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《地球物理学进展》2015,(6)
面波勘探在浅层勘探中获得了广泛应用.随着地震干涉理论和被动源噪声互相关技术的发展,发现传统的基于微动技术的空间自相关技术(SPAC)方法和背景噪声互相关函数(NCF)的物理本质是一致的,因此,将地震干涉理论用于被动源面波勘探中的技术和方法越来越受到关注.本文基于地震干涉理论和应用的发展,对面波勘探的原理进行了简要介绍,阐述了主动源方法中稳态法、瞬态法等各种常规方法.并根据最新的研究进展,对被动源SPAC和NCF方法在浅层勘探中的应用进行了评述,分析了各种勘探方法的原理和特点,叙述了主动源与被动源SPAC方法及NCF方法三者联合勘探的新思路,有望将传统的面波勘探技术拓展到浅层三维速度结构的精细探测.叙述了面波反演过程中多模式问题的一些重要概念和处理方法,最后讨论了面波方法的发展趋势和几个值得关注的研究方向. 相似文献
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近年来,Love波多道分析技术在浅地表结构探测中受到越来越广泛的应用.与Rayleigh波相比,Love波相速度不受纵波速度影响,其反演参数较少,可使反演过程更加稳定、求解的横波速度模型更加可靠.高分辨率和多模式面波频散分析是面波多道分析技术中至关重要的一环.本文利用改进Frequency-Bessel变换法对主动源Love波进行频散分析.通过改进的0阶Frequency-Bessel变换,将时间-空间域多道Love波记录变换到频率-波数域,获得其频散能量谱.通过公式推导和数值模拟,验证了该方法的有效性.实例测试表明,该方法具有较高的分辨率和多模式分辨能力,为多分量面波勘探提供了一种有效的频散分析手段. 相似文献
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面波是地震勘探中常见的一种相干干扰,它的存在严重的影响着地震记录的信噪比.由于面波和有效波具有相关性且面波的频带和有效波的频带总有重叠的部分,在时域或频域二者不能明显分开,因此在时域或频域采用切除法压制面波会造成子波畸变和有效信息的损失.本文提出一种利用方向导数迹变换压制面波的新方法.文中推导了方向导数迹变换的反变换公式.地震记录的方向导数迹变换(Directional Derivative Trace Transform,DDTT)由两部分组成,一部分主要体现面波,能量集中;另一部分主要体现反射有效波,能量相对分散.根据这两部分能确定压制面波的阈值,通过这一阈值在正变换中压制面波后,再通过反变换返回时-空域就可达到压制面波的目的.理论和实际数据的处理都取得了令人满意的效果,表明了本文提出方法的可行性和有效性. 相似文献
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在近二十年来,多道面波分析法(MASW)由于其便捷、高效等特性在浅层地震勘探领域得到了广泛的应用.本文基于多道面波勘探的采集方式,提出了一种新的面波多道分析方法——矢量波数变换法(VWTM).该方法通过对震源的近似,基于水平层状模型得到台站与震源间近似格林函数,然后进行矢量波数变换得到含有高阶模态Rayleigh波(频率-相速度)频散能量图.本研究首先利用合成地震数据到频散能量图与理论频散曲线进行叠加分析该方法的有效性和正确性;然后与相移法进行对比分析,我们发现在频散能量图中VWTM法对基阶、高阶模态成像均具有更高的分辨率和成像质量;最后我们将其应用于实际多道瞬态面波探测中,通过与相移法进行对比分析,发现VWTM法是一种方便、实用、有效的Rayleigh波频散提取方法.VWTM法提取多模态的Rayleigh波频散特征具有巨大潜力,可为基阶、高阶面波频散联合反演提供丰富的高阶模态频散信息. 相似文献
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用面波联合勘探技术探测浅部速度结构 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
瑞雷面波勘探技术以其快速经济、受场地条件限制小等优点广泛应用于浅部横波速度结构探测.人工源面波勘探方法对浅部地层的探测精度高,但探测深度较浅;天然源面波勘探方法探测深度较深,但对浅部速度结构的探测精度不高.本文在夏垫和玉溪两地分别开展了人工源和天然源面波联合探测试验,尝试采用不同排列和相同排列两种方法,采集人工源和天然源面波信息,联合处理数据并提取频散曲线,反演得到浅部地层的横波速度结构.探测结果表明:人工源和天然源面波联合勘探,尤其是采用相同排列的方法,可以在几乎不增加常规面波勘探工作量的条件下,既能保证浅部地层的探测精度,又明显拓展探测深度,大大提升了面波勘探能力,有望在工程勘察领域中推广应用. 相似文献
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瞬变电磁法三维拟地震成像信息提取技术 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
在瞬变电磁法中,为提高对地下电性界面的分辨率,可移植地震勘探中的诸多技术对界面直接成像,以克服反演中的不适定性.首先为使得波形在高低不同的电性基底所产生的虚拟反射波振幅有可比性,在将原有瞬变电磁场逆变换成虚拟波场数据的基础之上,需要求取均衡系数;接着通过对虚拟波场的离散数据求取反褶积,可基本抵消波场变换的展宽作用和大地滤波影响,以达到对电性界面精确定位的效果;然后,对波形做低通滤波处理后运用克希霍夫积分公式,将虚拟地震波场由地面向地下反向逆时偏移成像.把波场分析原理用于对瞬变电磁场的解释,就形成了瞬变电磁偏移方法.从波场角度看,它拓展和丰富了瞬变电磁场的内涵.使用本方法,可更加容易得到从前用常规解释方法处理无法提取的信息.在延拓成像中可更精确的确定界面深度,并为在瞬变电磁法中合理引入拟地震处理解释方法提供重要的理论依据和实验参照. 相似文献
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被动源面波和体波成像在内蒙古浅覆盖区勘探应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地震勘探具有勘探深度和分辨率的优势,在矿产勘探中多被采用.但主动源反射地震具有成本高、在矿区采集困难等难题,限制了其广泛应用.无需主动源激发、利用天然噪声的被动源地震应用于勘探,可成为其低成本替代选项.本文在内蒙古浅覆盖区矿区进行了被动源勘探试验,采用相关计算获得拟炮集记录,并基于频率域信噪比计算,在生成拟炮集前实现了面波和体波甄选,分离了面波和体波.应用面波反演的横波速剖面识别了覆盖层厚度.体波数据经反射波常规处理,获得了成像剖面.经与主动源反射剖面对比,主要结构的反射特征呈现了良好的一致性.本文试验验证了被动源勘探在内蒙浅覆盖区具有良好应用前景,为低成本的面积性勘探实施提供了新的选择. 相似文献
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因为多波多分量地震勘探中P-P波和P-SV波通常混杂在一起,所以较好地分离P-P波和P-SV波能够提高数据处理和解释的质量.抛物线Radon变换法在分离P-P波和P-SV波时取得了一定效果,但是在离散叠加的计算过程中会带来假频,这些假频会干扰波场分离.本文针对这一问题,将多道相关算法引入抛物线Radon变换,发展了带有多道相关的抛物线Radon变换法.该方法利用叠加信号具有相似性的特点,依据多道相关中衡量多道信号相似性的能量比标准,对叠加过程加以控制,压制变换中出现的假频.本文用该方法对合成地震记录进行了波场分离,取得了较好的效果. 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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Gtz Schroth Luciana Ferreira Da Silva Marc‐Andree Wolf Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira Wolfgang Zech 《水文研究》1999,13(10):1423-1436
The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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M. A. Kahn 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(2):95-101
Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate. 相似文献