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1.
2004年11月12日的系列地磁亚暴期间, TC-2卫星上的中性原子成像仪(NUADU)在飞临近地点附近的南、北极上空观测到低高度能量中性原子(ENA)辐射.通过对高时空分辨探测数据的反演,我们首次给出亚暴期间环电流能量离子沉降和注入过程的全球视场展示,展示的时间分辨率高达1min.探测结果表明,观测到的ENA辐射主要来自低高度、高纬极区.由于沉降能量离子沿磁力线运动,在该区域通过电荷交换产生ENA的几率更大.因此,利用低轨道卫星探测高时间和高空间分辨率的ENA成像数据是监测地磁活动期间环电流离子动力学过程演化的最佳方法. 相似文献
2.
不同尺度低纬电离层不规则体漂移特性的观测研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用我国三亚站GPS短基线接收机阵以及VHF电离层相干散射雷达多波束扫描模式进行同时观测,对2011年10月22日至29日夜间两种不同尺度电离层不规则体的纬圈漂移速度进行比较研究.结果表明,两种不同手段观测的不同尺度不规则体漂移速度,在大小、变化趋势以及时间范围上基本一致.不规则体产生在20:00 LT(LT为北京时)左右,以100～250 m/s的速度东向漂移,并且速度幅值起伏较大;在不规则体发展中后期(21:00LT以后),东向漂移速度减低到50～150m/s,并延续至午夜.两种手段观测的漂移速度差异,一个重要原因可能来自于两者观测范围的不同.此外,GPS短基线接收机阵观测的400米尺度电离层不规则体通常比VHF雷达探测到的3米尺度电离层不规则体存在的时间要长. 相似文献
3.
对井下地电阻率观测的探测深度进行了研究,计算了均匀半空间和给定结构参数的水平层状介质模型在不同装置电极埋深下的探测深度,分析了探测深度与装置电极埋深和介质电阻率结构之间的关系,得到如下结果:①与地表观测相比,在供电极距为1 km左右时,探测深度随装置电极埋深的增大而增大,且增大的速度与装置电极埋深密切相关;当装置电极埋深h < 100 m时,探测深度的增大速度远小于装置电极埋深h≥100 m时. ②当装置电极埋深h < 50 m时,与地表观测相比探测深度增加很小,不超过10 m;当装置电极埋深相同时,供电极距越大,与地表观测相比探测深度增加得越小. ③对于水平层状电阻率均匀分层结构,在装置电极埋深相同的情况下,下伏低阻结构的探测深度显著大于下伏高阻结构.本文的研究结果表明,为了观测到深部电阻率的变化情况,首先需要查明测区电性结构,再进行综合分析,以确定井下地电阻率观测的装置电极埋深,其结果为深部电阻率变化研究提供了理论基础. 相似文献
4.
孔隙地层中存在着动电耦合现象,弹性波作用在声阻抗或者电化学性质差异地层会产生辐射电磁波.本文探讨了随钻条件下,利用孔隙地层中的动电耦合效应探测井旁地质体的可行性.为此模拟了井外存在声阻抗差异和电化学差异界面时声波诱导的辐射电场响应特征.求出柱坐标下介质中声场和电场函数表达式,由此计算并比较了均匀介质和弹性差异界面情况下井中接收到的电场.发现随钻条件下,井外的弹性差异界面会产生以光速传播的辐射电磁波.该电磁波反映了井外地质信息,并先于井中直达声波的伴随电磁场到达接收器,因而可以直接观测到.此外,还发现界面辐射电磁波可以用来探测油、水等电化学性质差异大而弹性阻抗差异小的界面;声源频率以及界面两侧地层性质差异程度是辐射电磁波幅度的影响因素. 相似文献
5.
2007年3月3-5日和2013年11月24-25日,受江淮气旋北上影响,我国北方大部地区遭遇罕见暴风雪天气,2次暴雪过程有很多相似之处.利用常规观测、CloudSat卫星云廓线雷达的探测资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了这2次暴雪过程江淮气旋云系结构和微物理特征.结果表明：（1）北上江淮气旋的冷锋云系较窄,以深厚对流云为主,回波核心在2~7 km,其结构在气旋发展的不同阶段变化不大;（2）逗点头云系范围宽广,在气旋的不同发展阶段,结构和强度有显著差异.气旋初始锋面波动和锋面断裂阶段,逗点头云系有两个降水区：北部为由多个单体组成的大范围层状云区,强回波从地表向上伸展,上空有高空对流泡,建立了播撒云-供水云机制,有利于下部冰晶粒子长大;南部有对流云柱发展.逗点头西部的冷输送带云系主要集中在6 km以下,强度弱,冰粒子含量少;（3）气旋暖锋后弯阶段,干侵入加强,冷锋后部的无云区或少云区范围扩大,逗点头云系南北范围收缩、变窄,云系的高度、强度和含水量减弱,冷锋云系也减弱;（4）气旋冷锋云系和逗点头南部的对流云柱以降雨为主,位于高纬度陆地上的逗点头云系以降雪为主,当逗点头云系处于海上有对流不稳定发展,以降雨为主.冷锋云系北部和逗点头云系南部均有由层积云或高积云组成的低云,以毛毛雨为主.冷锋云系和逗点头云系北部100-200 km的范围为随高度和距离逐渐变薄的高层云,无降水对应. 相似文献
6.
机载LiDAR技术及其在地学中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
机载LiDAR技术是近10年出现的高新技术之一,能迅速获取密集的地面三维数据.机载LiDAR系统是一种主动式的对地观测系统,激光测距单元记录每一个激光发射器产生并发射一束激光脉冲,到激光脉冲接触物体而反射冉被激光接收机接收到这整个过程的时间,差分GPS确定飞机的精确位置,IMU记录飞机飞行姿态,通过将时间、位置、姿态这三种数据进行联合计算得到地物的实际高程信息.机载LiDAR数据处理主要包括航迹确定、三维空间坐标计算、噪声剔除、滤波和拼接等.国内外对LiDAR的硬件、软件和算法都开展了大量研究,并且将其广泛应用到各个领域,如地形测量、断层调查、灾害调查等. 相似文献
7.
利用地震仪器对火车通过大同—秦岭铁路线产生的振动进行了观测. 观测中使用了两套宽频带地震仪和一套短周期地震仪,共获得距铁路0～2.15km的9个观测点的38次列车振动观测数据,全部记录均可分辨出清晰的地震波形. 研究表明：运动列车会在铁路沿线2～3km范围内产生明显的地面振动,接收到的振动频谱在0.05～20Hz范围内平坦,信号频带较宽,观测重复性好. 列车振动为利用地震勘探方法探测地下浅层结构提供了一种重复性很好的新震源. 相似文献
8.
一、径迹原理与应用 当带电粒子和重离子穿过固体绝缘材料时,产生辐射损伤留下痕迹。再经化学试剂蚀刻处理,使痕迹成为永久性的蚀坑即径迹。 使径迹成为一种探测手段,是和1962年巴恩斯用化学腐蚀处理(蚀刻)分不开,经此蚀刻后径迹现象才能在普通显微镜下进行观测。径迹探测技术目前已广泛地应用于核科学、地球物理学等领域。在地震研究 相似文献
9.
地球伽马射线闪(Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes, TGFs)是近来相关研究比较活跃的一类发生在雷暴中的高能辐射现象,可在地面和近地轨道卫星平台上观测到光子能量高达几十兆电子伏特的伽马射线爆发.观测表明TGF是伴随雷暴闪电发生的一种自然界比较常见的高能大气物理现象,但其产生过程、物理机理及效应等尚不清晰, TGF研究也已成为大气电学与高能物理这一前沿交叉领域的热点研究问题.文章阐述了近十年来关于TGF探测、TGF与闪电放电过程及雷暴活动相互关系等方面的研究进展,并对一些尚存的问题进行了讨论.卫星观测发现上行TGF与云内初始先导过程关系紧密,一般发生在云内先导起始之后几毫秒时间内,并可能由于其发生过程伴随的瞬时大量电子转移产生特殊的低频电磁辐射.相比之下,目前报道的下行TGF的发生环境比较复杂,可能伴随着不同类型的闪电放电过程,如上行正先导/下行负先导、连续电流过程、回击过程等.由于地面观测资料较少,与上行TGF相比,下行TGF产生过程的研究更加缺乏.随着精细时空探测系统的发展,基于地面与卫星观测平台的精细协同观测将对TGF产生过程及其机制的研究带来更多新的认识... 相似文献
10.
为了给双星计划中性原子(ENA)探测仪的研制提供可靠 的理论依据，并为未来中性原子探测数据的分析及研究做好准备，针对双星轨道初步模拟计 算了双星ENA探测仪对磁暴时中性原子的观测特性. 建立了磁暴主相期间环电流离子分布的 一 个近似理论模式，并模拟计算了极轨卫星在极区上空、赤道面以及其他位置上对不同强度磁 暴主相期间环电流区ENA空间角分布及能谱的观测结果. 研究表明，存在环电流区方向和南 北极区环电流粒子沉降带两个中性原子强度极大区域；磁暴越强烈，注入区高度越低，环电 流区观测到的ENA通量越高；处于有利位置的ENA探测器可分辨注入区内边界或注入前沿；EN A探测器能够分辨环电流带离子分布的不均匀性；由于离子交换截面的差异，H，O，He 3种E NA的能谱分布不同；在10～80keV能谱范围内通量较强，易于观测；环电流区H，O两种ENA 通 量较强，有利于观测；而环电流区He ENA通量很弱，不易于观测. 模拟计算研究表明，双星 极轨卫星能够对环电流区ENA进行有效探测；低纬轨道上的ENA探测器也能够对环电流区ENA 进行一些观测；ENA探测器的研制应重视低、中能量范围ENA的探测. 相似文献
11.
GuangShu Zhang YuXiang Zhao XiuShu Qie Tong Zhang YanHui Wang ChengPin Chen 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,51(5):694-708
A narrowband radio interferometer has been developed and used to locate the entire sources of VHF radiations from a negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharge which contains 19 strokes. This system uses five antennas to form an array consisting of short- and long-baselines along two or- thogonal directions. The system error which comes from frequency conversion is reduced by phase detection through direct high frequency amplifying. An interactive graphic analysis procedure is used to remove the fringe ambiguities which exist inherently in interferometry and to determine the direction of lightning radiation sources in two dimensions (azimuth and elevation) as a function of time at a time resolution of microsecond orders. With the developed system, the whole progression process in time and space of a lightning flash can be reconstructed. In this paper, combining the synchronous data of electric filed change and VHF radiation, the whole processes of an example negative CG flash have been studied in detail. It is found that the preliminary breakdown event of the CG flash started from negative charge region and exhibited firstly a downward pregression and then an upward propagation. There were very intense and continuous radiations during stepped leaders which became much stronger when the first return stroke began. In contrast, there were less and only discrete radiations during dart leaders. Stepped leader and dart leader may transform to each other depending on the state of the ionization of the path. The progression speed of initial stepped leaders was about 105 ms?1, while that was about 4.1×106 and 6.0×106 ms?1 for dart leaders and dart-stepped leaders, respectively. M events produced hook-shaped field changes accompanied by active burst of radiations at their begin- nings. Followed these active radiation processes, M events appeared to contact finally into conducting main discharge channels. The mean progression speed of M events was about 7×107 ms?1, greater than that of the dart leaders and dart-step leaders. K events and attempted leaders were essentially the same as dart leaders except that they could not reach the ground and initiate return strokes. 相似文献
12.
运用研制的KBD5矿用本安型电磁辐射监测仪测试了煤矿采掘过程中工作面煤岩体的电磁辐射，分析了电磁信号与采掘工艺及煤岩动力灾害危险性等的关系。研究表明，煤矿采掘过程伴随产生电磁辐射，电磁辐射是煤岩体受到采动影响后应力重新分布或变形破裂趋向新平衡的结果；有煤与瓦斯突出和冲击地压危险时，有明显的电磁异常前兆；采取防治措施后，电磁辐射显著下降。电磁辐射技术在煤矿可以用于预测煤与瓦斯突出、冲击地压等煤岩动力灾害。 相似文献
13.
在本文里, 我们对ＣＭＥ 和太阳耀斑现象的各种相互关系进行了讨论希望本文的内容能够引起天文、空间物理和地球物理等人员的兴趣, 促进ＣＭＥ的综合研究 相似文献
14.
本文研究塔里木盆地区域磁异常图的反演及磁源体结构.由于众多异常的叠加和反演固有的多解性,区域磁异常图的准确解释是非常困难的.三维欧拉反褶积是一种确定地质体位置和埋藏深度的自动定量反演方法,比较适用于计算区域磁异常源的埋藏深度.由于大型克拉通沉积盆地地层具有上新下老的规律性,将磁异常源分解为三个深度层次,圈定它们各自的分布区域,便可将它们与形成的地质作用及时代联系起来,为准确解释区域磁异常图提供可靠的依据.本文应用三维欧拉反褶积反演方法,计算出的塔里木盆地深度为2~5 km、5~10 km、10~20 km三个等级的磁异常源,它们与形成的地质作用及时代分别为: 中生代构造运动,海西期玄武岩侵位和太古代结晶基底的变质作用;圈定了它们各自的分布区域. 相似文献
15.
Although the calculation of radiative transfer in the middle-shortwave infrared band is important in the field of optical remote sensing, studies in this area of research are rare in China. Both solar reflection and atmospheric emission should be considered when calculating radiative transfer in the middle-shortwave infrared band. This paper presents a new radiative transfer model based on the doubling and adding method. The new model uses approximate calculations of direct solar reflection,multiple scattering, and thermal emissions for a finitely thin atmospheric layer and considers both the solar and thermal sources of radiation. To verify its accuracy, the calculation results produced by the model for four typical scenarios(single layer at night,multi-layer aerosols, double-layer with ice and water clouds, and multi-layer with clouds and aerosols) were compared with those of the DISORT model. With the exception of a few channels, the absolute deviation between the two models was less than2×10~(-6) K. For the same calculation, the computation speed of the new model was approximately two to three times faster than that of the DISORT model. Sensitivity studies were performed to evaluate the error resulting from using simplified calculation methods in the new model. The results obtained in this study indicated that atmospheric thermal emission made a significant contribution to the measured radiance in the strong-absorption band(2230–2400 cm~(-1)), whereas solar radiation could be neglected in this region. However, neglecting solar radiation in the window region(2400–2580 cm~(-1)) introduced error on the order of dozens of K. Employing the average-layer temperature method simplified the calculation of thermal radiation but caused a larger error in the strong-absorption band than in the window region. In the doubling and adding method, the calculation error decreased as the value used for minimum optical thickness decreased. Under the condition of satisfying the requirement of calculation precision, we can consider using the layer-average temperature radiation method and selecting a relative larger minimum optical thickness value to improve the calculation efficiency. The new radiative calculation model proposed herein can be used in the simulation, inversion, and assimilation of middle-shortwave infrared measurements by hyper-spectral satellite instruments. 相似文献
16.
An inverted 248 kHz two-component side-scan sonar mounted on the sea bed in a mean depth of 34 m has been used to detect the clouds of bubbles produced by breaking surface waves. The sonar has a range of about 150 m. The breaking waves appear on the sonograph records as short-lived intense echoes, and form patterns which can be explained in terms of the behaviour of groups of waves in which the highest are breaking.The bubble clouds are slightly elongated in the wave direction when they are first formed and, in winds of 5.1 m s−1, have lifetimes of up to about 5 min. Soon after a wave breaks, the horizontal motion of the fluid in which the bubbles are formed becomes similar to that of the surroundings, and the bubbles continue to be advected by the near-surface currents. The rate of drift of bubble clouds along the directions of the sonar beams allows the components of the currents to be measured.The sonographs show that large changes in currents can occur over horizontal distances of as little as 5 to 10 m when fronts are passing. The motion of the fronts through the water can be measured. The sonographs have been used to measure surface currents induced by internal waves. Bands of bubbles associated with Langmuir circulation can be detected in strong winds or when moderate winds are accompanied by heavy rain. 相似文献
17.
The influence of cloud structure and droplet concentration on the reflectance of shortwave radiation
The effects of cloud shadowing, channelling, cloud side illumination and droplet concentration are investigated with regard to the reflection of shortwave solar radiation. Using simple geometric clouds, coupled with a Monte Carlo model the transmission properties of idealized cloud layers are found. The clouds are illuminated with direct solar radiation from above. The main conclusion reached is that the distribution of the cloud has a very large influence on the reflectivity of a cloud layer. In particular, if the cloud contains vertical gaps through the cloud layer in which the liquid water content is zero, then, smaller more numerous gaps are more influential on the radiation than fewer, larger gaps with equal cloud fraction. At very low solar zenith angles channelling of the radiation reduces the reflection expected on the basis of the percentage cloud cover. At high solar zenith angles the illumination of the cloud edges significantly increases the reflection despite the shadowing of one cloud by another when the width of the gaps is small. The impact of droplet concentration upon the reflection of cloud layers is also investigated. It is found that at low solar zenith angles where channelling is important, the lower concentrations increase the transmission. Conversely, when cloud edge illumination is dominant the cloud distribution is found to be more important for the higher concentrations. 相似文献
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19.
Modelling and straight‐ray tomographic imaging studies of cross‐hole radio‐frequency electromagnetic data for mineral exploration 
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下载免费PDF全文 Radio‐frequency electromagnetic tomography (or radio imaging method) employs radio‐frequency (typically 0.1–10 MHz) electromagnetic wave propagation to delineate the distribution of electric properties between two boreholes. Currently, the straight‐ray imaging method is the primary imaging method for the radio imaging method data acquired for mineral exploration. We carried out synthetic studies using three‐dimensional finite‐element modelling implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics to study the electromagnetic field characteristics and to assess the capability of the straight‐ray imaging method using amplitude and phase data separately. We studied four sets of experiments with models of interest in the mining setting. In the first two experiments, we studied models with perfect conductors in homogeneous backgrounds, which show that the characteristics of the electromagnetic fields depend mainly on the wavelength. When the borehole separations are less than one wavelength, induction effects occur; conductors with simple geometries can be recovered acceptably with amplitude data but are incorrectly imaged on the phase tomogram. When the borehole separations are longer than two wavelengths, radiation effects play a major role. In this case, phase tomography provides images with acceptable quality, whereas amplitude tomography does not provide satisfactory results. The third experiment shows that imaging with both original and reciprocal datasets is somewhat helpful in improving the imaging quality by reducing the impact of noise. In the last experiment, we studied models with conductive zones extended into the borehole plane with different lengths, which were not accurately recovered with amplitude tomography. The experiment implies that it is difficult to determine the extent of a mineralised zone that has been intersected by one of the boreholes. Due to the large variation of the wavelength in the radio‐frequency range, we suggest investigating the local electric properties to select an operating frequency prior to a survey. We conclude that straight‐ray tomography with either amplitude or phase data cannot provide high‐quality imaging results. We suggest using more general methods based on full electromagnetic modelling to interpret the data. In circumstances when computational time is critical, we suggest saving time by using either induction methods for borehole separations less than one wavelength or wave‐based methods (only radiation fields are considered) for borehole separation larger than two wavelengths. 相似文献
20.
Radio frequency observations of cloud-to-ground lightning (CG) were made in 1999 in Guangdong Province with the broadband
lightning interferometer. In this paper, radiation source locations and electric field waveforms are analyzed for different
types of breakdown events, including the preliminary breakdown of in-cloud activities, the stepped leaders of initial strokes
to ground and activities during and following return strokes. It is shown that the structure and development of lightning
discharges and associated breakdown processes can be reconstructed by using this new type of lightning radiation source location
system. The detectable radiation of lightning was primarily produced by the negative breakdown process. The channel was concentrated
with few branches during the preliminary breakdown stage of CG lightning flashes. The radiation sources appeared generally
at the tip of the channel. During the late period of the stepped leader, the radiation sources were dispersed with branches
extended away from the main channel. The radiation sources were in a certain length segment of the channel and the altitude
of the segment descended along with the propagation of the leader to the ground. During the preliminary breakdown and the
stepped leader of initial strokes to the ground, a sequence of fast negative streamers were observed to start continually
from or farther away the lightning-initiated region and propagate along the developed leader channel, which may supply negative
charge that assisted the leader’s development. The progression speed of fast negative streamers was about ten times faster
than the average speed of lightning channel. 相似文献