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1.
Bhaga Basin has complex mountainous terrain; little study has been done on the spatial and temporal characteristics of snow cover in the region. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 8-day snow cover products between 2001 and 2012 for winter period (November–April) have been used to study the variation in snow cover area (SCA). The statistical analysis based on non-parametric Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope methods have been used for detecting and estimating trends for climatic variables (temperature and snowfall) and SCA for winter period. Results of statistical analysis indicate rise in minimum temperature (0.02 °C year?1) and fall in maximum temperature (0.17 °C year?1). It also shows decrease in mean seasonal snowfall (0.07 cm year?1). The seasonal SCA was found to decrease at the rate of 0.002% year?1. This study indicates that the climate change is probably one of the major causes for depleting SCA. 相似文献
2.
Praveen K. Thakur S. P. Aggarwal G. Arun Sahil Sood A. Senthil Kumar Sneh Mani D. P. Dobhal 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2017,45(3):525-539
Snow physical properties, snow cover and glacier facies are important parameters which are used to quantify snowpack characteristics, glacier mass balance and seasonal snow and glacier melt. This study has been done using C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data of Indian radar imaging satellite, radar imaging satellite-1 (RISAT)-1, to estimate the seasonal snow cover and retrieve snow physical properties (snow wetness and snow density), and glacier radar zones or facies classification in parts of North West Himalaya (NWH), India. Additional SAR data used are of Radarsat-2 (RS-2) satellite, which was used for glacier facies classification of Smudra Tapu glacier in Himachal Pradesh. RISAT-1 based snow cover area (SCA) mapping, snow wetness and snow density retrieval and glacier facies classification have been done for the first time in NWH region. SAR-based inversion models were used for finding out wet and dry snow dielectric constant, dry and wet SCA, snow wetness and snow density. RISAT-1 medium resolution scan-SAR mode (MRS) in HV polarization was used for first time in NWH for deriving time series of SCA maps in Beas and Bhagirathi river basins for years 2013–2014. The SAR-based inversion models were implemented separately for RISAT-1 quad pol. FRS2, for wet snow and dry snow permittivity retrieval. Masks for layover and shadow were considered in estimating final snow parameters. The overall accuracy in terms of R2 value comes out to be 0.74 for snow wetness and 0.72 for snow density based on the limited ground truth data for subset area of Manali sub-basin of Beas River up to Manali for winter of 2014. Accuracy for SCA was estimated to be 95 % when compared with optical remote sensing based SCA maps with error of ±10 %. The time series data of RISAT-1 MRS and hybrid data in RH/RV mode based decompositions were also used for glacier radar zones classification for Gangotri and Samudra Tapu glaciers. The various glaciers radar zones or facies such as debris covered glacier ice, clean or bare glacier ice radar zone, percolation/refreeze radar zone and wet snow, ice wall etc., were identified. The accuracy of classified maps was estimated using ground truth data collected during 2013 and 2014 glacier field work to Samudra Tapu and Gangotri glaciers and overall accuracy was found to be in range of 82–90 %. This information of various glacier radar zones can be utilized in marking firn line of glaciers, which can be helpful for glacier mass balance studies. 相似文献
3.
Praveen K. Thakur Pradeep K. Garg Shiv P. Aggarwal Rahul D. Garg Sneh Mani 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2013,41(4):933-945
The current study has used Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite data to estimate the Snow Cover Area (SCA) in Manali watershed of Beas River in Northwest Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh, India. SAR data used in this study is of Radarsat-2 (RS2) and Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR). The SAR preprocessing was done with SAR image processing tools for converting raw SAR images into calibrated geo-coded backscatter images. Maps for forest, built area, layover and shadow were created and used for masking snow cover in these areas. The backscattering ratio of wet snow to reference image threshold method with value range from ?2 to ?3 db was used to estimate wet SCA for study area. In this technique, if the threshold is too high (≥-2 db) wet SCA is overestimated and if it is too low (≤-3db), this method underestimates the SCA. The wet SCA is under/over estimated (+6 % to?8 % on average) in late spring season due to the inherent terrain and SAR imaging effects of layover/foreshortening and shadow and also due to the masking of forest areas. Overall, the SCA derived from SAR data matches well when compared with total SCA derived from cloud free optical remote sensing data products, especially during wet season. 相似文献
4.
Satellite Remote Sensing, with both optical and SAR instruments, can provide distributed observations of snow cover over extended and inaccessible areas. Both instruments are complementary, but there have been limited attempts at combining their measurements. We describe a novel approach to produce monthly maps of dry and wet snow areas through application of data fusion techniques to MODIS fractional snow cover and Sentinel-1 wet snow mask, facilitated by Google Earth Engine. The method is demonstrated in a 55,000 km2 river basin in the Indian Himalayan region over a period of ∼2.5 years, although it can be applied to any areas of the world where Sentinel-1 data are routinely available. The typical underestimation of wet snow area by SAR is corrected using a digital elevation model to estimate the average melting altitude. We also present an empirical model to derive the fractional cover of wet snow from Sentinel-1. Finally, we demonstrate that Sentinel-1 effectively complements MODIS as it highlights a snowmelt phase which occurs with a decrease in snow depth but no/little decrease in snowpack area. Further developments are now needed to incorporate these high resolution observations of snow areas as inputs to hydrological models for better runoff analysis and improved management of water resources and flood risk. 相似文献
5.
6.
Snow-covered area (SCA) is a key variable in the Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM) and in other models for simulating discharge from snowmelt. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM + ) or Operational Land Imager (OLI) provide remotely sensed data at an appropriate spatial resolution for mapping SCA in small headwater basins, but the temporal resolution of the data is low and may not always provide sufficient cloud-free dates. The coarser spatial resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) offers better temporal resolution and in cloudy years, MODIS data offer the best alternative for mapping snow cover when finer spatial resolution data are unavailable. However, MODIS’ coarse spatial resolution (500 m) can obscure fine spatial patterning in snow cover and some MODIS products are not sensitive to end-of-season snow cover. In this study, we aimed to test MODIS snow products for use in simulating snowmelt runoff from smaller headwater basins by a) comparing maps of TM and MODIS-based SCA and b) determining how SRM streamflow simulations are changed by the different estimates of seasonal snow depletion. We compared gridded MODIS snow products (Collection 5 MOD10A1 fractional and binary SCA; SCA derived from Collection 6 MOD10A1 Normalised Difference Snow Index (NDSI) Snow Cover), and the MODIS Snow Covered-Area and Grain size retrieval (MODSCAG) canopy-corrected fractional SCA (SCAMG), with reference SCA maps (SCAREF) generated from binary classification of TM imagery. SCAMG showed strong agreement with SCAREF; excluding true negatives (where both methods agreed no snow was present) the median percent difference between SCAREF and SCAMG ranged between −2.4% and 4.7%. We simulated runoff for each of the four study years using SRM populated with and calibrated for snow depletion curves derived from SCAREF. We then substituted in each of the MODIS-derived depletion curves. With efficiency coefficients ranging between 0.73 and 0.93, SRM simulation results from the SCAMG runs yielded the best results of all the MODIS products and only slightly underestimated discharge volume (between 7 and 11% of measured annual discharge). SRM simulations that used SCA derived from Collection 6 NDSI Snow Cover also yielded promising results, with efficiency coefficients ranging between 0.73 and 0.91.In conclusion, we recommend that when simulating snowmelt runoff from small basins (<4000 km2) with SRM, we recommend that users select either canopy-corrected MODSCAG or create their own site-specific products from the Collection 6 MOD10A1 NDSI. 相似文献
7.
This study maps the geographic extent of intermittent and seasonal snow cover in the western United States using thresholds of 2000–2010 average snow persistence derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer snow cover area data from 1 January to 3 July. Results show seasonal snow covers 13% of the region, and intermittent snow covers 25%. The lower elevation boundaries of intermittent and seasonal snow zones increase from north-west to south-east. Intermittent snow is primarily found where average winter land surface temperatures are above freezing, whereas seasonal snow is primarily where winter temperatures are below freezing. However, temperatures at the boundary between intermittent and seasonal snow exhibit high regional variability, with average winter seasonal snow zone temperatures above freezing in west coast mountain ranges. Snow cover extent at peak accumulation is most variable at the upper elevations of the intermittent snow zone, highlighting the sensitivity of this snow zone boundary to climate conditions. 相似文献
8.
利用GRACE时变重力场反演黑河流域水储量变化 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
黑河流域水储量变化对该区域的生态环境和经济建设等具有重要影响。本文利用2002年8月至2011年6月GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）时变重力场模型GRGS-EIGEN-GL04,采用去相关滤波P3M6与300km高斯滤波相结合的滤波方法反演了黑河流域陆地水储量变化,扣除GLDAS（Global Land Data Assimilation System）水文模型计算的土壤水和冰雪变化,给出了黑河流域地下水储量的时空变化,并利用张掖地区23口地下水测井数据对地下水反演结果进行了初步验证。研究结果表明：（1）黑河流域陆地水储量整体上呈现减少趋势,与该流域气候变化和CPC水文模型的计算结果具有较好的一致性,其减少速率为2.3cm/a等效水高;（2）黑河流域地下水储量呈现长期减少趋势,其减少速率为2.5cm/a等效水高,上、中游区域地下水储量减少速率相当,下游区域地下水储量减少速率明显小于中上游区域。 相似文献
9.
Saleh Yousefi Hamid Reza Moradi Saskia Keesstra Hamid Reza Pourghasemi Oldrich Navratil Janet Hooke 《国际地球制图》2019,34(3):276-292
In the present study, we investigate the effects of urbanization growth on river morphology in the downstream part of Talar River, east of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Morphological and morphometric parameters in 10 equal sub-reaches were defined along a 11.5 km reach of the Talar River after land cover maps were produced for 1955, 1968, 1994, 2005 and 2013. Land cover types changed extremely during the study period. Residential lands were found to have increased in area by about 1631%, while forest land and riparian vegetation decreased in by approximately 99.9 and 96.2%, respectively. The results of morphometric and morphological factors showed that average channel width (W) for all 11.5 km of the study river decreased by 84% during the study period, while the flow length increased by about 2.14%. 相似文献
10.
Riyaz Ahmad Mir Sanjay K. Jain Arun K. Saraf Ajanta Goswami 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2014,42(1):91-105
Himalayan glaciers and their mass balance are poorly sampled through direct mass balance measurements. Thus, based on Landsat datasets of ETM+ (2000), ETM+ (2006) and TM (2011), mass balance studies of 32 glaciers was carried out using accumulation area ratio (AAR) method in the Tirungkhad river basin, a tributary of Satluj River, located in western Himalayan region. The overall specific mass balance was negative varying from ?27 cm (2000) to ?41 cm (2011). Out of 32 glaciers, 27 glaciers (81.2 %) showed negative mean mass balance and 5 glaciers (18.7 %) showed positive mean mass balance. Mean of specific mass balance for the year 2000, 2006 and 2011 was found to be ?48 cm, ?55 cm and ?0.61 cm respectively, in case of glaciers with negative mass balance while in case of glaciers with positive mass balance, it was 0.67 cm (2000), 0.56 cm (2006) and 0.47 cm (2011). The investigations suggested a loss of ?0.034 km3 of glacial ice for 2000, 0.036 km3 for 2006 and 0.038 km3 for 2011 respectively. The negative mass balance of the glaciers since 2000 correlates well with the increasing trend of annual mean temperature and decreasing trend of precipitation (snow water equivalent (SWE) and rainfall). Based on Mann Kendall test the temperature and SWE trends were significant at 95 % confidence level, however, the rainfall trend was insignificant. 相似文献
11.
Remote sensing and GIS application in change detection of the Barak River channel,N.E. India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rivers flowing through the alluvium invariably have very low gradient forcing the river to flow slowly in a meandering and
zigzag path. Nature and intensity of meandering is governed by the geological and tectonic conditions of the river basin.
Barak River in tectonically active south Assam (Northeast India) exhibits intense meandering and shifting of the river course.
Topographic data of two different years and satellite images of 4 different years covering a section of the Barak River have
been investigated to verify the nature of changes undergone by the river through times. This study reveals active northward
shift of the river and a prominent neck-cut off in the initial part of the study area. Northward shift of the river also occurred
in the area west of Silchar. But, in the western part the river has shifted both towards north and south. Oscillatory shifting
in the river channel has also been noticed. The river has shown a overall northward shift which is probably due to uplift
of the southern part of the Barak River valley. 相似文献
12.
玛河流域景观生态风险评价与时空分异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
高雅 《测绘与空间地理信息》2021,44(1):86-89
以玛纳斯河流域作为研究区,结合特殊的干旱区山地-绿洲-荒漠系统(Mountain-Oasis-Desert System简称MODS),综合考虑遥感影像数据光谱信息和纹理特征,将研究区分为耕地、林地、草地、水体、裸地、居民地、工业用地和冰川/永久积雪等8个景观类型,利用FRAGSTATS软件计算景观指数,引入生态风险的指数,将研究区划为低、较低、中、较高、高生态风险区五级,评估其景观格局的生态风险时空变化特征。结果表明:1)1990—2015年间,玛纳斯河流域景观变化主要表现为耕地、建设用地的增加以及水体、冰川/永久积雪面积的缩减;2)玛纳斯河流域的景观生态风险等级空间分布具有明显的差异,较低风险区的面积变化较为明显,低、较低生态的风险区比重有所上升,除此以外,林、草地类型各生态风险的等级所占比重的起伏波动具有明显的差异。建议应当合理地利用土地资源,尽量保护林地、草地等景观脆弱行较低的原生景观类型,禁止为开垦耕地而破坏林地、草地;增加土地的利用效率,更要对高等、较高生态风险区加强监管。 相似文献
13.
建设黄河“智能大脑”服务流域生态保护和高质量发展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文首先介绍了黄河流域水文、地理景观和地貌特征,下游河道变迁和河口变迁历史及生态治理,流域历史水旱灾害等基本背景,分析了黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展面临的主要问题和具有的优势。然后重点论述黄河“智能大脑”如何服务流域保护和发展,提出黄河“智能大脑”三要素,即感知系统（天地一体智能感知网）、存储管理系统（资源池）和操作系统（时空大数据平台）;论述了流域一体化时空大数据中心的构成及其基本功能,时空大数据平台及其目标要求,分析并提出了基于网格集成与弹性云的混合式时空大数据平台技术体制和构建技术,提出采用“共用时空大数据平台+”应用概念模型及其具体应用模式。最后讨论了时空大数据平台服务黄河流域城市数字化、网络化和智能化,加强流域上中下游7大城市群的新型智慧城市建设,推动流域生态保护和社会经济发展,提出基于流域时空大数据平台构建服务保护和发展的综合科技信息咨询服务平台,支撑流域协同创新共同体构建,增强流域整体性和协同性发展。 相似文献
14.
Mahtab Safari Shad Mahmoud Habibnejad Roshan Alireza Ildoromi 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2014,42(1):107-117
Because of the difficulty of monitoring and measuring snow cover in mountainous watersheds, satellite images are used as an alternative to mapping snow cover to replace the ground operations in the watershed. Snow cover is one of the most important data in simulation snowmelt runoff. The daily snow cover maps are received from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and are used in deriving the snow depletion curve, which is one of the input parameters of the snowmelt runoff model (SRM). Simulating Snowmelt runoff is presented using SRM model as one of the major applications of satellite images processing and extracting snow cover in the Ghara - Chay watershed. The first results of modeling process show that MODIS snow covered area product can be used for simulation and forecast of snowmelt runoff in Ghara - Chay watershed. The studies found that the SCA results were more reliable in the study area. 相似文献
15.
《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(3):258-270
Abstract Land use and land cover change, perhaps the most significant anthropogenic disturbance to the environment, mainly due to rapid urbanization/industrialization and large scale agricultural activities. In this paper, an attempt has been made to appraise land use/land cover changes over a century (1914–2007) in the Neyyar River Basin (L=56 km; Area = 483.4 km2) in southern Kerala – a biodiversity hot spot in Peninsular India. In this study, digital remote sensing data of the Indian Remote Sensing satellite series I-D (LISS III, 2006–2007) on 1:50,000 scale, Survey of India (SOI) toposheet of 1914 (1:63,360) and 1967 (1:50,000) have been utilized to map various land use/land cover changes. Maps of different periods have been registered and resampled to similar geographic coordinates using ERDAS Imagine 9.0. The most notable changes include decreases in areas of paddy cultivation, mixed crops, scrub lands and evergreen forests, and increases in built-up areas, rubber plantations, dense mixed forests, and water bodies. Further, large scale exploitation of flood plain mud and river sand have reached menacing proportions leading to bank caving and cut offs at channel bends. Conservation of land and water resources forms an important aspect of ecosystem management in the basin. 相似文献
16.
Application of digital elevation model and orthoimages derived from IRS-1C pan stereo data in monitoring variations in glacial dimensions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An attempt has been made to study variations in the glacier extent over a period of time using digital elevation model (DEM)
and orthoimages derived from IRS-1C PAN stereo pairs of 1997–98 and topographical map surveyed during 1962–63. DEM and orthoimages
have been generated using integrated software developed for processing of IRSIC/ID panchromatic stereo data using the softcopy
photogrammetric workstation. Case studies of two glaciers, i.e. the Janapa garang and Shaune garang glaciers of the Basapa
basin, a sub-basin of Satluj River in India, have been presented here. Generation of DEM has been followed by the estimation
of its accuracy. PAN images were interpreted for identification of the snout of the glaciers. The geographical locations of
the snouts on the images were compared with the location as mapped on the topographical map of the study area. To verify satellite
observations, field investigations were carried out at Shaune garang glacier area. The Janapa garang and the Shaune garang
are observed to have retreat of 596m and 923 m respectively. Reduction in the thickness of ice in the deglaciated part of
the Shaune garang glacier was estimated on the basis of change in the elevations of the glacial surface from 1963 to 1998. 相似文献
17.
S. S. Randhawa R. K. Sood B. P. Rathore A. V. Kulkarni 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2005,33(2):285-290
Moraine-dammed lakes are normally formed near glacier terminus. These lakes can burst due to excessive melting and can cause
floods in the valleys. Many such floods have been reported in the Himalayas and other parts of the World. In this paper, an
inventory of these lakes in the Satluj and the Chenab basins has been reported. During the investigation, 22 lakes in the
Satluj and 31 lakes in the Chenab basin were mapped. In the Chenab basin, two lakes are of very large size, their areal extent
is 105 and 55 ha, located in toposheet number 52 HI 1 and 52H02, respectively. These lakes were selected for detail monitoring.
The lake near the Geepang glacier, is located in toposheet number 52H 02 and its area was 27 ha in 1976. Using the satellite
data, areal extent of the lake was monitored. The lake area was almost doubled to 55 ha in 2001. This suggested that, lake
size is constantly increasing and it can cause outburst flood. The maximum possible depth of lake was estimated by taking
the average difference of maximum and minimum height of moraine dam from the Survey of India toposheet. By considering the
average depth, the volume of the lake water and the instantaneous discharge of 350 mVsec were estimated. This is large discharge
for a small stream like the Geepang Gath and it can damage many civilian and defense establishments. Therefore, further detail
field investigations of this lake are needed to assess threat potential and to develop strategy to avoid this flash flood. 相似文献
18.
塔里木盆地周边地区泥石流灾害的遥感分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以MSS图像和TM图像为基本信息源,从影响泥石流灾害形成的自然要素,如地质（岩性、构造）、地形地貌、植被、水文（河流、冰川、雪被）、地面物质组成以及泥石流沟的遥感判读入手,结合气象资料分析,对塔里木盆地周边地区泥石流灾害的类型、分布状况、孕育和诱发条件进行探讨,进一步对该区泥石流灾害发育程度进行区划,并对危险区进行预测。 相似文献
19.
20.
In this study, IRS 1C WiFS data have been used for the assessment of two natural resources i.e. forest cover and snow cover. These two resources have a great role to play in various hydrological studies such as floods, soil erosion and water pollution etc. Therefore their assessment is very useful in various hydrological studies and management of these resources. The assessment of snow and forest cover have been made on the basis of multispectral classification and classification of NDVI images. Newly created Uttaranchal state has been taken as the study area. These two resources have been estimated for all the thirteen districts of the state separately. The forest cover area estimated in this study is compared with the available data sets of Forest Survey of India (FSI). The estimated forest is 52%, whereas the forest cover reported by the FSI is 44.5% of the total geographical area of the state. The snow cover is estimated for the period after winter season i.e. maximum snow cover and before next winter season i.e. minimum snow cover. It is found that one quarter of the state is under snow cover covering six districts of the state. As such no estimate of snow cover at regional scale has been made so far therefore comparison of the present assessment could not be made. 相似文献