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长白山天池火山喷发序列研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
长白山天池火山周边的11个钻孔资料揭示了长白山天池火山的喷发序列和岩浆演化过程.天池火山的喷发序列分为3个旋回:早期旋回喷发于上新世至早更新世,对应着周边地区的造高原喷发,天池火山熔岩盾主体开始形成,岩浆演化顺序是粗面玄武岩到粗面岩;中期旋回是早更新世的玄武岩浆演化到粗面岩和粗安岩(相当于小白山组);晚期旋回是从更新世到全新世,老房子小山组的玄武岩演化到白头山组粗面岩及碱流岩.在粗面质岩浆喷发过程中,有寄生火山的玄武质岩浆伴随喷发.全新世内天池火山千年大喷发主体由碱流质火山碎屑堆积物构成,松散堆积物的钻孔堆积层序表明,天池火山在全新世至少发生过两期巨型造伊格尼姆岩喷发. 相似文献
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长白山天池火山是目前我国境内保存最为完整的新生代多成因复合层状火山,火山锥体半径20 km,也是亚洲大陆规模最大的活动火山.1199-1200年发生过全球两千年以来第二大规模的喷发,火山灰向南漂了1 000km,在日本北海道落了5～10cm厚. 相似文献
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长白山天池火山公元1215年大规模喷发空降堆积及喷发动力学参数 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
长白山天池火山于公元１２１５年发生一次大规模爆炸式喷发。本文讨论了这次喷发形成的空降堆积物的特征。在此基础上确定喷发型式为布里尼式;当时对流层风向为西北风,风速为３０ｍ／ｓ￣４０ｍ／ｓ;平流层风向为西风;喷发物的喷出口速率大于２００ｍ／ｓ;火山喷发柱最大高度达２９ｋｍ。 相似文献
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沿科洛—五大连池—二克山NNW向分布的五大连池火山带上分布了约40座第四纪单成因火山。通过野外地质特征结合火山岩年代学数据分析表明,研究区火山活动分为2期:上新世—早更新世期火山活动主要分布在北部的科洛火山区,以熔岩溢流式喷发为主;中更新世—全新世期火山活动分布在整个火山带,爆破式喷发形成大量火山碎屑锥,溢流式喷发产生结壳熔岩、渣状熔岩与块状熔岩,形成广泛分布的熔岩流。野外调查发现了夏威夷型、斯通博利型与强斯通博利型等岩浆爆破式火山喷发的典型堆积剖面,首次发现并报道研究区射汽岩浆型火山喷发堆积剖面。结合火山活动历史与火山地质特征,分析认为五大连池火山带的火山系统仍有再次活动的潜力。基于火山时空分布与喷发特征,文中对五大连池火山带未来可能喷发的方式和危险区进行评估。如若发生强斯通博利型喷发,将形成高度10km的喷发柱,产生的火山灰一般不会对航空运输产生影响;斯通博利型喷发产生的火山碎屑最远可抛射约1km;夏威夷型喷发及溢流式喷发产生的熔岩流是主要的灾害源,计算得出结壳熔岩运移的距离为3. 0～13. 5km,渣状熔岩运移的距离为2. 9～14. 9km;射汽岩浆型喷发产生的基浪速度可达200～400m/s,运移距离≤10km,是潜在的重要灾害类型,应该引起更多重视,并积极进行防范。 相似文献
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科洛火山群的新生代火山共有23座,坐落于科洛河两岸,火山岩面积约为350km2,岩性主要为碱性玄武岩.由于地处NE向断陷盆地这一特殊的构造位置,科洛地区的火山活动及展布主要受到区域基底断裂的制约.火山喷发形式总体为中心式,属斯通博利式火山.火山活动可划分为上新世、更新世和全新世3期.上新世在断陷盆地边缘形成了一系列NE向线性展布的中心式溢出型火山,其中部分火山因风化剥蚀而失去了原有的火山地貌特征,仅保留盾形熔岩台地.早更新世火山活动相对平静.中-晚更新世火山活动仍受到NE向基底断裂的控制,但喷发中心、喷发方式及喷发强度均发生改变,火山由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流组成.进入全新世以后南山喷发,其火山结构保存完好,裸露的熔岩台地保留了较好的微地貌特征.该期火山亦由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流构成.在科洛火山群的火山活动过程中,其熔岩流覆盖了早期沉积地层,并对盆地中的河流进行了改造,最终导致该区断陷盆地初始地貌的改变. 相似文献
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《地震地质》2017,(5)
研究火山喷发现象的历史记载对确定历史火山喷发事件及其年代具有重要意义。根据朝鲜半岛历史文献,系统整理和研究历史火山喷发现象的记载后,得出如下认识:1)直观的历史火山喷发事件有公元1002年济州岛火山喷发、1007年济州岛以西近海火山喷发和1597年中国吉林长白县境内的望天鹅火山喷发。2)根据"雨灰"(火山灰)记载可确定的火山喷发事件分别发生在公元1265、1401—1405、1668、1673、1702年等,推测均为长白山天池火山喷发。3)公元1373年的"雨白毛"(火山毛)记载,推测为长白山天池火山喷发事件。4)公元1533年的"天火",若其为火山喷发物,则可能是长白山天池火山喷发。公元1601—1609年的"天火",可能是中国吉林龙岗火山喷发事件,或是长白山天池火山喷发事件。5)史料记载的"雨土"乃是黄土沉降现象并非火山灰。依据"雨土"提出的长白山火山喷发事件不成立。 相似文献
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长白山天池全新世以来的火山喷发与灾害风险初探 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
概述了长白山天池火山全新世以来的喷发及其构造活动,其中喷发物以玄武质、碱流质为主,规模大。文中着重探讨了天池火山的风险性和未来的火山灾害。可为制定火山灾害对策提供科学依据。 相似文献
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四海火山灰是龙岗火山群中的一次火山爆发形成的,这次火山爆发形成的玄武质空降堆积物分别组成金龙顶子火山渣锥和位于金龙顶子火山锥以东的、分布于辉南县红旗林场和靖宇县四海林场一带的低缓开阔的火山碎屑席。通过投点得知金龙顶子火山喷发类型为次布里尼式(Sub-Plinian)喷发,反映金龙顶子火山爆发强度很大。四海火山灰空降碎屑物7个样品的粒度累计频率曲线投点分布范围、集中区域均有较好的一致性,累计频率曲线表明碎屑物在空中搬运与沉降时都经过了类似的重力分选作用。近火口缘样品粗粒碎屑含量较高,随着与火口缘距离的增加,粗粒部分含量明显降低,细粒碎屑含量增加趋势明显。龙岗火山区内其它岩渣锥火山碎屑物粒度分布范围明显宽于四海火山灰粒度分布范围,累积频率曲线斜率较为一致。虽然样品距火山口距离均较近,但也出现了细粒富集程度变缓的现象,反映了龙岗火山区其它火山锥喷发强度明显小于四海火山。对比长白山天池火山碎屑物粒度分布特征发现,天池火山空降堆积物粒度分布斜率变化比较均匀,四海火山灰斜率有明显变化;四海火山灰最大粒度小于长白山天池火山空降堆积物,但是粗粒度碎屑物含量较高。细粒度碎屑物部分累计频率曲线上升趋势较缓,说明金龙顶子火山的喷发 相似文献
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存于黑龙江将军衙门档案中的五大连池火山喷发满文史料 (由吴雪娟发现并译成汉文 ) ,详细记载了五大连池火山在 172 0年 1月 14日至 172 1年 3月 18日喷发形成老黑山、172 1年 4月 2 6日至 172 1年 5月 2 8日喷发形成火烧山的全部过程 ,记述了这 2座火山的喷发时间、地点、喷发状态和火山堰塞湖形成以及参加观测的人员情况等各种史实。这是中国历史上迄今为止对火山喷发仅有的一次有组织的观测活动 ,这些记录为火山观测研究提供了珍贵的第一手资料。同时 ,也表明中国是世界上火山观测开展较早的国家之一。以往认为五大连池老黑山、火烧山火山喷发的时间为公元1719— 172 1年 ,实际应为公元 172 0— 172 1年 相似文献
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望天鹅火山位于吉林省长白县中部,距长白山天池火山35km.据《朝鲜王朝实录》中记载,1597年10月6日在朝鲜咸镜道三水郡小农堡越边北发生火山喷发.文中据朝鲜地方志和古地图等资料,对史料作历史地理考证,提出1597年10月6日火山喷发发生在望天鹅火山底部,地点在今吉林省长白县十三道沟村与十四道沟镇之间的山岭,距望天鹅火山主峰约30km,距长白山天池约60km. 相似文献
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Tephra, usually produced by explosive eruptions, is deposited rapidly, hence, it can serve as a distinctive and widespread synchronous marker horizon correlating terrestrial, marine and ice core records. The tephra from Changbaishan Millennium eruption, a widely distributed tephra, is an important marker bed across the Japan Sea, Japan Islands and even in the Greenland ice cores 9000km away from volcanic vent. In this study, a discrete tephra was identified in the Quanyang peat~45km northeast to the Changbaishan volcano. Radiocarbon 14 C dating on the plant remains constrains an age of 886-1013calAD(95.4%)to the tephra layer, which can correspond to the Millennium eruption of Changbaishan in time. In addition, there was no similar volcanic eruption in the surrounding areas except Changbaishan at the same time. This tephra shows rhyolitic glass shards major element compositions similar to those rhyolitic tephra from Millennium eruption. This study illustrates that tephra from Millennium eruption has been transported to Quanyang peat~45km northwest to the Changbaishan volcano. Additionally, the diameter of the pumice lapilli is up to 0.3cm, implying that the tephra must be transported more distal away from Quanyang peat and formed a widely distributed isochronic layer. Glass geochemistry of the Quanyang tephra, different from the distal tephra recorded at Sihailongwan, Japan, and Greenland ice, shows a close affinity to the pyroclastic flow deposits of the Millennium eruption while not from fall deposits. This may indicate that distribution of the Millennium eruption of Changbaishanin in different directions may be controlled by different stages of eruption. This layer with well-defined annual results can be used to optimize the chronological framework of the corresponding sedimentary environment, thus facilitating more accurate discussion of corresponding environmental changes, which can achieve the contrast of the ancient climate records in the whole Northeast China-Japan and arctic regions. 相似文献
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Tianchi volcano in Changbaishan area is located at the border between China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in China. It has experienced several explosive eruptions in late Pleistocene and Holocene, i.e. 50000aBP eruption, 946 AD eruption, 1668 AD eruption, 1702 AD eruption, 1903 AD eruption. Especially, the 946 AD eruption(also known as "Millennium eruption")of this volcano is considered to be one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the world in the past 2000a. The eruption history and strata sequence of Tianchi volcano have long been the focus of attention. The stratigraphic unit division of fallout deposits in the past millennium is controversial, especially for the heterogeneous trachytic pumices(erupted from the Yuanchi stage)above the off-white pumices(erupted from the Chifeng stage).
In this paper, through the detailed field exploration and strata comparation, it was found that there was no depositional interval between the two stage eruptions, or the interval was not long, and thus, it is believed that two stages of fallout pumice should be classified into the Millennium eruption. The off-white fallout pumices in Chifeng stage are relatively homogeneous, with angular shape, normal grading and good sorting. The median size(MdΦ)and the sorting coefficient(σΦ)of Chifeng pumice are in the range of -4.25~-1.3 and 0.93~1.53, respectively. The eruption of Yuanchi stage is in pulsing pattern, and the strata show interbedding of rich khaki pumice layer and rich black pumice layer. The pumices with angular shape show inconspicuous grain grading and good sorting. The median size(MdΦ)and the sorting coefficient(σΦ)of Yuanchi pumice are in the range of -2.55~-0.6 and 1~1.68, respectively. Both the granularities of the pumice particles from two stages are normally distributed and fall into the air-fall field in the median diameter versus sorting diagram. The pumices from 50000aBP and pyroclastic flow of Millennium eruption were also shown in the diagram.
Phenocrysts in pumices are mainly feldspar and pyroxene, but the phenocrysts with obvious resorbed characteristic in Yuanchi black pumice are bigger, and the phenocryst contents are a little higher than those in others. Feldspar content in off-white pumice in Chifeng stage was 0.24%~1.77%, that in khaki pumice in Yuanchi stage was 0.2%~7.5%, and that in black pumice in Yuanchi stage was 3.02%~8.0%. The phenocrysts in Chifeng pumice are broken, which represents more violent explosion. The vesicles inside the pumice also reflect the intensity of the eruption. The Chifeng pumices have large, continuous vesicles and thin vesicle walls. The Yuanchi khaki pumices have continuous vesicles but thicker vesicle wall than the Chifeng pumices. The vesicularity is the lowest and the vesicle walls are the thickest in the black pumices in Yuanchi stage, indicating the eruption strength become weaker from Chifeng stage to Yuanchi stage.
The Chifeng pumices with SiO2 content of 69.12~72.71wt%, K2O content of 4.33~4.52wt%, Na2O content of 5.26~5.39wt%, Al2O3 content of 10.32~11.99wt%, CaO content of 0.29~0.95wt%, MgO content of 0.11~0.51wt%, TiO2 content of 0.23~0.43wt% are comendite in composition. The pumices from 50000aBP eruption are comendite in composition, and their SiO2 content(65.56~68.28wt%)is slightly lower than Chifeng pumices. The Yuanchi khaki pumices with SiO2 content of 62.14~63.29wt%, K2O content of 5.35~5.7wt%, Na2O content of 5.35~5.62wt%, Al2O3 content of 15.00~15.59wt%, CaO content of 1.06~1.61wt%, MgO content of 0.25~0.57wt%, TiO2 content of 0.4~0.64wt% belong to trachyte in composition, and are close to the composition of the black pumices on the Tianwen Peak. The Yuanchi black pumices are also trachyte in composition, but have obviously lower SiO2(59.51~60.59wt%), K2O(4.39~4.84wt%), and Na2O(4.94~5.08wt%)content, and higher Al2O3(15.81~16.42wt%), CaO(2.78~3.66wt%), MgO(1.43~1.9wt%), TiO2(1.04~1.4wt%)content than the khaki pumices.
The above results show that the eruptive intensity of the Yuanchi stage is weaker than that of the Chifeng stage and the several magmatic compositions of pumices from the Millennium eruption reveal a complex magma system under the Tianchi volcano. The magma layers with different compositions may exist in the magma chamber contemporaneously. At Chifeng stage, only the upper comendite magma erupted, but the magma below erupted in the pulsing pattern at the Yuanchi stage. 相似文献
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More than 40 late Cenozoic monogenetic volcanoes formed a volcanic belt striking NNW from Keluo, through Wudalianchi to Erkeshan in NE China. These volcanoes belong to a unified volcano system, namely Wudalianchi volcanic belt(WVB for short). Based on the volcanic evolution history and the nature of monogenetic volcanic system, we estimate that the volcanic system of WVB is still active and has the potential to erupt again. Hence, this paper studied the temporal-spatial distribution and volcanic eruption types to evaluate the possible eruption hazard types and areas of influence in the future.
Volcanic field characteristics and K-Ar radiometric data suggest two episodes of volcanism in the WVB, the Pliocene to early Pleistocene volcanism(4.59~1.00MaBP)and the middle Pleistocene to Holocene volcanism(0.79Ma to now). The early episode volcanoes are distributed only in the north of WVB(mainly in Keluo volcanic field), featured by effusive eruption, and mainly formed monogenetic shield, whose base diameter is large and slope is gentle. However, the late episode eruptions occurred over the entire WVB. The explosive eruption in this stage formed numerous relatively intact scoria cones of explosive origin. Meanwhile the effusive eruption formed widely distributed lava flows.
Both effusive eruption and explosive eruption are common in WVB. The effusive eruption formed monogenetic shields and lava flows. The resulting pahoehoe lava, aa lava and block lava appeared in WVB. There are three end-member types of explosive eruption driven by magmatic volatile. Violent Strombolian eruption has the highest degree of fragmentation and mass flux, characterized by eruption column. Strombolian eruption has the high degree of fragmentation, but low mass flux, featured by pulse eruption. Hawaiian eruption has low degree of fragmentation, but high in mass flux, generating large scoria cones. In addition, this paper for the first time found phreatomagmatic eruption in WVB, which formed tuff cone. Transitional eruptions are also common in WVB, which have certain characteristics among the end-member eruption types. Besides, certain volcanoes displayed multiple explosive eruption types during the whole eruption span.
According to the volcanic temporal-spatial distribution and eruption characteristics in WVB, the potential volcanic hazards in future are constrained. It appears that the violent Strombolian and Strombolian eruption will not have significant impact on aviation safety in the vertical direction. In the radial direction, the ejected volcanic bomb can reach as far as 1km from the vents and the fallout tephra may disperse downwind over a distance ranging from 1~10km. The major hazard of Hawaiian eruption and effusive eruption comes from lava flow, and its migration distance may reach 3.0~13.5km for pahoehoe lava and 2.9~14.9km for aa lava. The base surge in phreatomagmatic eruption can reach a velocity of 200~400m/s, and the migration distance is around 10km. This is a big threat that people should pay more attention to and take precautions in advance. Besides, it is necessary to strengthen the real-time observation of the volcanoes in the WVB, especially those formed in the late episode as well as near the active fault. 相似文献