共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Spatial variability of liquefaction potential in regional mapping using CPT and SPT data 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Cone penetration test (CPT) and standard penetration test (SPT) are widely used for the site specific evaluation of liquefaction potential and are getting increased use in the regional mapping of liquefaction hazard. This paper compares CPT and SPT-based liquefaction potential characterizations of regional geologic units using the liquefaction potential index (LPI) across the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay, California, USA and examines the statistical and spatial variability of LPI across and within geologic units. Overall, CPT-based LPI characterizations result in higher hazard than those derived from the SPT. This bias may result from either mis-classifications of soil type in the CPT or a bias in the CPT simplified procedure for liquefaction potential. Regional mapping based on cumulative distribution of LPI values show different results depending on which dataset is used. For both SPT and CPT-based characterizations, the geologic units in the area have broad LPI distributions that overlap between units and are not distinct from the population as a whole. Regional liquefaction classifications should therefore give a distribution, rather than a single hazard rating that does not provide for variability within the area. The CPT-based LPI values have a higher degree of spatial correlation and a lower variance over a greater distance than those estimated from SPTs. As a result, geostatistical interpolation can provide a detailed map of LPI when densely sampled CPT data are available. The statistical distribution of LPI within specific geologic units and interpolated maps of LPI can be used to understand the spatial variability of liquefaction potential. 相似文献
2.
The liquefaction database describing the response of the Christchurch area in the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES) provides a unique basis for evaluating the regional application of various liquefaction analysis procedures, from liquefaction triggering analyses through to liquefaction vulnerability parameters. This database was used to compare the Robertson and Wride [17], Moss et al. [15] and Idriss and Boulanger [7] liquefaction triggering procedures as well as evaluate the impact of the 2014 versus 2008 Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based liquefaction triggering procedure by Idriss and Boulanger on four liquefaction vulnerability parameters (SV1D, LPI, LPIISH and LSN), the correlation of those parameters with observed liquefaction-induced damage patterns in the CES, and the mapping of expected damage levels for 25, 100 and 500 year return period ground motions in Christchurch. The effects on SV1D, LPI, LPIISH and LSN were small relative to other sources of variability for the majority of the affected areas, particularly where liquefaction was clearly severe or clearly not. Nonetheless, considering the separation of the land damage populations as well as consistency between the events, the the IB-2008 liquefaction triggering procedures appears to give a slightly better fit to the mapped liquefaction-induced land damage for the regional prediction of liquefaction vulnerability for the Christchurch soils. The Boulanger and Idriss [1] triggering procedure produces improved agreement between the liquefaction vulnerability parameters and observations of damage for: areas south of the Central Business District (CBD) where there tends to be higher soil Fines Content (FC), and localized areas that experienced liquefaction during the smaller Magnitude (M) earthquake events. Implementation of the 2014 liquefaction triggering procedure for mapping of expected liquefaction-induced damage at 25, 100 and 500 year return period ground motions is shown to require use of representative Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)-M values consistent with the de-aggregation of the seismic hazard. Use of equivalent magnitude-scaled PGA-M7.5 pairs, where the equivalency relates to previously published MSF relationships, with the 2014 liquefaction triggering procedure is shown to be unconservative for certain situations. 相似文献
3.
The combination of well-documented liquefaction response during the Darfield and Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes, densely-recorded ground motions for the events, and detailed subsurface characterization provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the significance of the spatial variation of magnitude scaling factors (MSF) on liquefaction triggering. Towards this end, MSF were computed at 15 SMS sites across Christchurch and its surroundings using two established approaches. Trends in the spatial variation of the MSF computed using number of equivalent cycles (neq) from both approaches were similar, with the spatial variation being more significant for the Christchurch earthquake than the Darfield earthquake. However, there was no consistent trend for regions with lower computed MSF having experienced more severe or widespread liquefaction. Additionally, there is a general correlation between MSF and amax, but because amax ranges more widely than MSF it has a greater influence on the resulting seismic demand imposed on the soil than MSF does. Nevertheless, the spatial variation of the MSF is deemed significant enough that it warrants being considered for incorporation into future variants of simplified liquefaction evaluation procedures. 相似文献
4.
Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating the liquefaction potential of saturated cohesionless soils during earthquakes are re-examined and revised relations for use in practice are recommended. The stress reduction factor (rd), earthquake magnitude scaling factor for cyclic stress ratios (MSF), overburden correction factor for cyclic stress ratios (Kσ), and the overburden normalization factor for penetration resistances (CN) are discussed and recently modified relations are presented. These modified relations are used in re-evaluations of the SPT and CPT case history databases. Based on these re-evaluations, revised SPT- and CPT-based liquefaction correlations are recommended for use in practice. In addition, shear wave velocity based procedures are briefly discussed. 相似文献
5.
目前,主要依靠室内动力试验对黄土液化势进行评价。由于黄土特殊的结构性,室内试验对其饱和的过程较为复杂,且与实际场地饱和黄土差异明显,导致室内黄土液化试验结果并不能代表现场饱和黄土的抗液化强度。本文选取兰州市西固区寺儿沟村某饱和黄土场地进行钻孔测试,现场实施了标准贯入试验、静力触探试验以及剪切波速测试。应用Robertson的土类指数分类图对该场地不同含水率黄土的土类进行了界定,确定了饱和黄土属于类砂土,有液化势。应用NCEER推荐方法,计算了3组原位试验数据的饱和黄土循环抗力比（CRR）,通过与1976年唐山地震和1999年集集地震液化土CRR对比,得出了饱和黄土抗液化强度很低的结论。 相似文献
6.
《震灾防御技术》2022,17(4):741-750
1976年唐山大地震导致了范围广、灾害严重的液化震害。地震发生后,已有学者对液化场地进行了2次静力触探测试。本文首先给出基于2次测试数据的唐山大地震CPT液化数据库,利用中国规范方法和NCEER推荐方法对数据库进行液化判别,发现针对第1次测试数据的判别成功率较高,而针对第2次测试数据的判别成功率较低。经30年的时间,绝大多数测试点的液化层强度与埋深均发生了较大变化,第2次测试时土层液化可能性已发生了较大变化,其测试数据对液化判别方法的改进意义较小。利用第2次测试的摩阻比Rf将第1次测试数据ps分解为qc和fs,相比第2次测试数据,分解指标具有更高的可靠性。为此基于第1次测试分解数据构建唐山大地震CPT液化数据库,为液化判别方法改进提供数据支持。 相似文献
7.
1976年唐山大地震引发了范围广、灾害重的液化震害。铁道部科学研究院等单位于1977、1978年对液化场地进行了单桥静力触探测试。但单桥静力触探在数据指标方面存在缺陷,与国际标准不接轨。中国地震局工程力学研究所与东南大学等单位于2007年对上述唐山地区部分测点再次进行了孔压静力触探（CPTU）测试。本文通过对比2次静力触探数据,利用Robertson土质分类图,进行新孔压静力触探数据土类分层检验,将土类检验结果与单桥静力触探测试时钻孔柱状图进行对比,发现大部分测点土层土类均能较好对应,现场测试力学指标沿深度变化趋势较相符,仅剔除了错误点T2、T3。对所有测点选定液化层,分别建立基于单桥静力触探测试比贯入阻力ps和基于孔压静力触探测试锥尖阻力qc的液化数据库。利用基于静力触探测试（CPT）的我国规范液化判别方法检验了2个数据库,发现对单桥静力触探测试的数据库液化判别效果好,而对孔压静力触探测试的数据库液化判别效果较差,说明经过30年的时间,土层液化可能已发生较大改变。因此,基于孔压静力触探测试的液化数据库可靠性较低,基于该数据库对液化判别方法进行改进意义较小。 相似文献
8.
The objective of the study presented herein is to assess three commonly used CPT-based liquefaction evaluation procedures and three liquefaction severity index frameworks using data from the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Specifically, post-event field observations, ground motion recordings, and results from a recently completed extensive geotechnical site investigation programme at selected strong motion stations (SMSs) in the city of Christchurch and surrounding towns are used herein. Unlike similar studies that used data from free-field sites, accelerogram characteristics at the SMS locations can be used to assess the performance of liquefaction evaluation procedures prior to their use in the computation of surficial manifestation severity indices. Results from this study indicate that for cases with evidence of liquefaction triggering in the accelerograms, the majority of liquefaction evaluation procedures yielded correct predictions, regardless of whether surficial manifestation of liquefaction was evident or not. For cases with no evidence of liquefaction in the accelerograms (and no observed surficial evidence of liquefaction triggering), the majority of liquefaction evaluation procedures predicted liquefaction was triggered. When all cases are used to assess the performance of liquefaction severity index frameworks, a poor correlation is shown between the observed severity of liquefaction surface manifestation and the calculated severity indices. However, only using those cases where the liquefaction evaluation procedures yielded correct predictions, there is an improvement in the correlation, with the Liquefaction Severity Number (LSN) being the best performing of the frameworks investigated herein. However scatter in the relationship between the observed and calculated surficial manifestation still remains for all liquefaction severity index frameworks. 相似文献
9.
本文对我国TJ11—74规范的液化判别方法进行了讨论,指出它在很多情况下,判别结果偏于保守。根据唐山地震饱和土液化现场勘察资料,对上述液化判别方法进行了修正,给出了基准N值与地震烈度及震级的关系,确定了地下水位及饱和土埋深的影响系数,探讨了土中粘粒的影响。修正后的液化判别式,在一般情况下,都可以给出符合实际的结果。 相似文献
10.
Practical applications of a nonlinear approach to analysis of earthquake-induced liquefaction and deformation of earth structures 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Zhi-Liang Wang Faiz I. Makdisi John Egan 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2006,26(2-4):231-252
Seismic stability, liquefaction, and deformation of earth structures are critical issues in geotechnical earthquake engineering practice. At present, the equivalent linear approach is considered the ‘state of practice’ in common use. More recently, dynamic analyses incorporating nonlinear, effective-stress-based soil models have been used more frequently in engineering applications. This paper describes a bounding surface hypoplasticity model for sand [Wang ZL. Bounding surface hypoplasticity model for granular soils and its applications. PhD Dissertation for the University of California at Davis, U.M.I. Dissertation Information Service, Order No. 9110679; 1990; Wang ZL, Dafalias YF, Shen CK. Bounding surface hypoplasticity model for sand. ASCE, J Eng Mech 1990;116(5):983–1001; Wang ZL, Makdisi FI. Implementing a bounding surface hypoplasticity model for sand into the FLAC program. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on numerical modeling in geomechanics. Minnesota, USA; 1999. p. 483–90] incorporated into a two-dimensional finite difference analysis program [Itasca Consulting Group, Inc. FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua), Version 4. Minneapolis, MN; 2000] to perform nonlinear, effective-stress analyses of soil structures. The soil properties needed to support such analyses are generally similar to those currently used for equivalent linear and approximate effective-stress analyses. The advantages of using a nonlinear approach are illustrated by comparison with results from the equivalent linear approach for a rockfill dam. The earthquake performance of a waterfront slope and an earth dam were evaluated to demonstrate the model's ability to simulate pore-pressure generation and liquefaction in cohesionless soils. 相似文献
11.
C. Hsein Juang Haiming Yuan Der-Her Lee Chih-Sheng Ku 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(3)
In the early morning (1:47 Taiwan time) of September 21, 1999, the largest earthquake of the century in Taiwan (Mw=7.6, ML=7.3) struck this island country. The earthquake killed more than 2400 people and caused great destruction to buildings, bridges, dams, highways, and railways. One of the causes for heavy damages to the structures is soil liquefaction and ground settlement during the earthquake. In this paper, investigation of soil liquefaction and case histories of liquefaction are presented. Three CPT-based simplified methods, the Robertson method, the Olsen method, and the Juang method, are examined using the case histories derived from the Chi-Chi earthquake. The results of the comparison show that the Juang method is more accurate than the two methods in predicting liquefaction potential of soils based on the cases derived from the Chi-Chi earthquake, although all three methods are quite comparable in accuracy. 相似文献
12.
The Canterbury region experienced widespread damage due to liquefaction induced by seismic shaking during the 4 September 2010 earthquake and the large aftershocks that followed, notably those that occurred on 22 February, 13 June and 23 December 2011. Following the 2010 earthquake, the Earthquake Commission directed a thorough investigation of the ground profile in Christchurch, and to date, more than 7500 cone penetration tests (CPT) have been performed in the region. This paper presents the results of analyses which use a subset of the geotechnical database to evaluate the liquefaction process as well as the re-liquefaction that occurred following some of the major events in Christchurch. First, the applicability of existing CPT-based methods for evaluating liquefaction potential of Christchurch soils was investigated using three methods currently available. Next, the results of liquefaction potential evaluation were compared with the severity of observed damage, categorised in terms of the land damage grade developed from Tonkin & Taylor property inspections as well as from observed severity of liquefaction from aerial photography. For this purpose, the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) was used to represent the damage potential at each site. In addition, a comparison of the CPT-based strength profiles obtained before each of the major aftershocks was performed. The results suggest that the analysis of spatial and temporal variations of strength profiles gives a clear indication of the resulting liquefaction and re-liquefaction observed in Christchurch. The comparison of a limited number of CPT strength profiles before and after the earthquakes seems to indicate that no noticeable strengthening has occurred in Christchurch, making the area vulnerable to liquefaction induced land damage in future large-scale earthquakes. 相似文献
13.
The evaluation and design of stone column improvement ground for liquefaction mitigation is a challenging issue for the state of practice. In this paper, a shear wave velocity-based approach is proposed based on the well-defined correlations of liquefaction resistance (CRR)-shear wave velocity (V s)-void ratio (e) of sandy soils, and the values of parameters in this approach are recommended for preliminary design purpose when site specific values are not available. The detailed procedures of pre- and post-improvement liquefaction evaluations and stone column design are given. According to this approach, the required level of ground improvement will be met once the target V s of soil is raised high enough (i.e., no less than the critical velocity) to resist the given earthquake loading according to the CRR-V s relationship, and then this requirement is transferred to the control of target void ratio (i.e., the critical e) according to the V s-e relationship. As this approach relies on the densification of the surrounding soil instead of the whole improved ground and is conservative by nature, specific considerations of the densification mechanism and effect are given, and the effects of drainage and reinforcement of stone columns are also discussed. A case study of a thermal power plant in Indonesia is introduced, where the effectiveness of stone column improved ground was evaluated by the proposed V s-based method and compared with the SPT-based evaluation. This improved ground performed well and experienced no liquefaction during subsequent strong earthquakes. 相似文献
14.
考虑地基土液化影响的高层建筑地震反应分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了研究地基土液化对高层建筑地震反应的影响，本文简要介绍了分时段等效线性有效应力动力分析方法，且将其中的等效线性化方法改进为逐步迭代非线性方法，并利用ANSYS程序的参数化设计语言将这一分析方法并入ANSYS程序中，最后分析了考虑液化时桩基-高层建筑体系的地震反应。认为对于单层砂土-桩基-高层建筑体系来说，砂土的液化对上部结构地震反应有较大的影响；而对于本文采用的上海土-桩基-高层建筑体系来说，砂土层的液化未对上部结构的地震反应产生明显的影响。 相似文献
15.
The behavior of liquefiable soils, and of soil deposits containing liquefiable soils, can change dramatically upon triggering of liquefaction. This suggests that knowledge of the timing of liquefaction, e.g., whether it occurs early or late in a particular ground motion, would be useful in predicting the potential effects of liquefaction. The relatively recent availability of strong motion records from instruments underlain by liquefiable soils provides a new type of case history – one in which the ground motion intensity at the time of triggering can be identified. The paper reviews procedures for identification of the time of triggering, and shows how that time can be used to judge the relative performance of empirical triggering models. It also introduces a framework for the use of timing information in the development of improved procedures for evaluation of the effects of liquefaction. 相似文献
16.
Three-dimensional liquefaction potential analysis using geostatistical interpolation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We applied three-dimensional geostatistical interpolation to evaluate the extent of liquefiable materials at two sites that liquefied during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. The sites were the Balboa Blvd site and the Wynne Ave. site located in the alluvial San Fernando Valley. The estimated peak ground accelerations at the sites are 0.84 g (Balboa Blvd) and 0.51 g (Wynne Ave.). These sites were chosen because surface effects due to liquefaction were not predicted using available techniques based on thickness and depth of liquefiable layers (Ishihara [Ishihara K. Stability of natural deposits during earthquakes. Proceedings of the 11th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, vol. 1. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A.A. Balkema; 1985. p. 321–76.]) and the Liquefaction Potential Index (Iwasaki et al. [Iwasaki T, Tatsuoka F, Tokida K, Yasuda S. A practical method for assessing soil liquefaction potential based on case studies at various sites in Japan. In: Proceedings of the second international conference on microzonation, San Francisco; 1978. p. 885–96.]). During the earthquake, both sites experienced surface effects including ground cracking and extension as a result of liquefaction. Foundations and buried utilities were damaged at both sites. The sites were investigated after the event by researchers with the United States Geologic Survey using standard penetration tests (SPT) and cone penetration tests. In this paper, liquefaction potential was estimated for each soil sample using results from SPTs according to the updated Seed and Idriss simplified procedure. The probability of liquefaction was estimated by applying an indicator transform to the results of the liquefaction potential calculation. We compared our results to detailed geologic mapping of the sites performed by other researchers. Using geostatistical interpolation to estimate the probability of liquefaction is a useful supplement to geologic evaluation of liquefaction potential. The geostatistical analysis provides an estimate of the continuous volume of liquefiable soil along with an assessment of confidence in an interpolation. The probability of liquefaction volumes compare well with those predicted using geologic interpretations. 相似文献
17.
The use of the shear wave velocity data as a field index for evaluating the liquefaction potential of sands is receiving increased attention because both shear wave velocity and liquefaction resistance are similarly influenced by many of the same factors such as void ratio, state of stress, stress history and geologic age. In this paper, the potential of support vector machine (SVM) based classification approach has been used to assess the liquefaction potential from actual shear wave velocity data. In this approach, an approximate implementation of a structural risk minimization (SRM) induction principle is done, which aims at minimizing a bound on the generalization error of a model rather than minimizing only the mean square error over the data set. Here SVM has been used as a classification tool to predict liquefaction potential of a soil based on shear wave velocity. The dataset consists the information of soil characteristics such as effective vertical stress (σ′v0), soil type, shear wave velocity (Vs) and earthquake parameters such as peak horizontal acceleration (amax) and earthquake magnitude (M). Out of the available 186 datasets, 130 are considered for training and remaining 56 are used for testing the model. The study indicated that SVM can successfully model the complex relationship between seismic parameters, soil parameters and the liquefaction potential. In the model based on soil characteristics, the input parameters used are σ′v0, soil type, Vs, amax and M. In the other model based on shear wave velocity alone uses Vs, amax and M as input parameters. In this paper, it has been demonstrated that Vs alone can be used to predict the liquefaction potential of a soil using a support vector machine model. 相似文献
18.
This study not only attempts to justify an equivalent stationary motion model, but also endeavours to illustrate its potentials as an attractive analysis tool. Using 38 ground accelerations recorded on rock sites as data base, this study first demonstrates that the equivalent stationary motions do give average response spectra compatible with real records. This study also shows that through the equivalent stationary model, a set of motions may be defined by specifying the joint distributions of the model parameters. Finally, by converting a relationship between earthquake magnitude and liquefaction potentials of ground motions, this study has derived normalized magnitude-dependent response spectra for rock sites. 相似文献
19.
Yan-Guo Zhou Kai Liu Dao-Sheng Ling Tao Shen Yun-Min Chen 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(11):5151-5170
Estimating the possible region of liquefaction occurrence during a strong earthquake is highly valuable for economy loss estimation, reconnaissance efforts and site investigations after the event. This study identified and compiled a large amount of liquefaction case histories from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China, to investigate the relationship between the attenuation of seismic wave energy and liquefaction distance limit during this earthquake. Firstly, we introduced the concept of energy absorption ratio, which is defined as the absorbed energy of soil divided by the imparted energy of seismic waves at a given site, and the relationship between the energy absorption ratio and the material damping ratio was established based on shear stress–strain loop of soil element and the seismic wave propagation process from the source to the site. Secondly, the threshold imparted seismic energy of liquefaction was obtained based on existing researches of absorbed energy required to trigger liquefaction of sandy soils and the ground motion attenuation characteristics of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and the liquefaction distance limit of this earthquake was estimated according to the proposed magnitude–energy–distance relationship. Finally, the field liquefaction database of 209 sites of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was used to validate such an estimation, and the field observed threshold imparted seismic energy to cause liquefaction in recent major earthquakes worldwide was back-analyzed to check the predictability of the present method, and several possible mechanisms were discussed to explain the discrepancy between the field observations and the theoretical predictions. This study indicates that seismic energy attenuation and liquefaction distance limit are regional specific and earthquake dependent, and 382 J/m3 is the average level of threshold imparted seismic energy to cause liquefaction for loose saturated sandy soils, and the corresponding liquefaction distance limit is approximately 87.4 km in fault distance for a Mw?=?7.9 event in the Chengdu Plain. The proposed regional energy attenuation model and threshold imparted seismic energy may be considered as an approximate tool in evaluating the liquefaction hazard during potential earthquakes in this area. 相似文献
