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1.
Cristina Gauthier Zihan Lin Brad G. Peter Emilio F. Moran 《The Professional geographer》2019,71(2):292-300
Heavy investments in hydroelectric development are occurring throughout the Amazon Basin, which holds 42.2 percent of Brazil’s hydroelectric potential. The Belo Monte dam is the most recent and largest project in this region. The prevalence of septic systems in the Amazon, coupled with the widespread use of water wells and rising water table from filling the reservoir, create sanitation and health concerns for upstream communities. Using spatial analytical data and terrain analyses, we identify high-risk locations within the most densely populated neighborhoods in Altamira, Belo Monte’s host city. The purpose of this research is to develop a heuristic for identifying areas susceptible to groundwater and well contamination in relation to existing and proposed hydroelectric projects. Altamira’s city center persists as a high-risk location for contamination of wells because of its population density and relatively low elevation compared to other parts of the city. The methods, tools, and analyses presented in this article provide a framework that can be used to identify vulnerability to groundwater and drinking well contamination. The results presented here can guide implementation of public health and sanitation efforts in areas affected by large hydroelectric projects to avoid future water quality crises. Key Words: Belo Monte, groundwater contamination, hydroelectric infrastructure, risk assessment, spatial and terrain analyses. 相似文献
2.
中水灌溉下重金属在土壤中的垂直迁移及其对地下水的污染风险 总被引：25，自引：2，他引：23
中水灌溉是解决水资源短缺的潜在途径,关于中水灌溉条件下土壤中重金属的迁移行为及其对浅层地下水的污染风险至今仍缺乏研究。本文通过土柱模拟试验,分析中水灌溉条件下重金属在土壤中的迁移趋势及其对浅层地下水的污染风险。试验用添加重金属（As、Cd、Cu、Pb浓度分别为2、0.2、20、20 mg.kg-1）的人工污水和中水以1年、3年的灌溉量进行土柱淋溶实验。结果表明,淋溶20天（1年的灌溉量）以及60天（3年的灌溉量）,灌溉水中的As、Cd、Cu和Pb主要在表层（010cm）累积。随着淋溶时间的延长,4种重金属（尤其是Cd）表现出向下迁移的趋势。但与地下水I级水质标准（GB/T14848-93）相比,淋滤液中4种重金属均未超标。因此,从本文的模拟试验来看,以北京市当前的中水进行灌溉,As、Cu、Pb对浅层地下水的污染风险不大。 相似文献
3.
典型矿业城市的土壤重金属分布特征与复合污染评价——以“镍都”金昌市为例 总被引：31，自引：3，他引：31
通过对甘肃省金昌市(镍矿城市)建成区的土壤重金属调查研究,揭示了其重金属来源、污染现状及其环境风险。结果表明:当地主要矿产品Ni和Cu两种重金属的土壤污染最严重,与《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)的III级标准比较,样品Ni和Cu的超标率分别为70%和57%,污染面积分别为26 km2和24 km2;土壤As和Cd污染主要集中在矿冶区和尾砂库附近,居民区土壤污染程度低;土壤Cr污染出现在尾砂库和采矿区附近,污染面积为3 km2。在城区土壤中,Co、Cu、Cd、Pb与Zn的污染来源及空间分布具有相似特征,而土壤As污染与Ni污染特征相近。Nemero综合指数评价结果表明,高风险区域主要分布在东部矿冶区、北部尾砂库和西南角采矿区,城市居民区的土壤重金属污染水平较低。 相似文献
4.
A devastating flood occurred in southern Alberta on June 19, 2013, from greater than normal snowfalls in the Rocky Mountains and excess precipitation during the early spring that left soils saturated and unable to absorb any additional precipitation. This flood was Canada's most costly natural disaster, with five to six billion Canadian dollars in damages. The first objective of this study was to determine if the flood caused an increase in private drinking water well contamination in the Calgary Health Zone by comparing contamination rates to previous years. The second objective was to determine which environmental factors were associated with contamination during this flood event. Test results of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) of private water wells were used to determine contamination. A geographically weighted Poisson regression analysis suggested that TC contamination was not associated with this flood. The EC contamination is positively associated with floodways, flood fringe, farms, and negatively associated with intermittent water (sloughs). These results suggest that for the 2013 flood, individual well characteristics are more important than surrounding geographic features. Thus, it is recommended that homeowners who live in a high-risk area ensure their wells are properly maintained to reduce risk of water well contamination. 相似文献
5.
中国公路交通的重金属排放及其对土地污染的初步估算 总被引：24，自引：3，他引：21
本文研究了全国各省市机动车Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd排放总量和公路两侧土壤中Pb含量的分布及其面积。结果表明,东部发达省份机动车的重金属排放量较西部地区大。使用含铅汽油的1990~1996年期间,北京市公路两侧土壤中Pb的年输入量为2.48~3.17 mg/ (kg · a)、累积量为11.4 mg/kg;1997~2003年使用无铅汽油后,两者分别下降到0.26~0.29 mg/(kg · a)和1.30 mg/kg。公路两侧的土壤中Pb含量随垂直距离的外延呈指数形式下降。公路交通对道路两侧土壤产生严重和轻度Pb污染的范围分别为距公路0~10 m和10~65 m。2003年北京市和全国受公路交通Pb污染的土地面积为2310 km2和28900 km2。公路交通的重金属排放是导致我国土地污染的重要原因之一。 相似文献
6.
对沅江入湖沉积物进行钻探取样,利用等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）对沉积物重金属进行分析。结果表明：重金属Ba、Sc、V、Th、U、Cu、Co、Ni、Cr等在沉积物中含量变化相对稳定,分布相对均匀;而Mn、Zn、Pb、Mo、Cd、Tl、Bi等重金属的含量变化大,分布不均匀。重金属含量柱状剖面变化特征及富集系数（EF值）的计算结果显示：沉积物中Cd达显著富集,而Sc、V、Mn、Pb、Bi等为中等富集程度。沉积物中存在3个重金属富集层,即中下部Pb、Tl、Bi富集层;中上部Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu富集层;浅表部V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Tl、Bi等多种重金属富集层。地累积指数（Igeo）和综合富集指数（EI）评价结果显示：沅江入湖沉积物重金属污染程度自河床深部向浅部,污染程度趋于增强,污染元素组合趋于由Pb-Bi的单一元素组合向由V-Cr-Mn-Ni-Cu-Zn-Pb-Cd-Bi组成的复合元素组合变化。且自上游向下游,沉积物重金属污染程度趋于降低。这种重金属污染空间变化特征与区域人为活动有关,值得进一步研究。 相似文献
7.
Magnetic investigation of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoils around the East Lake, Wuhan, China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Tao Yang Qingsheng Liu Lungsang Chan Guodong Cao 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(2):603-612
Magnetic measurements and heavy metal analyses were performed on 133 samples from the urban soils around the East Lake in Wuhan, China. Samples were collected from four areas with different environmental settings: a heavy industrial area well known for thermal power generation and steel works; villages located in the downwind area of the industrial area; a main road with heavy traffic and roads around the East Lake. Results show that concentrations of magnetic particle and heavy metals in urban topsoils are significantly elevated due to the input of coarser-grained magnetite from industrial (e.g. power generation and steel production) and other anthropogenic activities (e.g. vehicle emissions). Concentration-related magnetic parameters, for example, magnetic susceptibility, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization and anhysteretic remanent magnetization, significantly correlate with the concentration of heavy metals. Moreover, in terms of grain sizes, the magnetic particles of different origins can be efficiently discriminated at the studied region. Therefore, magnetic measurements provide a basis for discrimination and identification of different contamination sources, and can be used as an economic alternative to chemical analysis when mapping heavy metal contamination in urban soil around the East Lake region, Wuhan, China. 相似文献
8.
路域土壤植物系统重金属污染研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
道路建设、交通活动向周围环境排放重金属污染物,引起路域土壤重金属污染和植物体内重金属含量升高.这些污染物还可能通过食物链对动物及人类造成影响,对区域生态安全构成威胁.本文综述了路域土壤重金属含量随与路缘距离和土层深度增加的变化规律,路域土壤重金属空间分布的影响因素以及路域土壤重金属的赋存形态.从4方面论述了路域植物重金属污染的研究:(1)路域植物吸收重金属的途径;(2)植物体内重金属含量与距离路缘的关系;(3)路域不同植物种的重金属含量差异;(4)同种植物不同器官中的重金属含量的差异. 相似文献
9.
土壤重金属空间分异及迁移研究进展与展望 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
回顾了土壤重金属污染的空间分异及迁移的相关研究,提出了基于GIS空间分布特性的土壤重金属污染途径分类方法,并系统总结了土壤重金属污染的空间分异及迁移规律。探讨了土壤重金属污染空间分布与迁移研究的发展趋势与关键问题,为进一步有效开展相关研究奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
10.
Heavy metal concentrations were investigated in overbank sediments of the Mala Panew River, southern Poland. Samples were collected from seven vertical profiles located within channel infills of a 20th century floodplain at three sites, each up to 50 m wide. In each profile, 15–24 samples were collected and analysed for Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Sequential extraction of these elements was carried out in the 0.063-mm fraction of selected samples. Additionally, the age of the oldest trees growing close to the profiles has been used to estimate the initiation of sediment accumulation there. Ba, Cu, and Pb, which occur mostly in less mobile, moderately reducible, and residual fractions, were used for sediment dating. Zn and Cd, which in 50–75% occur in the mobile exchangeable fraction, were not suitable for dating. Correlation of Ba, Cu, and Pb concentrations in vertical profiles with changes in the load of effluents discharged to the river showed abrupt changes in the thickness of the strongly polluted sediments across the floodplains. A comparison of the relative changes between heavy metal peaks in sediments of similar age in the different profiles suggests a variable rate of downward metal migration. In general, none of the heavy metals investigated seems to have been mobilised within the stratigraphic layers above the water table. In layers located at stratigraphically lower levels, the Zn and Cd peaks seem to migrate several centimetres to several decimetres down in the profile. In profiles inundated for several weeks every year, Zn and Cd, as well as the relatively less mobile Ba, Cu, and Pb, have migrated downward by several decimetres. The investigation shows that frequent fluctuations of the water table have blurred the original depositional metal patterns of metal concentrations within a period of less than 40 years. 相似文献
11.
分析了采自北极新奥尔松(Ny-lesund)(78°55′N,11°56′E)煤矿开采区水平剖面12个点位上的三种苔原植物Dicranumangustum(苔藓类植物)、Puccinelliaphryganodes(穗状植物)和Salixpolaris(管状植物)及土壤中10种重金属(Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni、Fe、Mn、As、Se)及S、TOC的含量。结果显示采矿过程中煤层的暴露是本地区的Hg、Cd、S污染的主要来源。三种分布最广泛、数量最多的苔原植物中苔藓植物Dicranumangustum对重金属元素具有最大的富集能力,位于矿区的Dicranumangustu体内污染元素含量显著高于非矿区部分,这也说明该水平剖面上的元素污染是由当地煤矿开采导致的。同时发现,Dicranumangustum体内元素积累和土壤中元素浓度之间沿水平剖面的变化趋势较一致,能较好地反映本地区的污染状况,可以作为污染监测和指示植物。从全球区域对比来看,北极新奥尔松苔藓体内污染水平显著低于邻近的北欧等工业区,但却是北极地区Hg、Cd和S污染最严重地区,同时也比南极地区高。 相似文献
12.
银川市PM2.5重金属元素的环境污染特征分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
分析了银川市PM2.5中9种重金属元素在春季风沙期、夏秋季非采暖期、冬季采暖期的浓度分布特征和富集因子。结果表明：银川市PM2.5中重金属元素的质量浓度在风沙期、非采暖期、采暖期表现不同,Cu,Ni,Mn,Cr,Fe,Cd元素在风沙期浓度最高,Zn,Pb,Co在采暖期浓度最高,说明风沙期和采暖期是银川市一年中的强污染期;重金属元素在不同粒径颗粒物中的浓度水平有明显差别,有害的重金属元素主要吸附在PM2.5中,应引起重视;Zn,Cd元素在各时段都有明显富集,主要来自人为源贡献;Pb元素在采暖期明显富集,说明银川市冬季采暖燃煤的排放对空气中污染元素Pb的贡献很大。 相似文献
13.
Chee Kong Yap Ahmad Ismail Ching How Low Soon Guan Tan 《湿地科学》2007,5(4):311-321
Three different aquatic ecosystems(an urban pond,Kelana Jaya Pond;a polluted river,Sepang River;and the intertidal and offshore areas of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia)with different sets of ecological backgrounds and human activities were reviewed and assessed for the levels of Cu and Zn contamination with special reference to those found in polluted sediments collected from the Sepang River.The discussion on the contamination levels of Cu and Zn in the aquatic environment of Peninsular Malaysia was based on a comparison of the metal contamination of 4 kinds of aquatic environments.The comparison of 4 different areas was based on ① total concentrations of 2 metals;② the concentrations and percentages of the nonresistant(EFLE,acid-reducible and oxidisable-organic)and resistant geochemical fractions;and ③ correlation coefficients(R-values)based on data of 4 areas separately and a combination of 4 areas.The Sepang River recorded nonresistant fractions of 63.1% for Zn and 55.8% for Cu in addition to slightly lower metal concentrations when compared to those(60%-70%)reported before the shutting down of the piggery activities in that area.These nonresistant metal percentages(55%-63%)indicated that the metal concentrations were still dominated by anthropogenic sources since nonresistant fraction of metals were mostly contributed by anthropogenic sources.The positive results from the four different aquatic environments assessed here provided strong evidence to show that Malaysia's aquatic environment had received anthropogenic Cu and Zn.The present study also showed that the percentage of the nonresistant fraction and the R-values based on correlation analysis of Cu and Zn could be used as indicators of Cu and Zn pollution in the Malaysian aquatic ecosystem.Based on the present data,the correlation coefficients(R-values)are potential indicators of EFLE Cu and acid-reducible Cu of the sediments.The use of R-values as indicators of metal pollution is suggested and it is applicable to other heavy metal data although it should be improved in future studies. 相似文献
14.
北京市不同土地利用类型的土壤砷含量特征 总被引：42，自引：4，他引：42
通过对北京市菜地、稻田、果园、绿化地、麦地以及自然土壤6种土地利用类型共500 个土壤样品的调查分析,探讨了不同土地利用方式对土壤砷积累的影响。与北京市土壤背景值相比,砷在土壤中均有不同程度的增加,累积现象比较普遍。在6种土地利用类型中,自然土壤的砷含量最低,最接近背景值;菜地和稻田的土壤砷含量的增加最为显著。以基线值为标准,北京市涉及土地利用的土壤砷含量总体超标率为1.8%;6种土地利用类型中,菜地、果园、麦地三种土壤砷含量的超标率分别为2.6%、2.7%、0.7%。土壤砷含量的平均值由高到低分别为:稻田>绿化地>菜地>果园>麦地>自然土壤。 相似文献
15.
澜沧江河床沉积物重金属污染评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
河床沉积物是河流水体与泥沙环境中重金属的主要积存载体,能反映水环境的重金属污染状况。本文选取澜沧江为对象,通过对澜沧江干流西藏和云南境内22个河段的河床沉积物重金属测定分析,得到了8种主要的重金属元素(Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn、As、Pb、Cu和Co)的含量,并采用沉积物富集系数法与地质积累指数法分别对所测得沉积物的重金属污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:①澜沧江干流大部分河段污染情况并不明显,但在中游的旧州和功果桥河段,因该区域的地质金属背景值和支流沘江流域铅锌矿开采,地表的重金属元素被雨水冲刷到该河段,导致沉积物重金属富集现象明显,出现了轻度到较强度污染;②澜沧江流域受人为干扰的区域集中于中游与下游,部分河段(功果桥附近)Cu、Pb和Zn等元素呈轻度或偏中度污染;③大坝对河流的阻隔效应使得干流沉积物重金属污染呈现片段化分布,河流沿岸城市化等人类活动对附近河段沉积物重金属污染状况也有较明显的影响。 相似文献
16.
烟台海岸带土壤重金属定量源解析及空间预测 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
定量解析土壤重金属污染来源并绘制空间分布图是土壤重金属调查评价的核心,可为区域土壤环境管理和修复提供科学参考。以中国北方名优农产品生产基地烟台海岸带为研究区,系统开展表层土壤样品采集和重金属分析测试;利用正定矩阵因子分解定量解析土壤重金属的来源贡献;基于独立成分分析和序贯高斯模拟构建多元地统计模拟技术,实现土壤重金属的空间预测及潜在污染区域划定。结果表明：① 研究区表层土壤中 As、Co、Cr、Mn和Ni主要为自然来源,且空间分布受成土母质的控制;② 工业和交通排放是土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn的重要来源,三者在金、铜矿的尾矿区以及烟台市区呈现出污染热点;③ 土壤中Cu主要来自铜基杀菌剂和有机肥施用等农业活动,高值区主要分布在果园土壤;④ 土壤中Hg主要来源于煤炭燃烧和混汞法炼金所排放Hg的大气沉降,高值区主要分布在金矿以及龙口、蓬莱市区周边;⑤ Cu、Hg和Cd的潜在污染区域面积占研究区总面积的37.5%、14.3%和8.6%,应给予重点关注。 相似文献
17.
微生物在镍污染土壤修复中的作用 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
虽然镍是一种必需的微量营养元素,但在较高含量时,对土壤微生物会造成毒害。在长期受镍胁迫土壤中,土壤细菌、真菌、内生菌根、外生菌根中的某些种类产生了体内和体外的抗性机制以减少镍的毒害作用。通过微生物的吸收、沉淀、络合等作用,可以减少土壤中重金属的迁移性和生物毒性;另外,某些根际微生物还能提高超富集植物对重金属的提取效果。分析结果表明,利用根际微生物和植物的共生关系强化植物修复的效果是可能的。 相似文献
18.
Concentrations of heavy metals in the intertidal gastropod Nerita lineata collected from 4 sampling stations in the intertidal zone of Dumai coastal waters have been analyzed and correlated with the respective metal concentrations in their habitat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible relationships between heavy metal concentrations in the N.lineata with metal concentrations in their habitat, which include seawater, algal mat, suspended particulate matter, and surface sediment. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations in the sediment, N.lineata, suspended particulate matter, algal mat and surface seawater were found to be higher in stations closed to Dumai city center which has more industrial and anthropogenic activities. The mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Fe in the N.lineata collected from Dumai intertidal area were 4.14 μg/g, 5.90 μg/g, 44.43 μg/g, 3.74 μg/g, 20.73 μg/g, 24.91 μg/g in shell; 4.16 μg/g, 7.31 μg/g, 51.78 μg/g, 17.63 μg/g, 23.52 μg/g, 30.60 μg/g in operculum and 0.71 μg/g, 15.09 μg/g, 9.41 μg/g, 94.42 μg/g, 5.10 μg/g, 398.24 μg/g dry weight in the total soft tissue, respectively. Cd, Pb and Ni concentrations of parts of the N.lineata were in the order: that of operculum>shell>soft tissue whilst Cu, Zn and Fe concentrations of parts of the N.lineata in the order: that of soft tissue>operculum>shell. This suggested that N.lineata could be used as biomonitoring agent for Cu, Zn and Fe (soft tissues) and for Cd, Pb and Ni (operculum). However, the shell had significant correlations (P<0.05) with metal concentrations in the sediment, algal mat, suspended particulate matter and seawater. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of the shell also revealed greater capacity for non-essential metals bioaccumulation from all environmental phases. This might suggest that the shell of N.lineata could be better used as biomonitoring agent for heavy metal pollution. 相似文献
19.
藻类对重金属污染水体的生物修复 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18
重金属对水体的污染已成为全球性的环境问题, 利用藻类生物修复重金属污染水体, 因 其有效、低廉和环保引起了国内外的广泛重视, 并且取得了一定的成效。本文介绍了藻类修复重 金属废水的应用概况, 总结了多年来在藻类对重金属离子的吸收途径、耐受机理、生物吸附机制、 模型解释及影响因素等方面的研究成果, 同时指出了当前在这些方面尚存的不足, 并就今后继续 筛选、利用生物技术培育对重金属高耐受、高富集性藻类, 进一步探求修复机理以及野外应用方 面的研究。 相似文献
20.
WANG Lei ZHANG Guang-Xin 《湿地科学》2006,4(3):193-197
1 INTRODUCTIONNitrogen and phosphorus in the water are the nu-trients limited in natural wetlands,which seriously in-fluence on the ecosystem production and the biodiver-sity(Mitsch,Grosselin,2000).Nitrogen and phos-phorus recycles have been interrupted b… 相似文献