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1.
A new conglomerate test in palaeomagnetism 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Stanislav V. Shipunov Anton A. Muraviev & Mikhail L. Bazhenov 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,133(3):721-725
The conglomerate test is widely used in palaeomagnetism to date components of natural remanent magnetization with respect to deposition of conglomerates. It has been demonstrated, however, that this test may be positive even if the data are strongly contaminated by a secondary remanence, especially for the commonly used small number of clasts Starkey & Palmer 1970). Here we show with the aid of numerical simulations that different statistical procedures employed in this test have similar low sensitivities to remagnetization. We suggest a new conglomerate test which incorporates additional information on the direction of a secondary palaeomagnetic component which is isolated from either clasts themselves or their host rocks. Numerical simulations show that this new test is about twice as sensitive to remagnetization as the previous procedures and is robust with respect to small errors in the direction of a secondary component. 相似文献
2.
Gary L. Raines 《Natural Resources Research》2008,17(2):87-97
It has been proposed that the spatial distribution of mineral deposits is bifractal. An implication of this property is that
the number of deposits in a permissive area is a function of the shape of the area. This is because the fractal density functions
of deposits are dependent on the distance from known deposits. A long thin permissive area with most of the deposits in one
end, such as the Alaskan porphyry permissive area, has a major portion of the area far from known deposits and consequently
a low density of deposits associated with most of the permissive area. On the other hand, a more equi-dimensioned permissive
area, such as the Arizona porphyry permissive area, has a more uniform density of deposits. Another implication of the fractal
distribution is that the Poisson assumption typically used for estimating deposit numbers is invalid. Based on datasets of
mineral deposits classified by type as inputs, the distributions of many different deposit types are found to have characteristically
two fractal dimensions over separate non-overlapping spatial scales in the range of 5–1000 km. In particular, one typically
observes a local dimension at spatial scales less than 30–60 km, and a regional dimension at larger spatial scales. The deposit
type, geologic setting, and sample size influence the fractal dimensions. The consequence of the geologic setting can be diminished
by using deposits classified by type. The crossover point between the two fractal domains is proportional to the median size
of the deposit type. A plot of the crossover points for porphyry copper deposits from different geologic domains against median
deposit sizes defines linear relationships and identifies regions that are significantly underexplored. Plots of the fractal
dimension can also be used to define density functions from which the number of undiscovered deposits can be estimated. This
density function is only dependent on the distribution of deposits and is independent of the definition of the permissive
area. Density functions for porphyry copper deposits appear to be significantly different for regions in the Andes, Mexico,
United States, and western Canada. Consequently, depending on which regional density function is used, quite different estimates
of numbers of undiscovered deposits can be obtained. These fractal properties suggest that geologic studies based on mapping
at scales of 1:24,000 to 1:100,000 may not recognize processes that are important in the formation of mineral deposits at
scales larger than the crossover points at 30–60 km. 相似文献
3.
B. A. Duff 《Geophysical Journal International》1979,59(2):345-365
Summary. In addition to a component (A) of recent origin, two NRM components are distinguished in the Cambro-Ordovician redbeds of the Armorican Massif. In most sites other than those from northern Brittany the oldest (C) is probably Silurian or early Devonian, and is mainly carried by specularite with high blocking temperatures. This component was variably overprinted by a Devonian or early Carboniferous component (B3) which was probably acquired as a viscous PTRM on uplift after burial, and is carried by hematite pigment with intermediate to high blocking temperatures. In the red succession of Plourivo-Bréhec (northern Brittany) declination scatter of two intermediate to high blocking temperature components (B1 and B2) is consistent with clockwise rotation of the bulk of Europe during the late Carboniferous, implied independently by published European Carboniferous palaeomagnetic data.
Stable NRM in the Erquy Spilite Series yields a palaeomagnetic pole at 344° E, 35° N ( dp = 21°, dm = 22°), and was probably acquired during remagnetization following Late Precambrian or early Cambrian folding. This is consistent with a middle to late Cambrian age of remagnetization estimated by comparison with other poles of known age.
A palaeomagnetic pole position at 332° E, 34° S ( dp = 4°, dm = 7°) determined for the Hercynian Trégastel-Ploumanac'h complex is consistent with other middle to late Carboniferous poles from elsewhere in Europe. 相似文献
Stable NRM in the Erquy Spilite Series yields a palaeomagnetic pole at 344° E, 35° N ( dp = 21°, dm = 22°), and was probably acquired during remagnetization following Late Precambrian or early Cambrian folding. This is consistent with a middle to late Cambrian age of remagnetization estimated by comparison with other poles of known age.
A palaeomagnetic pole position at 332° E, 34° S ( dp = 4°, dm = 7°) determined for the Hercynian Trégastel-Ploumanac'h complex is consistent with other middle to late Carboniferous poles from elsewhere in Europe. 相似文献
4.
于2007年和2014年的丰水期和枯水期分别测量了南沙红树林湿地公园一期、二期及其附近河涌8个采样点的水体温度、pH、DO、COD、BOD5、TP和TN等物化指标。通过对比监测结果和倍斜率聚类评价结果发现：研究区水质总体上处于Ⅱ级-Ⅲ级或Ⅱ级-Ⅳ级的“尚清洁”状态;红树林湿地公园一期2008年对外开放后至2014年,水环境指标中pH变化范围不大,DO、COD含量有所下降,BOD5、TP和TN含量均呈增加趋势;2007年南沙红树林湿地公园一期采样点W1、W2、W3水质优于河涌采样点W7和W8,河涌采样点W7和W8水质优于红树林湿地公园二期采样点W4、W5、W6;2014年南沙红树林湿地公园二期采样点W4、W5、W6水质优于红树林湿地公园一期采样点W1、W2、W3和河涌采样点W7、W8;8个采样点中水质改善最明显的是二期采样点W6,水质下降最明显的是一期采样点W3;丰水期河涌水质2014年较2007年有所好转,但红树林湿地公园水质无论枯水期亦或丰水期,多数情况下优于河涌水质;研究区域水环境质量的时空差异总规律为2007~2014年南沙红树林湿地公园二期水质好转,一期水质有所下降。 相似文献
5.
Max Lu 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):466-468
Landing a rescue helicopter in a wilderness environment, such as Yosemite National Park, requires suitable areas that are flat, devoid of tree canopy, and not within close proximity to other hazards. The objective of this study was to identify helicopter landing areas that are most likely to exist based on available geographic data using two GIScience methods. The first approach produced an expert model that was derived from predefined feature constraints based on existing knowledge of helicopter landing area requirements (weighted overlay algorithm). The second model is derived using a machine learning technique (maximum entropy algorithm, Maxent) that derives feature constraints from existing presence-only points; that is, geographic one-class data. Both models yielded similar output and successfully classified test coordinates, but Maxent was more efficient and required no user-defined weighting that is typically subject to human bias or disagreement. The pros and cons of each approach are discussed and the comparison reveals important considerations for a variety of future land suitability studies, including ecological niche modeling. The conclusion is that the two approaches complement each other. Overall, we produced an effective geographic information system product to support the identification of suitable landing areas in emergent rescue situations. To our knowledge, this is the first GIScience study focused on estimating the location of landing zones for a search-and-rescue application. 相似文献
6.
A geologic anomaly is a geologic feature or structure that departs markedly from its surrounding environment with respect
to composition, texture, or genesis. The analysis of geologic anomalies related to mineralization is based upon specific geologic
factors and a combination of features, such as structural, temporal, and spatial, and draws upon special effects that are
due to ore-forming processes. An analysis of the geologic anomalies in the, middle-lower Yangtze area in southeastern China
has led to an interpretation of the relation between anomaly subtypes and the occurrence and spatial distribution of ore deposits.
Consequently, the following conclusions have been reached: the type of anomaly reflects the controlling factors that led to
the formation of iron, copper, and gold deposits in the area; sedimentary geologic anomalies are most closely associated with
stratiform deposits; structral complexity anomalies are most closely associated with Cu−Fe−Au deposits; magmatic anomalies
reflect geologic processes in which Fe and Cu elements were separated from magma and enriched into ores; and the geologic
combination entropy anomaly is proposed as a comprehensive variable that is related to favorable ore-forming environments
and that can serve as a quantitative index that can be used in mineral exploration. 相似文献
7.
Sinéad J. Lyster Alexander C. Whittaker Peter A. Allison Daniel J. Lunt Alexander Farnsworth 《Basin Research》2020,32(6):1547-1573
Depositional stratigraphy represents the only physical archive of palaeo-sediment routing and this limits analysis of ancient source-to-sink systems in both space and time. Here, we use palaeo-digital elevation models (palaeoDEMs; based on high-resolution palaeogeographic reconstructions), HadCM3L general circulation model climate data and the BQART suspended sediment discharge model to demonstrate a predictive, forward approach to palaeo-sediment routing system analysis. To exemplify our approach, we use palaeoDEMs and HadCM3L data to predict the configurations, geometries and climates of large continental catchments in the Cenomanian and Turonian North American continent. Then, we use BQART to estimate suspended sediment discharges and catchment-averaged erosion rates and we map their spatial distributions. We validate our estimates with published geologic constraints from the Cenomanian Dunvegan Formation, Alberta, Canada, and the Turonian Ferron Sandstone, Utah, USA, and find that estimates are consistent or within a factor of two to three. We then evaluate the univariate and multivariate sensitivity of our estimates to a range of uncertainty margins on palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic boundary conditions; large uncertainty margins (≤50%/±5°C) still recover estimates of suspended sediment discharge within an order of magnitude of published constraints. PalaeoDEMs are therefore suitable as a first-order investigative tool in palaeo-sediment routing system analysis and are particularly useful where stratigraphic records are incomplete. We highlight the potential of this approach to predict the global spatio-temporal response of suspended sediment discharges and catchment-averaged erosion rates to long-period tectonic and climatic forcing in the geologic past. 相似文献
8.
The widely used linear diffusion model for hillslope evolution does not accurately predict the degradation of terrace scarps produced by the Late Pinedale West Spalding Bay Channelway (WSBC) near Jenny Lake in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming USA. These scarps, cut into identical cohesionless quartzite gravel, were formed nearly simultaneously, during the brief period of time the WSBC was active. They are assumed to have had the same initial morphology as scarps currently forming along Snake River that are cut in the same material: a straight midsection sloping at 30° and a horizontal base and crest. The model best able to fit the observed morphology and the change in morphology with scarp height specifies the downslope debris flux is proportional to slope gradient raised to a power of 3.4. 相似文献
9.
"冰臼"与地质遗迹旅游开发问题的讨论 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
地质遗迹是指在地球演化的漫长地质历史时期,由内外动力的地质作用形成、发展并遗留下来的珍贵的不可再生的地质自然遗产。加强地质遗迹的保护并对其进行科学而合理的旅游开发,可以促进地方经济的发展。相反,不合理甚至不科学的旅游开发,虽然获得了短期的经济效益,却不利于普及地质科学知识,甚至伤害广大游客的感情。文中对广东境内及其周边的几处“冰臼”进行了再讨论,并在考察和评价饶平“南国冰臼公园”的基础上,对地质遗迹的科学开发提出若干思考。 相似文献
10.
Masanori Sakamoto Kiyoji Shiono Shinji Masumoto Kiyoshi Wadatsumi 《Natural Resources Research》1993,2(2):140-147
In this article we describe the basic framework of the computerized geologic mapping system cigma. The system, whic is based on a mathematical formulation of geologic concepts, consists of the following six subsystems: (1) input of geologic data set; (2) inference of stratigraphic sequence; (3) construction of logical models of geologic structures; (4) determination of three-dimensional geologic boundary surfaces; (5) construction of three-dimensional solid model of geologic structures; and (6) graphical presentation. Geologic structures are summarized in several tables called logical models of geologic structures. Each model is constructed automatically from input data on structural relations between geologic bodies. The model interprets the data automatically to create data files necessary to determine the shapes of geologic boundaries; it also provides a threedimensional solid model of geologic structures referring to the shapes of boundaries. As a prototype, we introduce two types of contacts corresponding to conformity and unconformity into the logical model and show that it is possible to draw a geologic map automatically. More complex geologic structures can be introduced into the geologic mapping system through further formulation of geologic structures. 相似文献
11.
Terrestrial laser scanning used to determine the geometry of a granite boulder for stability analysis purposes 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
In this paper we analyze the use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technologies to determine the geometric features of a granite boulder. Accurate determination of these features is a key to performing a reliable stability analysis of the boulder.TLS has been demonstrated to have important advantages over traditional measurement techniques—such as, for example, direct methods based on the use of tapes or indirect methods such as topography or close-range photogrammetry. TLS equipment enables thousands of points to be accurately measured in minutes. In our study TLS-measured points were used to model the surface of a boulder. Geometric parameters were then calculated, namely, centre of gravity, volume of the boulder and dimensions of the boulder contact area with the ground. Taking into account mechanical and environmental factors, these parameters were used to calculate the safety factor of the boulder against toppling and sliding. Our results show that, when seismic activity in the region is taken into consideration, the boulder is borderline stable–unstable. 相似文献
12.
D. R. Engstrom C. Whitlock S. C. Fritz H. E. Wright Jr. 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1991,5(2):139-174
Recent sediments of eight small lakes in the northern winter range of Yellowstone National Park were cored to examine stratigraphic records of past changes in limnology and local environment that might be attributed to grazing and other activities of elk, bison, and other large ungulates. Cores of undisturbed sediment were analyzed at close intervals to depths covering the last 100–150 years according to chronologies established by lead-210 dating. Pollen analyses were made to show change in regional vegetation, and diatom and geochemical analyses were made to reveal possible limnological changes resulting from soil erosion and nutrient input from the lake catchments.Variations in sedimentary components prior to establishment of the Park in 1872 indicate some natural variability in environmental factors e.g., erosional inputs in landslide areas west of Gardiner. All lakes had abundant nutrient inputs.After the Park was founded, fire suppression may have been responsible for small increases in pollen percentages of various conifers and Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) at different times in different lakes. Perceptible decreases in pollen of willow, aspen, alder, and birch at different times may reflect local ungulate browsing, although drier climatic conditions may have been a factor as well.The most striking manifestation of accelerated erosion in a catchment was found at a lake located beside a road constructed in the 1930s. In contrast to changes at this site, the record of erosion at other lakes is hardly perceptible. Changes in sediment-accumulation rates seen at most sites result from redistribution of sediment within the lake after initial deposition.In the century following Park establishment, the abundance of planktonic diatoms relative to benthic taxa varies among lakes and may reflect differential nutrient inputs or changes in lake level. Four of the five lakes analyzed for diatoms show in the last few decades an increase in planktonic relative to benthic species, implying elevated nutrient inputs. The recent flora, however, is similar to that in pre-Park levels which suggests that these lakes have not been perturbed outside their normal range. Increased nutrient supply in recent decades for at least two of the lakes is supported by the geochemical data, which show an increase in biogenic silica and in organic matter.As a whole, our investigation of the sedimentary record does not support the hypothesis that ungulate grazing has had a strong direct or indirect effect on the vegetation and soil stability in the lake catchments or on the water quality of the lakes. 相似文献
13.
Summary . Detailed thermal demagnetization results combined with vector analysis and study of the convergence point of remagnetization circles reveal that the late Palaeozoic ignimbrites of North Sardinia possess a multi component remanence in addition to having experienced a tectonic rotation. The degree of palaeomagnetic complexity increases with increasing degree of oxidation of the magnetic mineralogy. It is concluded that the rocks were laid down in late Permian time just before the close of the reversed Kiaman geomagnetic epoch. Subsequent oxidation and partial remagnetization basically occurred in late Permian—Triassic time, during a period characterized by alternating field polarity. In the majority of the sites this remagnetization cycle brought about fairly erratic and relatively stable resultant magnetizations which are generally smeared out towards easterly directions. At a later date Sardinia was subject to an anticlockwise rotation of about 45 degrees, after which a minor chemical magnetization, aligned along the direction of the present axial dipole field, seems to have been acquired by some specimens. 相似文献
14.
Roads extend throughout savannas, yet few studies have quantified their effects on adjoining woody vegetation structure. Airborne LiDAR imagery collected over 168 experimental fire plots in the Kruger National Park, all bounded by graded firebreak roads, provided an opportunity to study if, and to what extent, roads influence woody vegetation structure under different rainfall, geologic and fire conditions. In 91.7% of the plots, woody canopy cover was higher on the edges of roads compared to areas farther away. The increase was most pronounced within 5 m of the road edge, but was detectable 10–15 m from the edge. On average, the area within 15 m from the road had approximately 6% and 2% higher woody vegetation cover than areas further than 15 m from the edge on wetter granitic and drier basaltic savanna landscapes, respectively. Increased edge effects on woody cover were observed even in fire exclusion plots, suggesting that non-fire processes, likely altered hydrological regimes, may be the underlying reason for woody encroachment. This study illustrates that roads cause selective woody plant thickening in savannas, even in areas without road edge management, and therefore careful consideration should be paid on how road edges are managed and when roads are planned. 相似文献
15.
Comparison of flood hazard assessments on desert piedmonts and playas: A case study in Ivanpah Valley, Nevada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Colin R. Robins Brenda J. Buck Amanda J. Williams Janice L. Morton P. Kyle House Michael S. Howell Maureen L. Yonovitz 《Geomorphology》2009,103(4):520-532
Accurate and realistic characterizations of flood hazards on desert piedmonts and playas are increasingly important given the rapid urbanization of arid regions. Flood behavior in arid fluvial systems differs greatly from that of the perennial rivers upon which most conventional flood hazard assessment methods are based. Additionally, hazard assessments may vary widely between studies or even contradict other maps. This study's chief objective was to compare and evaluate landscape interpretation and hazard assessment between types of maps depicting assessments of flood risk in Ivanpah Valley, NV, as a case study. As a secondary goal, we explain likely causes of discrepancy between data sets to ameliorate confusion for map users. Four maps, including three different flood hazard assessments of Ivanpah Valley, NV, were compared: (i) a regulatory map prepared by FEMA, (ii) a soil survey map prepared by NRCS, (iii) a surficial geologic map, and (iv) a flood hazard map derived from the surficial geologic map, both of which were prepared by NBMG. GIS comparisons revealed that only 3.4% (33.9 km2) of Ivanpah Valley was found to lie within a FEMA floodplain, while the geologic flood hazard map indicated that ~ 44% of Ivanpah Valley runs some risk of flooding (Fig. 2D). Due to differences in mapping methodology and scale, NRCS data could not be quantitatively compared, and other comparisons were complicated by differences in flood hazard class criteria and terminology between maps. Owing to its scale and scope of attribute data, the surficial geologic map provides the most useful information on flood hazards for land-use planning. This research has implications for future soil geomorphic mapping and flood risk mitigation on desert piedmonts and playas. The Ivanpah Valley study area also includes the location of a planned new international airport, thus this study has immediate implications for urban development and land-use planning near Las Vegas, NV. 相似文献
16.
本文首先以产业调整为纽带,结合上海创意产业园区发展实践,建立了创意产业与低碳经济概念的理论联系性。然后通过对两者特征契合性的进一步分析,以及M50创意园区案例研究,证实了发展创意产业园区是上海遵循低碳经济要求、建设低碳城市的有效途径之一。最后,基于此认识本文从低碳经济视角提出了一些今后上海发展创意产业园区的建议。 相似文献
17.
V. Costanzo-Alvarez W. Williams A. Pilloud O. Mirón & M. Aldana 《Geophysical Journal International》2000,141(2):337-350
We report palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic results of a sedimentary sequence (Pertigalete cement quarry) located in northeastern Venezuela. Sampling was restricted to the vicinity of the contact between the upper Cretaceous Chimana and Querecual formations. Biostratigraphic evidence reveals an upper Albian age for this formational transition. Profiles of site-averaged NRM intensity of the high-coercivity (over 30 mT) and high-temperature (over 400 °C) components appear to be related to the contact and distance from the contact. We interpret this profile as the probable outcome of overlapping thermochemical remagnetization events resulting from hydrothermal activity that was focused along the two formations. Direct spectral analyses performed on the site-averaged stable NRM intensity profile allow the separation of at least two of these remagnetization events. On the other hand, palaeomagnetic results show a considerable streaking of site mean declinations, suggesting that tectonic or structural horizontal movements around a vertical axis have occurred after NRM acquisitions. Horizontal rotation angles, plotted against stratigraphic levels for bedding-corrected data, show some features that seem to coincide with the alteration peaks isolated in the profile of site-averaged stable NRM intensities. Thus, it appears that repeated thermochemical remagnetizations with overlapping unblocking spectra, and horizontal movements around a vertical axis could have been responsible for much of the within-site dispersion. A simple three-stage reconstruction of the possible chain of thermochemical and tectonic occurrences that could lead to the present-day palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic evidence is proposed. These events, including clockwise horizontal rotations around a vertical axis, are tentatively placed in a geological time framework between middle Miocene and Pliocene times according to the main geological and geochemical evidence available. 相似文献
18.
Zhiguo Long 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):2006-2025
In this article we show that the Voronoi-based nine-intersection (V9I) model proposed by Chen et al. (2001, A Voronoi-based 9-intersection model for spatial relations. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 15 (3), 201–220) is more expressive than what has been believed before. Given any two spatial entities A and B, the V9I relation between A and B is represented as a 3 × 3 Boolean matrix. For each pair of types of spatial entities that is, points, lines, and regions, we first show that most Boolean matrices do not represent a V9I relation by using topological constraints and the definition of Voronoi regions. Then, we provide illustrations for all the remaining matrices. This guarantees that our method is sound and complete. In particular, we show that there are 18 V9I relations between two areas with connected interior, while there are only nine four-intersection relations. Our investigations also show that, unlike many other spatial relation models, V9I relations are context or shape sensitive. That is, the existence of other entities or the shape of the entities may affect the validity of certain relations. 相似文献
19.
This article describes a proposed work-sequence to generate accurate reservoir-architecture models, describing the geometry of bounding surfaces (i.e., fault locations and extents), of a structurally complex geologic setting in the Jeffara Basin (South East Tunisia) by means of geostatistical modeling. This uses the variogram as the main tool to measure the spatial variability of the studied geologic medium before making any estimation or simulation. However, it is not always easy to fit complex experimental variograms to theoretical models. Thus, our primary purpose was to establish a relationship between the geology and the components of the variograms to fit a mathematically consistent and geologically interpretable variogram model for improved predictions of surface geometries. We used a three-step approach based on available well data and seismic information. First, we determined the structural framework: a seismo-tectonic data analysis was carried out, and we showed that the study area is cut mainly by NW–SE-trending normal faults, which were classified according to geometric criteria (strike, throw magnitude, dip, and dip direction). We showed that these normal faults are at the origin of a large-scale trend structure (surfaces tilted toward the north-east). At a smaller scale, the normal faults create a distinct compartmentalization of the reservoirs. Then, a model of the reservoir system architecture was built by geostatistical methods. An efficient methodology was developed, to estimate the bounding faulted surfaces of the reservoir units. Emphasis was placed on (i) elaborating a methodology for variogram interpretation and modeling, whereby the importance of each variogram component is assessed in terms of probably geologic factor controlling the behavior of each structure; (ii) integrating the relevant fault characteristics, which were deduced from the previous fault classification analysis, as constraints in the kriging estimation of bounding surfaces to best reflect the geologic structure of the study area. Finally, the estimated bounding surfaces together with seismic data and variogram interpretations were used to obtain further insights into the tectonic evolution of the study area that has induced the current reservoirs configuration. 相似文献
20.
Interactive 3D Modeling by Integration of Geoscience Datasets for Exploration Targeting in Luanchuan Mo Polymetallic District,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling is an important method for understanding geological structures and constructing exploration model with multiple source datasets for potential mineral deposits. The Luanchuan Mo polymetallic district located in Henan Province, China, has a complex geological setting and multiple metallogenic types. In this paper, we build a 3D geological model covering 43 km × 26 km × 5 km (vertical) by gravity and magnetic interactive inversion to delineate geometry, depth, and physical properties of geologic bodies at depths. We reduce the geological uncertainty and verify the reliability of the model through the combination of geophysical interactive inversion and tectonic-geochemistry methods. Several deep targets have also been extracted by combining the metallogenic model in the district with the 3D geologic model and tectono-geochemistry dataset. The research results show that the combination of 3D exploration model constrained by gravity and magnetic data with geologic constraints and tectono-geochemical data can be used to delineate the potential targets quickly and accurately in complex geological settings. 相似文献