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1.
Various geomorph.ological features associated with fluvial processes of the river Satluj are mapped using photo-interpretation techniques with a view to assess the environmental status of the area in the north-east of Ludhiana (Punjab State). Features mapped include braided river channels, oxbow lakes and meander scrolls. The younger alluvium supports good vegetation and cultivation because of -shallow depth of water level; though prone to annual floods in the lower levels and major floods in the higher levels. It is saved from these hazards by providing bunding on both sides of river isolated sand deposit patches have been demarcated in the older alluvium. Shifting of the main river channel towards north is noticed as it has gradually shifted from its earlier course which lies towards south.  相似文献   

2.
南极冰盖下流动水、活跃冰下湖的活动对冰动力学、接地线稳定性和冰盖物质平衡都有重要影响。本文结合ICESat和CryoSat-2测高卫星数据集,分别运用重复轨道法和差分DEM法,对Byrd冰川流域17个活跃冰下湖进行长达16年的监测,并计算其平均高程和平均水量变化,总结活跃冰下湖的水文特征。根据水势方程获取了此区域的冰下排水路径图,结合冰下湖的位置和活动情况分析其相互间的水文联系。结果表明Byrd冰川流域多个活跃冰下湖间存在明显的水文联系:Byrd1和Byrd2冰下湖具有以2~3年为周期的储排水活动规律,并且Byrd1冰下湖主要受到上游Byrd2冰下湖活动的影响;Byrds9和Byrds14分别受到上游Byrds11和Byrds15冰下湖排水的补充,使湖水水量持续上升。  相似文献   

3.
Countries like Iran, which are geographically situated in a rather arid and warm regions, will suffer more from global warming than countries located in humid and semi-humid regions. In such environments, analyzing the variations of mountain glaciers can reveal several aspects of climate change patterns more efficiently in comparison to the other geo-indicators. The present study reports some evidence of changes for Alamkouh glacier between 1955 and 2010 based on several mediums to high-resolution satellite images. Considering that most part of the Alamkouh glacier is covered by debris and delineating its actual area is not possible, planimetric change analysis was restricted to the clean-ice regions. The object-oriented classification approach was used to estimate the clean ice areas. This technique takes into account the shapes of the features along with their spectral patterns. Results revealed that clean ice regions of Alamkouh glacier shrank since 1955 with an overall area reduction of about 59 %. Although the general observed trend is a clean ice area reduction, some advancement was detected over the period from 2000 to 2010. During 1992–2000, the maximum reduction in the clean ice area was observed (0.08 km2.a?1). However, clean ice area of the case study has partially increased about 0.028 km2.a?1 from 2000 to 2010. Supra-glacial lake change analysis illustrated that at the surface of the glacier, lakes have been enlarged remarkably in the past 55 years (about 4.75 times greater). In addition, clean ice area and the surface area of supra-glacial lakes oscillated in compliance with each other. The findings revealed that the maximum expansion of supra-glacial lake occurred during 1992–2000, which demonstrate the glacier maximum reduction during this period. This shrinkage in the Alamkouh glacier caused an extensive glacial lake outburst flood in Jun 2011. The results of this study agree with documented changes in other mountain glaciers located in arid and semi-arid environments and they also confirm the application of mountain glaciers in climate variations monitoring over such regions.  相似文献   

4.
The Prairie Pothole Region in the United States contains millions of seasonal, semi-permanent, or permanent lakes and wetlands that typically range in size from 0.1 to 10 ha. These lakes and wetlands are vulnerable to climate change, especially in our study area in South Dakota, in which a period of deluge following a sharp drought considerably expanded the areal extent of prairie pothole lakes during the last decade of the twentieth century. Preliminary estimates of lake areas, determined using LANDSAT 5 and 7 images, had appreciable errors especially for the smallest of these lakes. This article describes a new sub-pixel approach integrated with a CART (Classification and Regression Tree) model using a GIS (Geographical Information System) to quantify mixed water pixels along lake boundaries to improve area estimations for pothole lakes. Errors in estimated area were typically 10% or less for lakes greater than 1 ha in size. An analysis of lakes in our study area demonstrates how lake area changed with the transition from drought to deluge. Small lakes exhibited a distinct seasonal variation in contrast to large lakes that tended to follow precipitation trends more broadly. The total water area of lakes is consistent with broad variation in rainfall.  相似文献   

5.
The purpose of this study is to explain the formation mechanism of the floods which occurred in the Keçidere basin in 2009. In this study, discharge data in between 1981 and 2009, digital elevation model (DEM), satellite images and field works were used as a main data sources. LPT3 was applied to 29-year maximum flow data to produce different flood return periods such as 2, 5, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000-year flood. The DEM was created using 1:25,000 topographic contours with Topo to Raster interpolation techniques in geographical information systems (GIS). Land use and some geometric data were digitized using high resolution satellite images for hydraulic modelling purposes. Simulation of the 2009 flash flood event and different return periods flow data was done using one-dimensional hydraulic modelling with HEC-RAS. In the last phase, results obtained from the simulations and field works were compared based on fits statistics and mean absolute error in terms of extent and depth. An analysis of water extent and depth features observed during the highest flow ever measured in the basin revealed that the result overlapped with 500-year inundation extent. Overall, the results of the research indicate that GIS is an effective environment for floodplain mapping and analysis.  相似文献   

6.
受全球气候变化的影响，近年来藏东南区域多数冰川退化加剧，冰湖的异动也更为频繁，冰湖溃决诱发洪水、涌浪、泥石流等山地灾害的风险激增。以多源时序合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar，SAR）影像为数据源，从水体和非水体信号的强度差异出发，开展冰湖的分类方法研究，提出了一种基于时序SAR影像的强度标准化比值实施冰湖提取与动态监测的方法。为了验证方法的可行性，选取日本航天局的ALOS/PALSAR-1与欧空局的Sentinel-1A影像序列，针对位于贡巴冰川流域的典型实验区，在11 a的时间跨度上开展了冰湖动态提取和长时序变化分析。通过实验成功获取了贡巴冰川末端冰湖2007-2018年间的时空变化，进而发现近10 a间冰湖的体量呈高速增长的态势，这从侧面也印证了贡巴冰川消融加剧的现状。此外，2018年的新近监测结果表明，局部溃决涌道的扩张打破了冰湖固有的生存周期，甚至会诱发洪水和泥石流次生灾害的发生，有必要加强监测与防范。  相似文献   

7.
Tons basin has the maximum share of glaciers, more than 50 glaciers, as well as glacierised area in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh and the majority of the glaciers are of valley type. One of the important features of the glaciers of Tons valley is the presence of a thick mantle of supraglaciers moraine cover which can be attributed to the terrain characteristics, besides, the avalanche fed nature of the glaciers. The present study is the extraction of Glacio-geomorphological unit of Tons River basin based on the visual interpretation of remote sensing data. It was very much difficult in field, to extract all glacio-geomorphological units in glaciated area, but based on the remote sensing data, it becomes easy to identify. With the help of glacio-geomorphological map it has been found that four most important glaciers which fed the Tons River are Bandarpunch Glacier, Jaundar Bamak glacier, Jhajju Bamak and Tilku glacier. The tributaries of Tons River i.e. Harkidun Gad, Rupin Nadi and Supin Nadi are mainly fed by the mountain glaciers, valley glaciers and glacier lakes. The erosional terraces, glacio-fluvial terraces, open ??U?? shaped valleys, proglacial lake, lateral moraines, terminal moraines, palaeo-cirque and debris/talus cones are well developed in this glaciated regions. Glacio-geomorphic features are very much significant for palaeo-climatic reconstruction, showing variations, temporally and spatially. At the same time, these landforms, which are also altered by processes prevailing during interglacial period, helps in the geo-environment studies and glacier related problems like avalanches, global warming and cloudburst etc.  相似文献   

8.
Himalayan region has one of the largest concentrations of mountain glaciers whose areal extent is changing due to global warming. In order to assess future changes in glacier extent due to global warming, information about glacier depth and debris cover is important. In this paper, application of ground penetrating radar (GPR) is discussed to assess glacier depth and debris cover. This investigation was carried out at Patseo and Samudratapu glaciers in Himachal Pradesh (West Himalaya). Antennas of frequency 50 and 100 MHz have been used for glacier depth and 500 MHz for moraine depth estimation. GPR signatures of glaciers were collected and further analyzed using velocities of electromagnetic waves in different media. The depth of Patseo glacier was estimated as 40 m. However, depth of the larger Samudra Tapu glacier could not be estimated using 50 and 100 MHz antennas. The depth of moraines was estimated using 500 MHz antenna and it varies from 0.35 cm to 0.85 cm for medial and around 1–2 m for lateral moraine at the experimental site.  相似文献   

9.
Peri-glacial studies of the Samudra Tapu glacier reveal three stages of well preserved moraines which are also marked by fluvial overprinting. The signatures of fluvial outwashes over the otherwise morainal deposits have been utilized in estimating the extent of palaeo-lake in the valley of Samudra Tapu glacier of the Chandra basin. Distance and thickness of snout of the glacier and its morainal deposits is estimated by the Laser Range Finder. With the change in the position of the snout there is a change in the extent and orientation of the lake. Recent expedition to the glacier confirms this process to be continuing. The study is important in reconstructing formation of the lake with respect to snout position of the glacier. Based on ground truth, fast melting of the snout is confirmed from year 2004 onwards, with the development of fresh end/terminal moraine. The study reveals that the snout region of the Samudra Tapu glacier is thinning and retreating at an alarming rate and is enlarging the lake extent. The development of fresh terminal moraine has the potential to impound the fast melting glacial waters which in turn can pose serious threat to the downstream regions of the Chandra valley.  相似文献   

10.
An attempt has been made to study variations in the glacier extent over a period of time using digital elevation model (DEM) and orthoimages derived from IRS-1C PAN stereo pairs of 1997–98 and topographical map surveyed during 1962–63. DEM and orthoimages have been generated using integrated software developed for processing of IRSIC/ID panchromatic stereo data using the softcopy photogrammetric workstation. Case studies of two glaciers, i.e. the Janapa garang and Shaune garang glaciers of the Basapa basin, a sub-basin of Satluj River in India, have been presented here. Generation of DEM has been followed by the estimation of its accuracy. PAN images were interpreted for identification of the snout of the glaciers. The geographical locations of the snouts on the images were compared with the location as mapped on the topographical map of the study area. To verify satellite observations, field investigations were carried out at Shaune garang glacier area. The Janapa garang and the Shaune garang are observed to have retreat of 596m and 923 m respectively. Reduction in the thickness of ice in the deglaciated part of the Shaune garang glacier was estimated on the basis of change in the elevations of the glacial surface from 1963 to 1998.  相似文献   

11.
The flood-affected areas in Siras district, Haryana, was mapped during 1993 using IRS-1A LISS-II data. Two categories of flood-affected areas viz. (i) standing water, and (ii) wet areas were identified. The flood water was standing in an area of 19676.25 ha, while wet areas covered 16773.75 ha., Silting of Ottu reservoir, mismanagement of river banks and bunds and lack of drainage system were identified, as major causes of floods. Three management practices including (i) desilting of Ottu reservoir, (ii) proper management of river banks and bands, and (iii) constructions of drains to flush out flood water have been suggested to contain the fury of floods. This study will be useful to the planners and administrators in the planning of flood-affected areas.  相似文献   

12.
The evaluation of basin characteristics from the morphometric parameters helps in understanding the physical behaviour of the catchments with respect to floods. The advanced technologies, such as Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS), were used for extraction of drainage networks using Cartosat Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the Upper Krishna basin, to evaluate the morphometric analysis. Basin morphometric parameters were applied to assess the major influencing catchments which cause flooding in the main Krishna River. The morphometric analysis for the ten major potential flood prone river catchments of the basin reveals that, the river catchments such as Krishna, Koyna, Yerla having the greater tendency to peak discharge in a short period of time to the main Krishna River because of high relief ratio (Rh), high ruggedness number and less time of concentration (Tc). The Don catchment having the highest drainage density (Dd), stream frequency, mean bifurcation ratio and infiltration number causes greater runoff influence on the main Krishna River. The Dudhganga and Panchaganga catchments having highest form factor, medium Dd, texture ratio, Rh and time of concentration causes moderate runoff influence towards main Krishna River. The study indicates that systematic analysis of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat DEM using GIS provide useful information about catchment characteristics with respect to floods management.  相似文献   

13.
Alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are key indicators of climate change and climate variability. The increasing availability of remote sensing techniques with appropriate spatiotemporal resolutions, broad coverage and low costs allows for effective monitoring lake changes on the TP and surroundings and understanding climate change impacts, particularly in remote and inaccessible areas where there are lack of in situ observations. This paper firstly introduces characteristics of Tibetan lakes, and outlines available satellite observation platforms and different remote sensing water-body extraction algorithms. Then, this paper reviews advances in applying remote sensing methods for various lake environment monitoring, including lake surface extent and water level, glacial lake and potential outburst floods, lake ice phenology, geological or geomorphologic evidences of lake basins, with a focus on the trends and magnitudes of lake area and water-level change and their spatially and temporally heterogeneous patterns. Finally we discuss current uncertainties or accuracy of detecting lake area and water-level changes from multi-source satellite data and on-going challenges in mapping characteristics of glacial lakes using remote sensing. Based on previous studies on the relationship between lake variation and climate change, it is inferred that the climate-driven mechanisms of lake variations on the TP still remain unclear and require further research.  相似文献   

14.
Man has had to live with floods since the very inception of his existence. Fury of flood causes heavy damages to both life and property. Accurate flood inundation data is one of the essential requirements for effective management of flood problem. Remote Sensing methods are well suited for acquiring flood inundation data because of synoptic, repetitive coverage of the satellite data. This paper briefs on an attempt to map flood inundated areas in a part of Mahanadi river basin using remote sensing data.  相似文献   

15.
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16.
杜文英  陈能成  袁赛 《测绘学报》2020,49(2):191-201
洪涝过程探测与准实时服务对于保障人民生命和财产安全意义重大。通常洪涝探测仅关注洪涝断面/平均状态,缺乏对洪涝从发生、发展乃至最后结束的全过程的整体认知,且洪涝探测和服务被动滞后。本文制定洪涝过程探测规则,改进水位预测模型,并将其作为理论基础,与传感网信息模型和服务接口相结合,提出了洪涝过程动态探测与准实时服务(process-based flood detection and service,PFD&S)方法。以PFD&S方法为基础,设计并开发了PFD&S原型系统,该系统由传感器层、数据接入层、洪涝探测层和用户交互层4层组成,且具备传感器数据发布和洪涝事件订阅两种使用模式。文中以2016年夏季发生在黄汉流域的洪涝事件为例,对PFD&S方法的可行性和有效性进行验证。结果表明,PFD&S方法和系统能够精准判断洪涝事件所处阶段,并根据不同阶段的需求提供水位预测、洪涝预警或洪涝信息统计等服务,且方法具备准实时性和可扩展性特征。  相似文献   

17.
The Himalayas has one of the largest concentrations of glaciers outside the Polar Regions. Various reports suggest that significant number of mountain glaciers is shrinking due to climatic variations. Monitoring of these glaciers is important to assess future availability of water resources in the Himalayan region. However, Himalayan glaciers are normally difficult to monitor due to the rugged, mountainous terrain. Therefore, images of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite were used to monitor glaciers in the Baspa basin. Investigations have shown the presence of 30 glaciers in the basin, with areal extent of 167 km2. Out of these, 19 glaciers, with areal extent of 140 km2 were selected to estimate retreat. Investigation suggests that almost all glaciers are retreating in the study basin and overall 19% deglaciation has been observed from 1962 to 2001. In general, altitude distribution appears to have significant influence on glacial retreat. Glaciers located around 5000 m altitude range are showing 24% loss as compared to 14% by glaciers located in altitude range higher than 5400 m. In addition, mean altitude of glacier terminus is shifted upward by 88 m, i.e. from 4482 to 4570 m in last 39 years. The glacial volumes were estimated using regression relationship between area and depth. The investigations have suggested that 19.10 km3 of glacial water stored in the 19 glaciers in 1962, has been reduced to 14.71 km3 in 2001, respectively, an overall loss of 23 percent in a period between 1962 and 2001. These investigations suggest that all glaciers in the Baspa Basin are reducing and in long term, such reducing trend can create scarcity of water in the region.  相似文献   

18.
Himalayas possess one of the largest resources of snow, ice and glaciers that act as a huge freshwater reservoir. Monitoring the glaciers is important to assess the overall reservoir health of the Himalayas. Samudra Tapu is one of the largest glaciers in Chandra basin of district Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh. Based on the field investigations and the remote sensing techniques. features such as accumulation area, ablation area snowline/equilibrium line, moraine-dammed lakes and permanent snowfields were mapped. The glacial terminus was identified using moraine-dammed lake, as lake is located at down streamside of the terminus. The total recession of glacier during the period of 38 years (1962–2000) is about 742 m with an average rate of 19.5 m/yr. In addition, glacial extent is reduced from 73 to 65 km2 between 1962 and 2000. suggesting overall deglaciation of 11%. During field investigation. three stages of glaciation using terminal moraine were identified. These moraines were mapped by merging LISS-II1 and PAN data. At the peak of glaciation. the glacial terminus was extended 3.18 km downstream of terminus position in year 2000. Total area during peak of glaciation period has been observed to be 77.67 km2, which is 12.67 km2 higher than the present glacier extent.  相似文献   

19.
In high-altitude areas, snow cover plays a significant role in mountainous hydrology. Satluj, which is a snow-fed river, is a part of the Indus River system in the western Himalayas. Snow cover area (SCA) variability in this river basin affects the spatio-temporal flow availability and avalanche events. Keeping this in mind, the present study focuses on SCA variability and its relationship with various topographical features such as elevation, slope and aspect. The study has been carried out in the upper part of the Satluj River Basin on the basis of MODIS Terra (MOD10A2) data from 2001 to 2014. It has been noticed that the average annual SCA in this part of the Satluj River Basin varies from 44 to 56% with an average of about 48% of the total basin area of 16, 650 km2. Further, snow accumulation and depletion curves have been suggested for assessing the SCA in the study area.  相似文献   

20.
One of the most important elements in flood disaster management is the availability of timely information for taking decisions and actions by the authorities. During the August 18, 2008 Kosi floods which impacted India and Nepal and affected more than three million people, aero-space technology proved to be a critical input for providing vital information on flood inundation. The satellite based flood inundation maps were extensively used for identifying marooned villages, submerged roads and railway tracks and carrying out the relief and rescue operations by the state agencies. Decision Support Centre (DSC) at National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) kept a constant watch on the flood situation. More than 200 flood inundation maps, using about 30 satellite datasets were generated and provided in near real time mode to the state agencies during August to October, 2008. DSC efforts were primarily focused in providing an overall picture of the flood situation in a short span of time to the state agencies. The present paper discusses about the operational use of remote sensing technology for near real time flood mapping, monitoring of Kosi floods and the satellite based observations made for the Kosi river breach.  相似文献   

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