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通过对独库公路三岔河道班沟等处泥石流扇形地上不同形态的泥石流堆积、冰川堆积和岩屑坡的沉积砾石组构对比研究,发现在不同沉积相中,砾石ab面的组构特点互不相同,都随其不同的沉积动力和地形等沉积条件的差别而有别,所以利用砾石组构这一研究方法,不但可划分不同的沉积相,而且在第四纪地质与沉积学研究中具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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青藏高原西北部第四纪环境的新认识 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
提要１９８７－１９９２年对喀喇昆仑山－昆仑山地区的考察结果再次证明，青藏高原西北部的强烈隆起始于上新世末──早更新世初，总上升幅度达３１００－３６００ｍ，强烈隆起具有整体性、阶段性和后期加速的特点，目前仍处于强烈隆起阶段，上升速率达４．２ｍｍ／ａ。青藏高原西北部及其北邻地区的自然环境随着高原隆起发生巨大变化，本区没有发现早更新世冰川遗迹，当时高原山地可能尚未达到雪线高度。中更新世冰川是本区三次冰川作用中时代最早、规模最大的冰川，具有海洋性冰川特征。晚更新世开始高原气候强烈变冷变干，冰川发育不良，形成大陆性冰川，未能形成统一大冰盖。昆仑山北坡的砂黄土是塔里木盆地南缘风沙堆积的同期异相地质体，其年代不超过１５８ｋａ。全新世黄土堆积速率增大。在最近２０ｋａ，高原内陆湖泊湖面波动下降，湖水咸化，甚至干涸。 相似文献
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河流阶地形成过程及其驱动机制再研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
河流阶地的形成是在内因(河流内部动力变化)和外因(低频和高频气候变化、构造运动、基准面变化)共同作用下的结果。受单一气候变化制约的河流阶地发育模式可以解释由于沉积物通量和径流量变化引起的河流堆积-侵蚀过程,但它难以解释形成多级阶地的逐步(或间歇性)下切过程。多级阶地的形成可能同时受到构造抬升和周期性气候变化的制约。由于下切过程的滞后效应,侵蚀和冰川均衡抬升、河谷的侧向侵蚀过程等影响,山地的构造抬升与河谷的下切之间并非一种简单的线性关系,应当慎用河谷的下切速率来代表山地的抬升速率。 相似文献
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内蒙古满洲里地区自上世纪80年代开展1∶20万区域地质调查工作以来,已先后发现了上更新统冰水堆积、第四纪冰臼、冰河时期动物猛犸象与披毛犀化石等冰川遗迹.这些遗迹直接反映了第四纪古冰川的存在,再次推翻了“大兴安岭没有经历第四纪冰川时代”的论断.并对预测未来区域气候、环境演化趋势提供了依据. 相似文献
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内蒙古满洲里地区,北部与俄罗斯赤塔洲接壤.隶属于内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市满洲里市与新巴尔虎右旗管辖.地处内蒙古高原的北东缘,属高原低山——丘陵草原区.海拔高度一般在600-1,000m之间,地势较平坦,牧草丛生.
上世纪80年代以来,地质专家已先后发现了上更新统冰水堆积、第四纪冰臼、冰河时期动物猛犸象与披毛犀化石等冰川遗迹.进一步证明了冰川遗迹与第四纪冰川的形成有密切的关系. 相似文献
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通过对天山乌鲁木齐河源 1号冰川的雷达回波探测 ,清晰地揭示出冰川底部冰 /岩界面的位置及其起伏变化特征 ,显示出雷达波对山地冰川良好的穿透能力和对冰下地形的高分辨能力 ,冰川雷达测厚的误差小于 1 .2 %。研究结果显示 ,1号冰川东支冰川平均厚度为 5 8.77m ,西支冰川平均厚度为 44.84m ,冰体厚度最大值发育于冰川中部趋于主流线位置。冰川冰储量计算表明 ,东支冰储量为 0 .0 5 1 868km3,西支冰储量为 0 .0 2 0 2 1 0km3。表面和底部地形有明显差异 ,主要因冰川动力过程对基岩强烈的地貌作用所致 ,意味着冰床的起伏地形对冰川浅层冰体的运动过程影响不显著。 相似文献
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B.W. Goodfellow A.P. Stroeven C. Httestrand J. Kleman K.N. Jansson 《Geomorphology》2008,93(3-4):213-232
Relict surfaces contain information on past surface processes and long-term landscape evolution. A detailed investigation of relict non-glacial surfaces in a formerly glaciated mountain landscape of northern Sweden was completed, based on interpretation of colour infrared aerial photographs, analysis in a GIS, and fieldwork. Working backwards from landscape to process, surfaces were classified according to large- and small-scale morphologies that result from the operation of non-glacial processes, the degree of weathering, regolith characteristics, and the style of glacial modification. Surfaces were also compared in the GIS according to elevation, slope angle, and bedrock lithology. The study revealed five types of relict non-glacial surfaces but also two types of extensively weathered glacial surfaces that were transitional to relict non-glacial surfaces, illustrating spatially variable processes and rates of non-glacial and glacial landscape evolution. Rather than being static preglacial remnants, relict non-glacial surfaces are dynamic features that have continued to evolve during the Quaternary. The classification provides hypotheses for landscape evolution that can be field tested through, for example, terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide studies and geochemical analyses of fine matrix materials. The classification may be applicable to relict non-glacial surfaces in other formerly glaciated landscapes. 相似文献
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Robert Gilbert 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,29(2):209-220
A sub-bottom acoustic survey of Devil Lake on the Canadian Shield in southern Ontario reveals three acoustic facies: (I) a moderately acoustically transparent, laminated sequence interpreted as a glacilacustrine deposit in glacial Lake Iroquois or a subsequent phase in water depths up to 200 m greater than at present, (II) a transitional more transparent, less layered facies interpreted as being deposited in a more distal glacial lake from erosion of sediment in the watershed exposed by the failure of the ice dam and lowering of the glacial lake before stabilization by the development of forests, and (III) an acoustically transparent facies with similar transmissivity to the water column, interpreted as Holocene gyttja. Each is spatially variable in extent and thickness in response to those processes. There is only a very weak relation between sediment thickness and the water depth in which it was deposited. Wave processes prevent deposition in water depths less than about 6 m and evidence of erosion to the greatest depths of the lake (>40 m) is pervasive. The data demonstrate the value of acoustic survey in assessing lacustrine processes and the history of lakes, and the significance of such documentation in planning a coring program and in interpreting the results. 相似文献
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Hendrik Vogel Bernd Wagner Peter Rosén 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2013,95(2):159-170
Here we present datasets from a hydroacoustic survey in July 2011 at Lake Torneträsk, northern Sweden. Our hydroacoustic data exhibit lake floor morphologies formed by glacial erosion and accumulation processes, insights into lacustrine sediment accumulation since the beginning of deglaciation, and information on seismic activity along the Pärvie Fault. Features of glacial scouring with a high‐energy relief, steep slopes, and relative reliefs of more than 50 m are observed in the large W‐basin. The remainder of the lacustrine subsurface appears to host a broad variety of well preserved formations from glacial accumulation related to the last retreat of the Fennoscandian ice sheet. Deposition of glaciolacustrine and lacustrine sediments is focused in areas situated in proximity to major inlets. Sediment accumulation in distal areas of the lake seldom exceeds 2 m or is not observable. We assume that lack of sediment deposition in the lake is a result of different factors, including low rates of erosion in the catchment, a previously high lake level leading to deposition of sediments in higher elevated paleodeltas, tributaries carrying low suspension loads as a result of sedimentation in upstream lakes, and an overall low productivity in the lake. A clear off‐shore trace of the Pärvie Fault could not be detected from our hydroacoustic data. However, an absence of sediment disturbance in close proximity to the presumed fault trace implies minimal seismic activity since deposition of the glaciolacustrine and lacustrine sediments. 相似文献
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Characteristics of the mineral phase constituents of lacustrine deposits from the Fildes Peninsula of King George Island, Antarctica and their environmental implication 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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E.A. Sagredo P.I. Moreno R. Villa-Martínez M.R. Kaplan P.W. Kubik C.R. Stern 《Geomorphology》2011,125(1):92-108
We present a new record from the Última Esperanza region (51°25’-52°25'S), southwestern Patagonia, to unravel the timing and structure of glacial fluctuations during the Last Glacial Termination (T1). This sector of southern South America represents the only windward-facing continental landmass in the Southern Hemisphere that intersects the core of the Southern Westerly Wind belt.Geomorphic, stratigraphic and geochronological evidence indicate the following stages during and since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM): (i) deposition of prominent moraine complexes during at least two advances dated between ~ 39 and > 17.5 ka; (ii) development of an ice-dammed proglacial lake (glacial lake Puerto Consuelo) accompanying ice recession; (iii) active deposition of moraine complexes at intermediate positions followed by recession at ≥ 15.2 ka; (iv) lake level drop and subsequent stabilization between 15.2-12.8 ka; (v) a glacial readvance in glacial lake Puerto Consuelo between 14.8-12.8 ka; (vi) ice recession, stabilization, and lake level lowering between 12.8-10.3 ka; and (vii) glacial withdrawal and disappearance of glacial lake Puerto Consuelo prior to 10.3 ka. By comparing our results with the chronologies from neighboring regions we explore whether there was a consistent temporal/geographic pattern of glacial fluctuations during the LGM and T1, and examine their implications at regional, hemispheric, and global scales. The correspondence of these variations with key paleoclimate events recorded in the Southern and the Northern Hemispheres suggest a common forcing that, most likely, propagated through the atmosphere. Regional heterogeneities at millennial timescales probably reflect the influence of processes related to deep ocean circulation, and changes in the position/intensity of the Antarctic Polar Front and Southern Westerly Winds. 相似文献
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The <1.5‐km thick Fiq Member of the Ghadir Manqil Formation, Huqf Supergroup, Oman, contains a succession of Marinoan‐age glacially and non‐glacially influenced deposits overlain by a transgressive, 13C‐depleted, deep‐water dolostone (Hadash Formation) that deepens up into the marine shales and siltstones of the Masirah Bay Formation. The Fiq Member and Hadash–Masirah Bay Formations are well exposed in the core of the Jebel Akhdar of northern Oman and provide a valuable insight into the processes operating during a Neoproterozoic glacial epoch and its aftermath. The Fiq Member comprises seven stratigraphic units (F1–F7) of proximal and distal glacimarine, non‐glacial sediment gravity flow, and non‐glacial shallow marine facies associations. These units can be correlated over almost the entire Neoproterozoic outcrop belt (ca. 80 km) of the Jebel Akhdar. Four units contain glacimarine rainout diamictites, commonly at the top of cycles beneath strong lithofacies dislocations suggesting flooding. The units are thought to have been generated by combined glacio‐isostatic and glacio‐eustatic forcing caused by changing volumes of terrestrial glacier ice. The lateral persistence and thickness of massive diamictite units increase upwards in the stratigraphy, the youngest (F7) diamictite being abruptly overlain by the Hadash Formation. Correlation of lithofacies associations across the rift basin and palaeocurrents indicate that siliciclastic sediment and glacially entrained debris were derived from both basin margins. Open‐water conditions existed during interglacials, attested to by the presence of wave‐rippled sandstones in the western part of the basin. The Hadash carbonate also exhibits variations between east and west, showing that despite an overall deep‐water depositional setting, rift margin and intrabasinal structure continued to exert a control on facies development during the post‐glacial aftermath. Onlap of basin margins continued through the deposition of the Masirah Bay Formation. The sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Fiq Member and Hadash–Masirah Bay Formations have a number of implications for the Snowball Earth hypothesis. The overall stratigraphic evolution of the Fiq Member suggests a dynamic, temperate/polythermal style of glaciation, perhaps nucleated on uplifted continental or rift margin topography, with marine‐terminating glaciers. Some transgressions coupled to deglaciations within the Fiq glacial epoch were accompanied by minor deposition of carbonate. However, final deglaciation triggered the deposition of a <8‐m thick, deep‐water dolomite contaminated with siliciclastics, with a lithofacies assemblage still reflecting the underlying bathymetric template, followed by relatively deep marine shales and siltstones. The preservation of relatively deep marine Masirah Bay sediments above the Fiq basin margin suggests either tectonic collapse of the rift shoulder or, more likely, rapid eustatic rise accompanying deglaciation. 相似文献
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《Polar Science》2014,8(3):264-282
The glacial diamicts deposited in the Jutulsessen area of Gjelsvikfjella, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica show the effects of localized meltwater channels and wind processes, as well as of the dominant glacial processes. These glacial sediments are characterized by poor sorting and a variable mean particle size, and the localized meltwater channels have removed silt- and clay-sized sediments, resulting in the relative enrichment of coarser sediments. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of clay minerals in samples collected across the study area show very similar characteristics. Biotite is the dominant mica mineral in the clay together with chlorite and K-feldspar. The presence of illite, and small amounts of smectite, demonstrates the limited extent of chemical weathering due to the cold and arid conditions. The samples from the glacial fan area contain mixed-layer clays, suggesting the effects of localized meltwater and limited chemical activity which has altered the crystal structure of biotite at lower topographic level. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of surface microtextures from representative quartz grains suggest the dominance of glacial and glaciofluvial processes. The low rates of biogenic activity in this area are indicated by the low total organic carbon (TOC) content of the sediments. 相似文献
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W. Wyatt Oswald Daniel G. Gavin Patricia M. Anderson Linda B. Brubaker Feng Sheng Hu 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,48(1):101-113
Analyses of lithology, organic-matter content, magnetic susceptibility, and pollen in a sediment core from Okpilak Lake, located in the northeastern Brooks Range, provide new insights into the history of climate, landscape processes, and vegetation in northern Alaska since 14,500?cal?year BP. The late-glacial interval (>11,600?cal?year BP) featured sparse vegetation cover and the erosion of minerogenic sediment into the lake from nearby hillslopes, as evidenced by Cyperaceae-dominated pollen assemblages and high magnetic susceptibility (MS) values. Betula expanded in the early Holocene (11,600?C8,500?cal?year BP), reducing mass wasting on the landscape, as reflected by lower MS. Holocene sediments contain a series of silt- and clay-dominated layers, and given their physical characteristics and the topographic setting of the lake on the braided outwash plain of the Okpilak River, the inorganic layers are interpreted as rapidly deposited fluvial sediments, likely associated with intervals of river aggradation, changes in channel planform, and periodic overbank flow via a channel that connects the river and lake. The episodes of fluvial dynamics and aggradation appear to have been related to regional environmental variability, including a period of glacial retreat during the early Holocene, as well as glacial advances in the middle Holocene (5,500?C5,200?cal?year BP) and during the Little Ice Age (500?C400?cal?year BP). The rapid deposition of multiple inorganic layers during the early Holocene, including thick layers at 10,900?C10,000 and 9,400?C9,200?cal?year BP, suggests that it was a particularly dynamic interval of fluvial activity and landscape change. 相似文献
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末次冰期以来柴达木盆地沙漠形成与演化 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
通过热释光测年,结合剖面岩性岩相特征、粒度等环境指标的综合分析,对柴达木盆地各地形面上古风成砂剖面进行了详细分析研究。将柴达木盆地沙漠形成与演化划分为3个阶段：21～15 kaBP的末次盛冰期是柴达木盆地大规模沙漠活动时期;15～10 kaBP的晚冰期柴达木盆地沙漠经历了多次扩展和固定缩小的波动演化;10 kaBP以来的全新世盆地沙漠经历了固定缩小和再次扩张的演化过程。自21 kaBP末次盛冰期以来,随着全球气候的波动变化,盆地沙漠虽经历了多次扩展与固定缩小的两相组合式波动演化过程,但流沙活动至今尚未完全停止过。现今盆地流沙活动是末次盛冰期以来沙漠演化过程中新近经历的又一阶段,是末次盛冰期流沙活动的承袭。 相似文献
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Water Discharges Determined From Sediment Distributions: A Palaeohydrological Method 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The article presents a simple sediment deposition model, based on current knowledge of the processes of transport and deposition of suspended material. It indicates possibilities of interpreting flow conditions from grain-size distributions at two localities, situated along the water flowline. The model reveals new information on ancient hydrological and sedimentological processes and events. Previously the model has been applied to forecast trap efficiency of reservoirs and predict reservoir sedimentation. In this study the model is used as a palaeohydrological method in studies of annual varves.
In varve geochronology a major attention has been paid to varve correlations and varve thickness variations, whereas other sedimentological data have been more or less disregarded. In this article new information on the spatial distribution of particle sizes demonstrate that further knowledge can be gained by careful studies of the patterns of grain-size distributions.
Annual variations in water discharges during late glacial time were studied in the Indalsälven and Dalälven valleys in Sweden. Water discharges during the deglaciation seem to have been of the same order of magnitude as in present-day rivers during normal years. During some years catastrophic events occurred, resulting in exceptional water discharges. The magnitudes of these discharges were estimated, and drainage directions were established. It appears from the studies that there are promising prospects of finding out both the magnitude and frequency of processes that until now have been described only in qualitative terms. 相似文献
In varve geochronology a major attention has been paid to varve correlations and varve thickness variations, whereas other sedimentological data have been more or less disregarded. In this article new information on the spatial distribution of particle sizes demonstrate that further knowledge can be gained by careful studies of the patterns of grain-size distributions.
Annual variations in water discharges during late glacial time were studied in the Indalsälven and Dalälven valleys in Sweden. Water discharges during the deglaciation seem to have been of the same order of magnitude as in present-day rivers during normal years. During some years catastrophic events occurred, resulting in exceptional water discharges. The magnitudes of these discharges were estimated, and drainage directions were established. It appears from the studies that there are promising prospects of finding out both the magnitude and frequency of processes that until now have been described only in qualitative terms. 相似文献