movement of the synoptic cyclone described by the cyclone center trajectory, (2) independent nonidentically distributed random velocities of the individual CPAs relative to the cyclone center, (3) the births of new CPAs in time and space relative to the cyclone center, (4) the independent evolution in time of the individual spatially uniform intensities of the existing CPAs, (5) the expansion and shrinkage of the existing CPAs in the course of movement and (6) the dissipation (death) of a random number of existing CPAs within the cyclonic system. The computer simulation, the results of which are presented in this paper, successfully reproduced the general mesoscale and synoptic scale features of the radar detected cyclonic rain fields as observed by Austin and Houze (1972), Houze et al. (1976), Hobbs (1978), Hobbs and Locatelli (1978), Houze (1981), Houze and Hobbs (1982) and others.  相似文献   

10.
CO(2) ocean storage by which liquefied CO(2) is injected into the deep-sea to mitigate the climate change would increase the CO(2) concentrations of the surrounding seawater. The biological impacts of such dynamic CO(2) environments are, however, unknown. We examined the acute toxicity of temporally changing seawater CO(2) concentrations on juveniles of Sillago japonica. Step-wise increases in ambient CO(2) to fCO(2) (fractional CO(2) concentration of the gas mixture bubbled into seawater) levels of 7% and 9% resulted in mortalities of 0.15 and 0.40-0.67 after 18 h, respectively. In contrast, one-step increases to these CO(2) levels killed all fish within 15 min. Further, a sudden drop of fCO(2) from 9-10% CO(2) to normocapnia (0.038%) killed all the surviving fish within a few minutes. These results demonstrate that impacts of ocean CO(2) storage need to be examined under conditions mimicking the dynamic changes in CO(2) levels expected to occur by the CO(2) injection procedure.  相似文献   

11.
A whole-core injection method was used to determine depth-related rates of microbial mineralization of (14)C-phenanthrene added to both contaminated and clean marine sediments of Puget Sound, WA. For 26-day incubations under micro-aerobic conditions, conversions of (14)C-phenanthrene to (14)CO(2) in heavily PAH-contaminated sediments from two sites in Eagle Harbor were much higher (up to 30%) than those in clean sediments from nearby Blakely Harbor (<3%). The averaged (14)C-phenanthrene degradation rates in the surface sediment horizons (0-3 cm) were more rapid (2-3 times) than in the deeper sediment horizons examined (>6 cm), especially in the most PAH polluted EH9 site. Differences in mineralization were associated with properties of the sediments as a function of sediment depth, including grain-size distribution, PAH concentration, total organic matter and total bacterial abundance. When strictly anaerobic incubations (in N(2)/H(2)/CO(2) atmosphere) were used, the phenanthrene biodegradation rates at all sediment depths were two times slower than under micro-aerobic conditions, with methanogenesis observed after 24 days. The main rate-limiting factor for phenanthrene degradation under anaerobic conditions appeared to be the availability of suitable electron acceptors. Addition of calcium sulfate enhanced the first order rate coefficient (k(1) increased from 0.003 to 0.006 day(-1)), whereas addition of soluble nitrate, even at very low concentration (<0.5 mM), inhibited mineralization. Long-term storage of heavily polluted Eagle Harbor sediment as intact cores under micro-aerobic conditions also appeared to enhance anaerobic biodegradation rates (k(1) up to 0.11 day(-1)).  相似文献   

12.
阳原地震台的改造建设--地电阻率观测中的干扰及排除   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
阳原台地电阻率观测受外界影响非常严重，因而严重影响了观测资料的精度，使资料质量大大降低。本文通过实验和研究，找到了影响资料观测精度的因素：(1)漏电；(2)电极老化；(3)稳流源输出不稳定；(4)降雨；(5)风扰，并分别加以排除。  相似文献   

13.
This research was conducted on the non-disturbed native alpine Kobresia meadow(YF) and the severely degraded meadow(SDL) of Dari County of Qinghai Province.By a density fractionation approach,each soil sample was divided into two fractions:light fraction(LF) and heavy fraction(HF).The obtained fractions were analyzed for organic carbon(OC) and nitrogen(N) concentrations.The results showed:(1) the OC concentration in HF and LF was 3.84% and 28.63% respectively while the nitrogen concentration in HF and LF wa...  相似文献   

14.
Ke L  Zhang C  Guo C  Lin GH  Tam NF 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,63(5-12):385-395
The influence of different environmental stresses, including salinity (5-35‰), tidal cycle (6/6, 12/12 and 24/24 h of high/low tidal regimes) and nutrient addition (1-6 times background nitrogen and phosphorus content) on Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Aegiceras corniculatum grown in sediment contaminated with spent lubricating oil (7.5 L m(-2)) were investigated. The oil-treated 1-year-old mangrove seedlings subject to low (5‰) and high (35‰) salinity had significantly more reduction in growth, more release of superoxide radical (O2·-) and higher activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) than those subject to moderate salinity (15‰). Extended flooding (24/24 h of high/low tidal regime) enhanced O2·- release and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in both oil-treated species but had little negative effects on biomass production (P>0.05) except the stem of A. corniculatum (P=0.012). The addition of nutrients had no beneficial or even posed harmful effects on the growth and cellular responses of the oil-treated seedlings.  相似文献   

15.
Direct displacement-based design of seismically isolated bridges   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
A Displacement-Based Design (DBD) procedure for bridges equipped with different seismic Isolation Systems (IS’s) is proposed. It has been derived from the Direct DBD method recently developed by Priestley and co-workers. The key aspect of the proposed procedure is the definition of a uniform target displacement of the deck, which is assigned by the designer to accomplish a given performance level, expressed through limit values of the maximum IS displacement and of the pier drift, respectively. The proposed design procedure has been developed for four different idealized force-displacement cyclic behaviours of IS’s, which can be used to describe the response of a wide variety of IS’s, including: (i) Lead-Rubber Bearings (LRB), (ii) High-Damping Rubber Bearings (HDRB), (iii) Friction Pendulum Bearings (FPB), (iv) Combinations of either Low-Damping Rubber Bearings (LDRB) or FPB and Viscous Dampers (VD), (v) Combinations of lubricated Flat Sliding Bearings (FSB) and LDRB, (vi) Combinations of FSB and Steel Yielding Devices (SYD), (vii) Combinations of FSB, Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)-based Re-centring Devices and VD. In the paper, the background and implementation of the design procedure is presented first, then some validation studies through nonlinear time-history analyses on different configurations of continuous deck and multi-span simply supported deck bridges are illustrated.  相似文献   

16.
本文从三个方面探讨了副鼻窦直接冠状扫描影像:(1)检查前病人的准备;(2)CT 技术;(3)数据显示。最佳 CT 技术主要包括采用俯卧位对副鼻窦前部以3mm 层厚薄层扫描,它可使得窦口鼻道综合体得以最佳显示,余部采用5mm 层厚扫描。扫描角度无意义。  相似文献   

17.
The kinetics of conversion of iron(III) (hydr)oxides to ferrous iron mediated by fulvic acid have been investigated in order to improve the understanding of the redox cycling of iron at the oxic-anoxic boundary in natural waters. Under the conditions similar to natural waters, fulvic acid is able to reduce the iron(III) (hydr)oxide. The kinetics of the reaction depend on the reactivity of iron(III) (hydr)oxides and the reducing power of the fulvic acid. The rate of reaction is 60 nm/h obtained under following conditions: total concentration of Fe(III) 1.0 × 10–4 M, pH 7.5, fulvic acid 5 mg/L. The rate is considered as a net result of reduction and oxidation in the > FeIII-OH/Fe(II) wheel coupled with fulvic acid. In a real natural water system, reductants other than fulvic acid may be of importance. The results obtained in the laboratory, however, provide evidence that the Fe(OH)3(s)/Fe(II) redox couple is able to act as an electron-transfer mediator for the oxidation of natural organic substances, such as fulvic acid by molecular oxygen either in the absence of microorganisms or as a supplement to microbial activity.  相似文献   

18.
Pyrite is a common sulfide mineral, particularly abundant in mining waste. It is a focus of mine envi-ronmental concern because the oxidation of exposed pyrite may lead to acid drainage and poisonous mate-rials (like As and heavy metals) release. In the United States, approximately $1000000 per day is spent in alleviating acid mine drainage[1], while the Canadian mining community has environmental liabilities that exceed $2 billion for disposal, management, and rec-lamation of mine waste[2]. …  相似文献   

19.
Concepts and terms used in previous multidisciplinary studies of tile-drained aquitard-dominated catchments (TDADC) are inconsistent and confusing. We provide a well-defined, comprehensive conceptual model of the subsurface hydrology of TDADC by selecting seven mutually compatible and consistent concepts. These concepts are: (1) groundwater as the main source of baseflow in headwater streams, (2) dominance of ‘pre-event’ water in stormflow, (3) importance of both macropores and matrix, (4) changes in flowpaths with rate of stream discharge, (5) dominance of shallow, lateral subsurface flow, (6) interactive nature of subsurface water, (7) transpiration of groundwater. This conceptual model was successfully ‘field-tested’ by examining data collected in a TDADC in a rural area of southern Ontario, Canada. The data consist mainly of chemical and isotopes tracers in water samples (headwater streams, groundwater, precipitation, tile water, soil-surface water), supplemented by water levels and meteorological data.  相似文献   

20.
This paper represents a systematic investigation of slope evolution diffusion models and has the following sections: (1) The model of slope development with linear coefficient k = k0x; (2) The model of slope development with quadratic coefficient in x; (3) Slope development model with vertical lowering of base level (downcutting); (4) Slope development model with the base level a horizontal variable (undercutting); (5) Steady-state regime of undercut slopes; (6) Model of a pediment and scree slope formation. The comparison is made between mathematical and classical methods of slope evolution analysis.  相似文献   

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