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1.
An extensive soil survey was carried out in Shanghai to investigate the spatial distribution and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils. Soil samples were collected from highways, iron-smelting plants, steel-smelting plants, shipbuilding yards, coking plants, power plants, chemical plants, urban parks, university campuses and residential areas and were analyzed for 16 PAHs by gas chromatography with mass detection. High PAH concentrations were found in all locations investigated, with mean values of soil total PAH concentrations in the range 3,279–38,868 μg/kg DM, and the PAH concentrations were significantly influenced by soil organic matter content. Soil PAH profiles in all districts were dominated by PAHs with 4–6 rings. Principal components analysis and diagnostic ratios of PAHs indicate that they were mainly derived from coal combustion and petroleum but in soils from highways the PAHs were derived largely from vehicle exhaust emissions. The high concentrations of PAHs found indicate that many urban soils in Shanghai represent a potential hazard to public health.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this study was to determine the sources and contamination characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in various environmental media in a karst underground river system. For this purpose, air, underground river water, sediment, and soil samples were collected from a typical underground river in southern China in the dry and wet seasons of 2013–2014, and the compositional spectra, distribution, and ratio characteristics of 16 PAHs were determined for comparative analysis. The results show that three 2–3-ring PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene) mainly occur in air and underground river water. In sediments and soils, 4–6-ring PAHs are the main components. The PAH concentrations in the air in the wet season are clearly greater than those in the dry season, while it is the opposite in the underground water. Seasonal differences in the concentration of PAHs in the sediments and soils are minor. The concentrations of PAHs in the environmental media overall showed variation in the following order: upstream < midstream < downstream, and this is related to pollutant discharge, adsorption, etc. The main source of PAHs in the upstream area is the combustion of grass, wood, and coal, while it is petroleum in the midstream area, and combustion of grass, wood, coal, and petroleum near the outlet of the underground river. It is necessary to change the energy structure in the study area, improve the efficiency of environmental protection facilities, reduce the emission in vehicle exhaust, and control pollution by PAHs at their sources.  相似文献   

3.
Black carbon (BC) in soils plays a key role of carrying hydrophobic pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, little is known about the spatial distribution, sources of BC and its relationship with PAHs in urban soils. We studied BC, total organic carbon (TOC) and PAHs concurrently in 77 soils collected from downtown area, suburban and rural area and industrial area of Shanghai, China. BC was determined by both chemical oxidation (dichromate oxidation, BCCr) and chemo-thermal oxidation (CTO-375, BCCTO). BC sources were identified qualitatively by BC/TOC concentration ratios and BC-cogenerated high molecular weight (HMW) PAH isomer ratios and quantitatively by principal component analysis followed by multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR). Results showed that BCCr concentration (4.65 g/kg on average) was significantly higher than BCCTO (1.91 g/kg on average) in Shanghai soils. BCCr concentrations in industrial area were significantly higher than those in other two. Stronger correlation was found between PAHs and TOC, BCCr than that between PAHs and BCCTO, which indicates the possibility of PAHs being carried by charcoal and other organic matters thus negating its exclusive dependence on soot. Charcoal was therefore suggested to be taken into account in studies of BC and its sorption of PAHs. BC/TOC ratios showed a mixed source of biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. PCA scores of BC-cogenerated HMW PAHs isomer ratios in potential sources and soil samples clearly demonstrated that sources of BC in urban soils may fall into two categories: coal and biomass combustion, and traffic (oil combustion and tire wear). PCA-MLR of HMW PAHs concentrations in soil samples indicated that coal and oil combustion had the largest contribution to BC in urban soils while tire wear and biomass combustion were important in downtown and rural area, respectively, which indicated they were main sources of HMW PAHs and presumably of BC.  相似文献   

4.
As a US east coast state with a major income from outdoor recreation and tourism, Delaware highly values its environmental quality and natural resources. However, no results on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in soil at natural recreational areas (NRAs) in the state have been reported. In this study soil samples from seven state parks, two city parks, two state forests, and two national wildlife refuges in Delaware were analyzed for the concentrations of 12 selected PAHs. Results indicated that the median concentration of total PAHs in urban, suburban, and rural NRAs was 1,159, 138, and 130 μg/kg, respectively. Based on the classification proposed by Maliszewska-Kordybach, soil PAH contamination level at almost all sampling sites in urban NRAs was classified as contaminated or heavily contaminated, while that at sampling sites in suburban and rural NRAs was classified as not or weakly contaminated. Principal component analysis showed that all these areas share the same independent variable, which may be composed of one or more contribution sources. Pyrogenic processes were inferred to be the major source of soil PAH contamination in Delaware NRAs. Individual PAH concentration at all sampling sites were observed below the limit of Canadian Quality Guidelines except for site F3, where the concentration of benzo[b]flouranthene, benzo[k]flouranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene was found to exceed the limit by 88.3, 125, and 281 %, respectively. Further investigation on PAH contamination and possible remediation in area F are recommended.  相似文献   

5.
Concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface sediments of the Yellow River Estuary (YRE). The isobath-parallel tidal and residual currents play important roles in the variation of PAH distribution, such that the contamination level of PAHs in fine-grained sediments is significantly higher than in the relatively coarse grain size sediments. Both diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) with multivariate linear regression (MLR) were used to apportion sources of PAHs. The results revealed that pyrogenic sources are important sources of PAHs. Further analysis indicated that the contributions of coal combustion, traffic-related pollution and mixed sources (spills of oil products and vegetation combustion) were 35, 29 and 36 %, respectively, using PCA/MLR. Pyrogenic sources (coal combustion and traffic-related pollution) contribute 64 % of anthropogenic PAHs in sediments, which indicates that energy consumption could be a predominant factor in PAH pollution of YRE. Acenaphthylene and acenaphthene are the two main species of PAHs with more ecotoxicological concern in YRE.  相似文献   

6.
Concentration, distribution, and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface sediments of Laizhou Bay, China. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 97.2 to 204.8 ng/g, with a mean of 148.4 ng/g. High concentrations of PAHs were found in the fine-grained sediments on both sides of the Yellow River estuary (YRE). In contrast, low levels of PAHs were observed in relatively coarse grain sediments, suggesting hydrodynamics influence the accumulation of sedimentary PAHs. The YRE and its adjacent area is the main sink for Yellow River-derived PAHs. Both PAH isomer ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) with multivariate linear regression (MLR) were applied to apportion sources of PAHs. Results indicated that both pyrogenic and petrogenic PAH sources were important. Further PCA/MLR analysis showed that the contributions of coal combustion, petroleum combustion and a combined source of spilled oil and biomass burning were 41, 15 and 44%, respectively. From an ecotoxicological viewpoint, the studied area appears to have low levels of PAH pollution.  相似文献   

7.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil originate from various sources under different spatial scales. Coregionalization analysis is more revealing than univariate geostatistical analysis. Scale-dependent spatial features of variables reflect different sources of spatial variability. In this study, 188 topsoil samples in the Tianjin area were collected. The contents of 16 PAHs and soil background properties were determined for all samples. A multivariate geostatistical approach was used for multi-scale spatial analysis for PAH compounds. Results show that coal combustion was the major source for the spatial distribution patterns of PAHs in the topsoil of the studied area. It worked mainly at the short-range scale (5–10 km). Significant spatial variation patterns were identified. In contrast, no significant spatial distribution trends at the nugget (0–5 km) or long-range scales (10–50 km) were seen. Long-range transport and site contamination of PAHs might not be key contributors in forming the distribution pattern of PAHs in the topsoil of Tianjin area.  相似文献   

8.
Oyster and sediment samples collected from six sites in Galveston Bay from 1986 to 1998 were analyzed for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total concentrations of parent PAHs in oysters ranged from 20 ng g−1 at one site to 9,242 ng g−1 at another and varied randomly with no clear trend over the 13 year period at any site. Concentrations of alkylated PAHs, which are indications of petroleum contamination, varied from 20 to 80,000 ng g−1 in oysters and were in higher abundance than the parent PAHs, indicating that one source of the PAH contaminants in Galveston Bay was petroleum and petroleum products. Four to six ring parent PAHs, which are indicative of combustion source , were higher than those of 2–3 ring parent PAHs, suggesting incomplete combustion generated PAHs was another source of PAHs into Galveston Bay. Concentrations of parent PAHs in sediments ranged from 57 to 670 ng g−1 and were much lower than those in oysters. Sediments from one site had a high PAH concentration of 5,800 ng g−1. Comparison of the compositions and concentrations of PAHs between sediment and oysters suggests that oysters preferentially bioaccumulate four to six ring PAHs. PAH composition in sediments suggests that the sources of PAH pollution in Galveston Bay were predominantly pyrogenic, while petroleum related PAHs were secondary contributions into the Bay.  相似文献   

9.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants in urban environments including urban soils. Elevated concentrations of PAHs in urban soils are caused by incomplete combustion of petroleum and coal. This study assesses 16 individual PAH compounds in a total of 112 surficial soil samples. The objective was to assess and compare the levels of contamination as well as examine the main sources of PAHs in four urban agricultural soils using molecular ratios of some specific hydrocarbons. The study showed that PAH levels in soil ranged from 1.23 ng/kg in soil collected from Dzorwulu to 2.95 ng/kg in soil collected from Ghana Broadcasting Cooperation (GBC) vegetable irrigation site. Of the total PAHs, the more water soluble PAHs (2–4 rings), which tend to be concentrated in the vapour phase were found to dominate the soils. The percentage dominance were Dzorwulu (52.8 %), Marine Drive (62.5 %), CSIR (53.2 %) and GBC (49.2 %). However, there were significant levels of the more carcinogenic PAHs (5–6 rings) present with percentages as 47.1, 37.5 46.8 and 50.8 % for Dzorwulu, Marine Drive, CSIR and GBC vegetable irrigation sites, respectively, and therefore, may impact negatively on public health. Based on the classification by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Pulawy, Poland, urban soils in Accra could be classified as contaminated to different levels. Molecular ratios of Flu/pyr and PA/Ant were calculated to determine the main sources of PAHs. Results showed that PAHs could originate mainly from incomplete combustion of petroleum products, especially from atmospheric fallout from automobile exhausts. The study further showed that B(a)P concentration of 0.05 ng/kg in soil from GBC urban vegetable irrigation site requires immediate clean-up exercise and monitoring to mitigate human health impact.  相似文献   

10.
表层岩溶带土壤中多环芳烃分布特征及来源解析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对表层岩溶泉域土壤中的16种优控的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs)含量进行了分析,并对其组成、污染水平和来源进行了探讨。结果表明,16种优控PAHs在表层岩溶泉域土壤中的检出率为100%,其含量介于439.19~3329.72ng/g之间,平均值为1392.44ng/g,7种致癌性PAHs占总量的26%。PAHs的组成特征受地形的控制,随着海拔升高,低环PAHs所占比例升高,高环PAHs比例降低。同分异构体比值分析表明,研究区土壤中的PAHs主要来自于煤、生物质和石油的燃烧排放。研究区土壤中16种PAHs的TEQcarc值介于18.65~501.13ng/g,平均值为140.57ng/g。7种致癌性PAHs占总TEQcarc的比例达到96.8%。研究区表土中,后沟泉域的污染程度最大,次之是兰花沟泉域和柏树湾泉域,水房泉泉域的污染程度最小,但由于柏树湾泉域松针落叶中BaP、PAHs含量较高,松针落叶中PAHs含量分别高达36.36ng/g和2370.1ng/g,土壤生态风险评价中应考虑松针落叶层的潜在影响。   相似文献   

11.
Thirty-five surface sediment samples collected from three mangroves in Shantou coastal zone, China in 2007 were analyzed for a suite of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Two mathematical models were used to determine the profiles and relative contributions of PAH sources to the mangroves. The two models are principal component analyses (PCA) with multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Both models identified five factors and gave excellent correlation coefficients between predicted and measured levels of 16 PAH compounds, but the results had some differences. The PAH contribution rate attributed to vehicular emission sources identified by PCA-MLR was 37.20%, but the rate identified by PMF was only 12.37%. The main sources identified by PCA-MLR were combination of biomass/coal combustion and vehicular emissions, whereas the main source identified by PMF was only biomass/coal combustion. The PMF analysis was the preferred model for the paper data set.  相似文献   

12.
This is a comprehensive study of the composition, origin and sources of specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of mangrove estuary in the western part of Peninsular Malaysia. Mangrove sediments were analyzed for 17 PAHs by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Total PAH concentrations in the sediments ranged from 20 to 112 ng/g on a dry-weight basis. High molecular weight PAHs were abundant in the sediments. Parent PAH ratios revealed that pyrogenic input has important contribution to the sedimentary PAHs. Ratios of alkylated PAHs indicate that the sedimentary PAHs were influenced by petrogenic PAHs, which implies that petrogenic input has contribution to the sedimentary PAHs but that it is not a major factor in distribution of PAHs within the estuary. Combustion-derived PAHs show a positive and very strong correlation with total PAHs (R 2 = 0.926, p < 0.05). Total methylphenanthrenes show very weak correlation with total PAHs (R 2 = 0.0928, p < 0.05). The PAH concentrations were found to increase with distance from the upstream of the estuary to the coastal area of the Straits of Malacca. For the assessment of sediment contamination using biological thresholds, none of the individual studied PAH compounds exceeded the values of the effect range low–effect range median guideline and the threshold effects level–probable effects level guideline. This study demonstrates that the sediments of the mangrove ecosystem facing the Straits of Malacca and Sumatra are influenced by anthropogenic PAH inputs as a result of human activities such as biomass burning, vehicle emissions and boating activities.  相似文献   

13.
Previous studies have suggested that coal from the 1891 shipwreck of a collier off Victoria, BC, Canada is responsible for elevated parent (unsubstituted) PAH concentrations in sediments near deep marine outfalls from Esquimalt and Victoria in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. To resolve this question, we analysed a comprehensive suite of resolved and unresolved complex mixture (UCM) alkanes, tricyclic terpane, hopane and sterane biomarkers, and parent and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in samples of coal, wastewater and sediments. Composition patterns, principal components analysis (PCA) models and PAH and biomarker ratios all indicate that coal from the collier does not make a dominant contribution to any sediment sample. Mass balance calculations based on the n-C24 content and 24/4 tetracyclic terpane to 26/3R tricyclic terpane ratio in coal provide a particularly good match between predicted and observed alkyl PAH concentrations for sediments with high alkyl naphthalenes and phenanthrene/anthracenes and low UCM, but the predicted coal contribution substantially underestimates the measured parent PAHs for all sediment samples. Methylbenz[a]anthracene/chrysene profiles for sediments with a dominance of parent PAHs are very close to coal tar, with a marked predominance of methylbenz[a]anthracenes and the possible 10-methylbenz[a]anthracene as a major constituent, while the methylchrysenes predominate in coal. Hence, coal from the collier could account for most alkyl PAHs in the sediments, but dredged sediment containing pyrolised coal waste from a former coal gas plant in Victoria Harbour is a more likely source for the samples with elevated parent PAHs. PAH ratios indicate that these sources are superimposed on combustion PAHs introduced by a combination of atmospheric deposition and delivery via stormwater and the outfalls. Parent PAH distributions also suggest that PAHs in wastewater that originate from oils and soot in liquid fossil fuel combustion are dispersed and degraded, while the larger wood char particles (containing PAHs more protected from degradation) settle closer to the outfalls. Overall, results suggest that PAHs have predominant sources in wood combustion, coal and possibly coke, with a likelihood of much lower bioavailability than would be expected from wastewater dominated by oils and soot from vehicle combustion.  相似文献   

14.
Sediment samples collected from the West Port, the west coastal waters of Malaysia, were analyzed by standard methods to determine the degree of hydrocarbon contamination and identify the sources of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Concentrations of PAHs in the port sediments ranged from 100.3 to 3,446.9 μg/kg dw. The highest concentrations were observed in stations close to the coastline, locations affected by intensive shipping activities and industrial input. These were dominated by high-molecular-weight PAHs (4–6 rings). Source identification showed that PAHs originated mostly pyrogenically, from the combustion of fossil fuels, grass, wood, and coal or from petroleum combustion. Regarding ecological risk estimation, only station 7 was moderately polluted, the rest of the stations suffered rare or slight adverse biological effects with PAH exposure in surface sediment, suggesting that PAHs are not considered as contaminants of concern in the West Port.  相似文献   

15.
The concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (??PAHs) and 16 individual PAH compounds in 6 surface water and 44 soil samples collected from the vicinity of spilled fuel from a pipeline which carries fuel from a jetty to the tank farm were analyzed. The ??PAHs concentrations in surface water ranged from 0.37 to 99.30?mg/l with a mean concentration of 57.83?mg/l. The ??PAHs concentrations in water are of several orders of magnitude higher than in unpolluted water and some national and international standards including in some surface water in other parts of the world. This suggests that the surface water of the area were heavily polluted by anthropogenic PAHs possibly from the spills. The total PAH concentrations in soil ranged from 16.06 to 25,547.75???g/kg with a mean concentration of 2,906.36???g/kg. ??PAH concentrations of the seven carcinogenic PAH compounds in soil varied between 0.02 and 97,954???g/kg. In terms of composition of patterns in surface water and soil, the PAHs were dominated by four and three rings. The distribution pattern showed marked predominance by low molecular weight compounds. In comparison with ??PAHs concentrations in other part of the world, the total PAH concentrations of this area were higher than those reported for some urban soils in some regions of the world. The ratios of Phe/Ant, Flu/Pyr, Flu/(Flu?+?Pyr), and BaA/(BaA?+?Chyr) in both water and soil indicated various sources of PAH in the area. These sources include fuel spills, burning of motor tyres and vegetation, vehicle repairs and washing, motor exhaust and fire wood burning from cooking.  相似文献   

16.
土壤,作为城市中最重要的环境介质,承担了较高多环芳烃(PAHs)的环境负荷,开展土壤PAHs分布特征及来源分析研究,可以为污染风险防控、环保政策制定提供支撑.为研究北京市不同功能区土壤环境中PAHs的含量、组成及来源,本文在北京市主城区进行了大范围采样,同时针对工业区、农业种植区、水源保护区及居民区等不同功能区进行了分...  相似文献   

17.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and nitrated PAH (NPAH) products are toxic. Thus, determination of their concentrations is of great interest to researchers of soil and water pollution control. In this work, soil samples, surface water samples, and groundwater samples were collected, and the concentrations of 16 priority PAHs and 15 NPAHs were determined using an HPLC-ultraviolet detector. Results showed that the total PAH concentrations ranged within 489.69–1,670.11 ng/g (average = 905.89 ng/g) in soil samples, 4.00–23.4 μg/l (average = 9.84 μg/l) in surface water samples, and 2.14–22.3 μg/l (average = 8.37 μg/l) in groundwater samples. The NPAH concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude lower than the PAH concentrations and ranged within 22.72–128.70 ng/g (average = 63.88 ng/g) in soil samples. 2-Nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene were the most abundant compounds, accounting for about 14.3 and 26.5 %, respectively. Source analysis revealed that most PAHs originated from coal combustion around the study area, whereas NPAH studies suggested that the primary emission of gasoline engines and daytime OH reactions were the dominant sources of these compounds.  相似文献   

18.
近些年,随着我国城市化进程不断加快,土壤中多环芳烃污染已经成为威胁土壤环境质量和人体健康的主要因素。文章采集了北京市通州某改造区15件表层土壤（0~20 cm）样品,利用GC-MS分析技术,研究了土壤中美国环境保护署（USEPA）优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量及组分特征,根据多环芳烃的空间分布特征和特定成分之间的浓度比值结合多元统计法分析了其污染来源,初步评价了其污染水平,并进行健康风险评价。结果表明:表层土壤中16种多环芳烃含量范围为6.57~8 307.2 μg/kg,均值为1 004.08 μg/kg。多环芳烃组分特征及Fla与（Fla+Pyr）、BaA与(BaA+Chr)的相对质量比值特征显示改造区是燃煤和汽车尾气混合型来源;多元统计后发现石油烃类污染源和化石燃料燃烧源是两种主要成分。最后参照《污染场地风险评估技术导则（HJ 25.3—2014）》对土壤中PAHs进行了健康风险评价,除苯并（a）芘（BaP）致癌风险值略偏高不可接受外,其余致癌与非致癌风险值均可接受。  相似文献   

19.
《Organic Geochemistry》1999,30(8):937-945
The anaerobic degradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) naphthalene and phenanthrene was investigated in several marine harbor sediments. In sediments from Boston Harbor that were heavily contaminated with petroleum, [14C]-naphthalene and [14C]-phenanthrene were oxidized to 14CO2 without a lag, suggesting that the microbial community was adapted for anaerobic PAH oxidation in situ. The addition of molybdate, a specific inhibitor of sulfate-reducing microorganisms, inhibited PAH mineralization which suggested that sulfate reducers were involved in the anaerobic oxidation of the PAHs. PAHs were also anaerobically oxidized at another site in Boston Harbor that was less heavily contaminated, but at a slower rate than in the most heavily contaminated sediments. Sediments not contaminated with petroleum did not significantly oxidize the PAHs. A similar correspondence between rates of anaerobic PAH oxidation and the degree of PAH contamination was observed in sediments from Tampa Bay and San Diego Bay. When relatively pristine sediments from San Diego Bay that did not have a significant capacity for anaerobic PAH oxidation were exposed to high concentrations of naphthalene, they developed a potential for naphthalene degradation that was comparable to that in sediments that had a history of PAH contamination. The increase in potential for naphthalene degradation in the sediments exposed to naphthalene was associated with an increase in naphthalene-degrading microorganisms. These results suggest that many marine harbor sediments contain microorganisms capable of anaerobically oxidizing PAHs under sulfate-reducing conditions and that these microorganisms will respond with an increase in their activity when PAHs are introduced into the sediments. Thus, if PAH inputs into harbor sediments from petroleum can be reduced there may be a widespread potential for microorganisms to remove this PAH contamination from the sediments, despite anaerobic conditions.  相似文献   

20.
为确定中国西南背景区不同季节细颗粒物中黑碳的浓度水平和来源特征,分别于2018年冬季(1月)和夏季(7月)在贵州普定喀斯特生态系统观测研究站采集细颗粒物样品,测定其水溶性离子成分、黑碳浓度及稳定碳同位素组成(δ13CBC),结合贝叶斯模型探讨黑碳来源贡献.结果表明,采样期间黑碳冬季平均浓度为(1.2±0.6)μg/m3...  相似文献   

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